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SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)糖尿病患者骨折、截肢的影響

2020-12-28 02:25彭雅茗楊艷周廣舉
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2020年23期
關(guān)鍵詞:卡格列達(dá)格截肢

彭雅茗 楊艷 周廣舉

摘要:鈉葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制劑是一種新型口服降血糖藥物,其降糖機(jī)制是抑制SGLT2,減少葡萄糖的重吸收。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SGLT2抑制劑可能導(dǎo)致骨折、截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。本文主要對(duì)SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)糖尿病患者骨代謝、骨密度、骨折、截肢的影響及其影響因素進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為高?;颊叩呐R床用藥提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:鈉葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白2抑制劑;糖尿病;骨密度;骨代謝;骨折;截肢

中圖分類號(hào):R587.7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.23.008

文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2020)23-0022-05

Abstract:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is a new type of oral hypoglycemic drug,its hypoglycemic mechanism is to inhibit SGLT2 and reduce glucose re-absorption. It has been reported that SGLT2 inhibitor may increase the risk of fracture and amputation.The present paper seeks to summarize relevantresearch on the effects and possible influencing factors of SGLT2 inhibitor on bone metabolism, bone mineral density, fracture and amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus,toprovide reference for clinical medication of high-risk patients.

Key words:Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor;Diabetesmellitus;Bone mineral density;Bonemetabolism;Fracture;Amputation

數(shù)據(jù)顯示,預(yù)計(jì)到2040年,全世界20~79歲的糖尿病患病人數(shù)將增加到6.42億,患病率將達(dá)到10.4%[1]。隨著糖尿病患病率和總?cè)藬?shù)的上升,新型降糖藥發(fā)展迅速,SGLT2抑制劑廣泛應(yīng)用的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)了骨折、截肢等副作用[2,3]。生理狀態(tài)下,腎臟的近端小管幾乎重吸收全部葡萄糖,而SGLT2主要分布在近端小管中,協(xié)同吸收鈉和葡萄糖[4]。與傳統(tǒng)降糖藥作用機(jī)理不同的是,SGLT2抑制劑通過(guò)選擇性阻斷SGLT2,特異性抑制早期近端小管內(nèi)鈉和葡萄糖吸收,從而促進(jìn)尿糖排泄。通過(guò)這種方式,其降低血糖并不依賴胰島素,所以不會(huì)增加低血糖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而糖尿病本身可以影響患者骨折與截肢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),SGLT2抑制劑的使用會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5-7],且不同種類的SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)骨骼的影響不同[8,9]。本文主要就SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)糖尿病患者骨折和截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響進(jìn)行綜述,旨在幫助臨床明確其具體機(jī)制,從而改善高危患者的預(yù)后結(jié)局。

1糖尿病與骨折、截肢

1.1糖尿病對(duì)骨折的影響 ?研究指出,2型糖尿?。═2DM)患者比一般人群更易骨折[10]。不僅糖尿病本身能直接降低骨轉(zhuǎn)換和骨強(qiáng)度、減少骨形成,其多種伴發(fā)因素也會(huì)導(dǎo)致骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,如糖尿病合并肥胖患者骨脆性增加,跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上升,更易發(fā)生骨折。此外,骨質(zhì)疏松、少肌癥、與糖尿病相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥、糖尿病病程、血糖控制程度都會(huì)增加骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[10-12]。Wallander M等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年T2DM患者的骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,主要骨折部位為髖部。Liu J等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),T2DM患者肢體骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,這種關(guān)系在腿部或踝部骨折中更為明顯。Vilaca T等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病與踝部骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加相關(guān),和腕部骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減少相關(guān)。該研究認(rèn)為,踝部骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與體重和身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)增加有關(guān),而肥胖的糖尿病人群更易從側(cè)方或者后方跌倒,因此腕部骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。

