徐鑫
摘 要:推廣和應(yīng)用自動(dòng)氣象站是推進(jìn)氣象改革和觀測自動(dòng)化的重要一步。它可以自動(dòng)收集天氣要素,大大提高了地面氣象觀測質(zhì)量和服務(wù)水平,同時(shí)可以簡化天氣觀測內(nèi)容,使氣象人員在關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)上花費(fèi)有限的時(shí)間,避免人工觀測錯(cuò)誤。自動(dòng)氣象站具有操作方便、穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)和維護(hù)簡單的優(yōu)勢,但不可避免的是,長期運(yùn)行期間,特別是在極端天氣條件下,它會(huì)受到外界環(huán)境的影響,容易遭到損壞或腐蝕,導(dǎo)致觀測數(shù)據(jù)不正確或丟失。因此,加強(qiáng)自動(dòng)氣象站的故障分析和維護(hù)是當(dāng)前氣象工作的基本要求。這不僅需要?dú)庀笕藛T準(zhǔn)確地了解各種設(shè)備的工作原理和結(jié)構(gòu)特征,還需要根據(jù)設(shè)備具體要求校準(zhǔn)和維護(hù)多個(gè)傳感器,以確保氣象數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。
關(guān)鍵詞:自動(dòng)氣象站;故障;維修
中圖分類號(hào):P415.12文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1003-5168(2020)32-0153-03
Abstract: The promotion and application of automatic weather stations is an important step in advancing meteorological reform and observation automation. It can automatically collect weather elements, greatly improving the quality of ground meteorological observations and service levels, at the same time, it can simplify the content of weather observations, allowing meteorologists to spend limited time on key links and avoid manual observation errors. The automatic weather station has the advantages of convenient operation, strong stability and simple maintenance, however, it is inevitable that during long-term operation, especially under extreme weather conditions, it will be affected by the external environment and will be easily damaged or corroded, resulting in incorrect or lost observation data. Therefore, strengthening the failure analysis and maintenance of automatic weather stations is the basic requirement of current meteorological work. This not only requires meteorologists to accurately understand the working principles and structural characteristics of various equipment, but also requires calibration and maintenance of multiple sensors according to the specific requirements of the equipment to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the meteorological data.
Keywords: automatic weather station;fault;maintenance
當(dāng)前,在推進(jìn)氣象改革和氣象觀測自動(dòng)化的過程中,有必要廣泛應(yīng)用自動(dòng)氣象站。它可以自動(dòng)采集各種氣象要素,提高了地面氣象觀測質(zhì)量和服務(wù)水平。另外,它可以簡化天氣觀測內(nèi)容,減少人為觀測操作失誤。自動(dòng)氣象站操作方便、維護(hù)簡單,但在外界因素的影響下容易發(fā)生設(shè)備損壞等問題,導(dǎo)致觀測數(shù)據(jù)不準(zhǔn)確[1-2]。因此,有必要結(jié)合自動(dòng)氣象站的結(jié)構(gòu)和常見故障進(jìn)行維修保養(yǎng)管理。
1 自動(dòng)氣象站的結(jié)構(gòu)特征
當(dāng)前投入使用的自動(dòng)氣象站均采用國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其具備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)性和開放性,根據(jù)構(gòu)成設(shè)備的不同,總體可以分為硬件設(shè)備和軟件兩類[3-4]。硬件設(shè)備主要包括采集器、傳感器、外部設(shè)備和線路四部分,其中采集器分為一個(gè)主采集器和若干個(gè)分采集器,主要采集溫度、濕度、輻射等要素,傳感器主要采集雨量、氣壓、風(fēng)向和風(fēng)速等要素。軟件方面,自動(dòng)氣象站具有物理層、數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層和應(yīng)用層的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義,當(dāng)需要添加傳感器或更換觀測要素時(shí),只需要改動(dòng)原有采集器和傳感器即可,而不需要再次更改連接和布線。
2 自動(dòng)氣象站的常見故障
2.1 采集器故障
目前,新型自動(dòng)氣象站運(yùn)行故障主要出現(xiàn)在主采集器和分采集器位置。主采集器出現(xiàn)的問題主要有兩種。一是采集器的輸入?yún)?shù)不正確,采集器操作較為復(fù)雜,其需要專業(yè)技術(shù)人員操作,如果工作人員出現(xiàn)操作失誤,造成輸入?yún)?shù)不正確,就會(huì)導(dǎo)致主采集器無法正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),不僅會(huì)影響正常工作進(jìn)度,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致設(shè)備使用效能降低。二是主采集器和計(jì)算機(jī)接口出現(xiàn)松動(dòng)。主采集器作為主要檢測設(shè)備,里面記錄大量數(shù)據(jù),所以主采集器維護(hù)非常重要,但是在實(shí)際工作中,人們往往只注重維護(hù)主采集器設(shè)備,容易忽略主采集器和各計(jì)算機(jī)的連接,一旦出現(xiàn)松動(dòng),就會(huì)導(dǎo)致信息無法正常運(yùn)輸。分采集器的問題主要出現(xiàn)在地溫分采集器上。這個(gè)設(shè)備的傳感器很容易出現(xiàn)故障,而傳感器失靈會(huì)導(dǎo)致氣象信息無法正常采集,那么天氣監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)的精確度就會(huì)降低,最終影響結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。