1.2糖尿病對(duì)截肢的影響 ?糖尿病是全球非創(chuàng)傷性截肢的主要病因,患者下肢截肢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是普通人群的15倍[6]。糖尿病患者下肢截肢的主要危險(xiǎn)因素是糖尿病足,而糖尿病足與糖尿病神經(jīng)病變、糖尿病微血管病變密切相關(guān)[6]。糖尿病微血管病變血管壁損傷,基底膜增厚,管腔狹窄甚至閉塞,出現(xiàn)微循環(huán)缺血、缺氧,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致器官功能障礙[15]。糖尿病神經(jīng)病變肢體末梢保護(hù)性感覺(jué)減弱或喪失,自主神經(jīng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)功能受損可引起皮膚干燥、姿勢(shì)與協(xié)調(diào)缺陷、足部生物力學(xué)改變,長(zhǎng)期將導(dǎo)致下肢感染、潰瘍形成和深部組織的損傷,最終發(fā)展為截肢。Hicks CW等[16]的研究證實(shí)了糖尿病截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與糖尿病周圍神經(jīng)病變相關(guān)。另外,骨髓炎對(duì)糖尿病患者截肢的發(fā)生率也有一定作用[6],外周動(dòng)脈疾病也會(huì)增加糖尿病足潰瘍不愈合和截肢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。Shin JY等[18]研究指出,糖尿病病程、血糖控制程度、吸煙史、既往截肢史是糖尿病截肢的重要危險(xiǎn)因素,男性和吸煙糖尿病患者是預(yù)防糖尿病足和截肢的首要目標(biāo)。

2 SGLT2抑制劑與骨折

2.1 SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)骨代謝的影響 ?SGLT2抑制劑可減少近端小管細(xì)胞頂膜中鈉的重吸收,化學(xué)梯度改變后鈉磷酸鹽共轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白的活性增加,導(dǎo)致近端小管中磷酸鹽的重吸收和甲狀旁腺素(PTH)的分泌增加,并且潛在增加了成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子23(FGF23)的分泌,導(dǎo)致骨吸收,對(duì)骨代謝產(chǎn)生不利影響;此外,抑制SGLT2也能導(dǎo)致維生素D的濃度降低,從而影響骨骼的鈣化,這可能與SGLT2抑制劑導(dǎo)致骨折有一定相關(guān)性[19-21]。de jong MA等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑相比,達(dá)格列凈可使糖尿病患者血清磷酸鹽、PTH、FGF23水平分別提高9%、16%、19%。Blevins TC 等[23]的研究認(rèn)為卡格列凈也與血清磷酸鹽升高有關(guān)。此外,Thrailkil KM等[24]利用鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)DBA/2J小鼠低胰島素血癥高血糖模型比較卡格列凈和胰島素對(duì)骨代謝的影響,結(jié)果顯示接受卡格列凈的小鼠尿鈣和血清FGF23水平均增加。但Yabe D等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)恩格列凈不影響患者血清25-羥基維生素D、PTH水平,恩格列凈對(duì)骨代謝的影響可能較小。

2.2 SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)骨密度的影響 ?Schwartz AV等[26]研究認(rèn)為SGLT2抑制劑引起的體重減輕使骨骼負(fù)荷減少以及肌肉脂肪合成代謝減少造成的骨丟失可能是影響骨密度(BMD)的重要因素,而低BMD是骨折發(fā)生的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。Bilezikian JP等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卡格列凈可降低糖尿病患者髖部BMD水平,對(duì)患者腰椎、股骨頸、前臂遠(yuǎn)端的BMD無(wú)影響。目前尚不清楚卡格列凈造成患者髖部BMD改變的原因,推測(cè)體重減輕對(duì)骨密度的影響可能存在部位特異性。Thrailkill KM等[28]通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)slc5a2基因突變的Jimbee小鼠模型(小鼠血糖正常、尿糖嚴(yán)重、尿鈣過(guò)多、滲透性利尿、伴有多食和多飲)模擬SGLT2功能喪失,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠皮質(zhì)和小梁骨部位的組織礦物質(zhì)密度降低,這可能與慢性高鈣尿癥有關(guān)。但Jimbee小鼠血糖未見(jiàn)異常,與臨床上使用SGLT2抑制劑的高血糖患者相反,長(zhǎng)期服用SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)骨骼健康產(chǎn)生有益或有害影響,還有待觀察。Bolinder J等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),達(dá)格列凈對(duì)糖尿病患者腰椎、髖關(guān)節(jié)和股骨頸BMD無(wú)影響,Rosenstock J等[30]的研究也支持該結(jié)論,該研究認(rèn)為埃格列凈與BMD降低無(wú)關(guān)。

2.3 SGLT2抑制劑影響骨折 ?SGLT2抑制劑主要通過(guò)改變患者機(jī)體鈣和磷酸鹽的穩(wěn)態(tài)而影響骨代謝、骨密度,這可能導(dǎo)致骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。Neal B等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑相比,使用卡格列凈的糖尿病患者骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了26%,但卡格列凈劑量的增加并不會(huì)增加骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Zhou Z等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卡格列凈的使用與跌倒引起的不良事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)。另外,女性和肥胖參與者比例高、糖尿病病程長(zhǎng)、有心血管病史、基線腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率低、年齡較大,這些差異可能是骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的原因[8,32]。與之不同的是,Perkovic V等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用卡格列凈與安慰劑的糖尿病患者骨折發(fā)生率相似(HR=0.98,95%CI:0.70~1.37),但該研究的納入患者發(fā)生骨折很少,大多數(shù)骨折由跌倒引起,也有可能是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果。Zinman B等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨訪3.1年恩格列凈仍沒(méi)有增加患者骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Yabe D 等[25]及Monteiro P等[35]的研究也有類似發(fā)現(xiàn)。除此之外,Wiviott SD等[36]的研究也認(rèn)為達(dá)格列凈不會(huì)增加骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?;诖?,Toulis KA等[37]認(rèn)為,在這種情況下達(dá)格列凈對(duì)骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的中性作用也可能適用于基線骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于一般糖尿病患者的人群,甚至可能適用于通常被排除在試驗(yàn)之外的人群,如轉(zhuǎn)移性骨病或接受糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的患者,但該研究的隨訪時(shí)間短(12個(gè)月),也可能存在偏倚。Kashiwagi A等[38]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),應(yīng)用依格列凈與安慰劑患者的骨折發(fā)生率相似。Cheng L等[39]的研究認(rèn)為,SGLT2抑制劑不會(huì)增加T2DM患者骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),反而會(huì)對(duì)治療期≤52周的患者骨折產(chǎn)生有益的影響,其原因可能是SGLT2抑制劑能改善患者心功能和降低心力衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而利于預(yù)防骨折,而當(dāng)SGLT2抑制劑應(yīng)用超過(guò)52周時(shí),這些藥物的預(yù)防作用也隨之消失。目前多項(xiàng)薈萃分析均未發(fā)現(xiàn)SGLT2抑制劑的應(yīng)用會(huì)增加骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[40-43]。需要說(shuō)明的是,由于缺乏有關(guān)骨骼健康結(jié)果的詳細(xì)信息,且大多數(shù)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)都是小型且短期的,因此有必要開(kāi)展長(zhǎng)期的試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,以得到更加明確的結(jié)論。

3 SGLT2抑制劑與截肢

3.1 SGLT2抑制劑影響截肢的病理生理機(jī)制 ?目前,SGLT2抑制劑導(dǎo)致截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的潛在機(jī)制尚無(wú)定論。Leon Jimenez D等[44]研究認(rèn)為,SGLT2抑制劑可激活腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng),其可能與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加相關(guān)。Katsiki N等[9]則認(rèn)為截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加可能與卡格列凈的脫靶作用有關(guān),與SGLT2抑制本身無(wú)關(guān)。Behnammanesh G等[45]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肢體缺血與內(nèi)皮功能障礙有關(guān),卡格列凈對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖的影響可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,這種影響在達(dá)格列凈和恩格列凈中并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)。另外,SGLT2抑制劑引起的容量減少、小動(dòng)脈反應(yīng)性受損可導(dǎo)致組織灌注不足,也可能會(huì)促進(jìn)組織壞死,從而導(dǎo)致截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[46]。Tanaka A等[47]認(rèn)為,若患者在停用卡格列凈后發(fā)生截肢,則可能是由于血糖控制不佳、血細(xì)胞比容下降及糖尿病足惡化導(dǎo)致的。

3.2 SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)截肢的影響 ?Chang HY等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與應(yīng)用二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)抑制劑和胰高血糖素樣肽1(GLP1)受體激動(dòng)劑相比,新使用SGLT2抑制劑患者的總體截肢率較低,但患者截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)卻顯著增加。Yang JY等[49]也發(fā)現(xiàn),與DPP4抑制劑相比,應(yīng)用SGLT2抑制劑可增加糖尿病患者下肢截肢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Ueda P等[50]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與GLP1受體激動(dòng)劑相比,SGLT2抑制劑的應(yīng)用與下肢截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)(HR=2.32,95%CI:1.37~3.91),其結(jié)果與患者是否存在外周動(dòng)脈疾病、心血管疾病、既往截肢史是一致的。然而,Sung J等[51]研究認(rèn)為,SGLT2抑制劑的應(yīng)用與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)(OR=0.70,95%CI:0.29~1.71),該研究為足部開(kāi)放性傷口的糖尿病患者使用達(dá)格列凈和恩格列凈這兩種SGLT2抑制劑提供了一定的保證。但Dawwas GK等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與磺脲類藥物相比,應(yīng)用SGLT2抑制劑的截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低,而與DPP4抑制劑比較則無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。但該研究納入患者較少,不能確定該結(jié)論是否具有代表性。在Neal B等[3]的研究中,應(yīng)用卡格列凈的截肢發(fā)生率增高,截?cái)嘞轮娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,且既往有截肢病史的患者截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尤其高;如果卡格列凈與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在相關(guān)性,而其他SGLT2抑制劑與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)關(guān),則應(yīng)研究卡格列凈獨(dú)特的藥理特性。另外,Udell JA等[53]的研究顯示,新使用卡格列凈與非SGLT2抑制劑的糖尿病患者膝蓋以下下肢截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒(méi)有明顯增加。

Perkovic V等[33]的研究也認(rèn)為卡格列凈沒(méi)有增加下肢的截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn),該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的截肢率較高,可能是由于部分患者存在周圍神經(jīng)病變和截肢病史導(dǎo)致的。同樣的,Ryan PB等[54]的研究也并未觀察到卡格列凈會(huì)增加下肢的截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但該研究隨訪時(shí)間很短,需要延長(zhǎng)隨訪時(shí)間進(jìn)一步觀察。與之類似,Yuan Z等[55]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新使用卡格列凈并不增加截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(HR=0.98,95%CI:0.68~1.41)。Jabbour S等[56]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),使用達(dá)格列凈也與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)關(guān),Inzucchi SE等[57]的研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)使用恩格列凈也不會(huì)增加截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Li D等[58]的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管SGLT2抑制劑與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性,亞組分析卻顯示卡格列凈與截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)(OR=1.89,95%CI:1.37~2.60),而恩格列凈則沒(méi)有增加截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前雖不能證明達(dá)格列凈和恩格列凈與截肢存在相關(guān)性,但在出現(xiàn)更多證據(jù)之前,應(yīng)避免對(duì)有截肢或已有足部潰瘍的患者使用SGLT2抑制劑[59]。

4總結(jié)

盡管多數(shù)研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)卡格列凈的應(yīng)用會(huì)導(dǎo)致骨折、截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,恩格列凈、達(dá)格列凈的相關(guān)研究也未明確該不良反應(yīng),但在大型試驗(yàn)中卻發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用卡格列凈會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者骨折、截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。SGLT2抑制劑可能與骨折、截肢風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān),建議對(duì)截肢事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的人群應(yīng)加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)。對(duì)于此類患者的臨床管理還應(yīng)關(guān)注預(yù)防跌倒,避免已知的危險(xiǎn)因素,控制血糖水平和保護(hù)骨折、截肢高?;颊?。使用SGLT2抑制劑之前應(yīng)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膫€(gè)體評(píng)估,對(duì)于高危患者,醫(yī)生應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎處方SGLT2抑制劑,尤其是卡格列凈。其他新上市的SGLT2抑制劑對(duì)骨骼的影響仍需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。大部分的臨床研究局限于受試者少、試驗(yàn)代表性不足、隨訪時(shí)間不足、治療時(shí)間短、骨折和截肢的發(fā)生數(shù)量少、不以骨折和截肢為主要觀察終點(diǎn)、沒(méi)有量化到具體SGLT2抑制劑的種類等。因此,SGLT2抑制劑與骨折、截肢的相關(guān)性是否只存在于卡格列凈還是一類效應(yīng),需要進(jìn)一步證實(shí),來(lái)明確這種藥物誘發(fā)的不良事件的潛在機(jī)制。

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收稿日期:2020-08-09;修回日期:2020-08-17

編輯/王朵梅

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