浙江未來社區(qū)建設(shè)正在如火如荼地推進,首批和第二批、第三批創(chuàng)建試點大部分項目地塊已出讓或開始區(qū)塊建設(shè),進展快的如杭州蕭山區(qū)瓜瀝七彩社區(qū)、拱墅區(qū)瓜山社區(qū)等都已投入使用。
2021年以來,浙江省更是把打造未來社區(qū)排上了重要日程,2021年11月1日至2日,杭州市城鄉(xiāng)風(fēng)貌整治提升(未來社區(qū)建設(shè))工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室組織召開省級第四批城鎮(zhèn)未來社區(qū)創(chuàng)建項目申報方案市級評審會,杭州市共24個項目參與此次創(chuàng)建申報工作,包括:上城區(qū)小營巷社區(qū)、濱江區(qū)彩虹社區(qū)、蕭山區(qū)揚帆社區(qū)、臨平區(qū)杭海路社區(qū)等。
目前,省內(nèi)已有杭州、寧波、嘉興、湖州、溫州、臺州、麗水這幾個城市開展第四批未來社區(qū)創(chuàng)建申報方案評審,僅這幾個城市涉及項目就達到70個。
從參與創(chuàng)建申報方案評審的項目來看,第四批未來社區(qū)試點的規(guī)模也不會小,不乏一些區(qū)位條件優(yōu)越、區(qū)域規(guī)劃起點高的項目,如杭州評審的蕭山區(qū)揚帆社區(qū),就擬選址于杭州未來總部社區(qū)一期核心區(qū)內(nèi)。
需要注意的是,即便是已經(jīng)開展過方案評審的城市,后續(xù)數(shù)量也可能增加。如寧波住建發(fā)布的相關(guān)信息中就提到,寧波將分批次開展第四批省級未來社區(qū)項目申報方案專家評審工作,其中首次評審會涉及到13個項目。
那么,這些未來社區(qū)落地會怎樣?實際的未來社區(qū)是怎樣呢?又將怎樣改變我們的生活?將給老百姓帶來怎樣的“未來生活”?
“百花齊放”
規(guī)劃伊始,浙江省發(fā)改委相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人曾多次表示,未來社區(qū)試點建設(shè)要在達到基本要求的前提下,爭取“百花齊放”。
目前已經(jīng)有多個小區(qū)出臺了改造初步方案,從方案來看,各個小區(qū)因情況不同改造方向也不同,每個試點都有新創(chuàng)意。
在杭州上城區(qū)始版橋社區(qū)展覽館,該社區(qū)的原住民聽了展覽館負(fù)責(zé)人的介紹后,心情激動?!耙院筮@里是一個三層的循環(huán)菜場,屋頂種菜,中間賣菜,底層處理垃圾,回收利用資源?!闭褂[館負(fù)責(zé)人揮動著激光筆,在沙盤上將未來社區(qū)的設(shè)計理念、每個場景的落位,乃至裝修、戶型等詳細情況娓娓道來。
“未來社區(qū)秉承以人為本,好與不好,最終的評價者是居民。所以我們經(jīng)常組織這樣的活動,向今后在這里居住的人們征求意見?!焙贾菔猩铣菂^(qū)望江指揮部總指揮裘華君說。
全民參與、匯集眾智的理念貫穿了始版橋未來社區(qū)建設(shè)的整個過程。始版橋社區(qū)一開始就用陽光征遷、圓桌議事會等機制來保證拆遷的公平,現(xiàn)在則通過未來社區(qū)開放日,邀請原住民參觀并提建議?!笆及鏄蛏鐓^(qū)人員構(gòu)成較復(fù)雜,陽光透明的溝通,有利于形成建設(shè)合力?!?/p>
瓜山未來社區(qū)則從城中村蛻變成杭州最大的租賃型社區(qū),包括人才公寓、上云街區(qū)、辦公創(chuàng)業(yè)區(qū)域、民宿等多種業(yè)態(tài)。系統(tǒng)化的改造主要集中體現(xiàn)在建筑、景觀、市政、垃圾處理、監(jiān)控安防上,將打造成獨具運河韻味的工業(yè)歷史風(fēng)貌區(qū)、極具歸屬感的智慧網(wǎng)谷配套居住區(qū)、青年人才向往的創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新活力區(qū)、智能化國際化新青年生活生態(tài)區(qū)“四區(qū)融合”的全國城中村改造樣板。
西湖區(qū)之江社區(qū)作為新建的未來社區(qū),將在建設(shè)時以生態(tài)化為導(dǎo)向,推進光建一體化+集中供熱(供冷)+海綿城市 +垃圾分類和就地處理+節(jié)能建筑+立體綠化的有機結(jié)合,有效提升可再生能源比重和能源資源利用效率,實現(xiàn)綠色發(fā)展。打造文化花園(雨水花園)+鄰里中心+社區(qū)共享農(nóng)場+學(xué)校+立體交通(人—物—車分流)+高架空層的大面積實體共享空間,打造空中光伏風(fēng)雨連廊+大平臺+地下通道的全方位社區(qū)步行系統(tǒng)。
寧波市的白鶴社區(qū)致力于打造延古續(xù)今、一脈流芳的白鶴“延芳里、天空城”未來社區(qū),試圖探索TOD核心空間創(chuàng)新,踐行智慧低碳,引領(lǐng)城市生活新方式;創(chuàng)新社區(qū)養(yǎng)老模式,共享全齡服務(wù),打造宜居社區(qū)新典范。
“百花齊放”不僅體現(xiàn)在項目推進的方式上,還融入到設(shè)計的細節(jié)中。
不少試點社區(qū)是拆遷改建項目,有著厚重的歷史記憶,為了“記得住過去”,各地在未來社區(qū)設(shè)計和建設(shè)中都力求融入當(dāng)?shù)貧v史文化特點,實現(xiàn)實體記憶和文脈記憶的有機統(tǒng)一。
在嘉興市南湖區(qū)甪里社區(qū)的設(shè)計方案中,有一條獨特的文化生態(tài)長廊。這條長廊與東塔寺遺址公園形成互動,結(jié)合公共濱水帶、契合山谷形態(tài),將濱水建筑打造得錯落有致,再現(xiàn)了山谷水巷特色景觀。整條長廊分為三段,西段是人文歷史花園,用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計傳承中華傳統(tǒng)文化;中段是承接過去與未來的紅創(chuàng)廣場,為居民提供多樣化活動的舞臺;東段的運動活力社區(qū)花園,則是健康生活方式的空間載體。
這些社區(qū)都明確一點:房子是用來住的,未來社區(qū)一定不是高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高規(guī)格的豪華小區(qū),而是面向普通人適宜生活的小區(qū)。
“新事物新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”
在浙江省未來社區(qū)“139”布局中,未來建筑是一個重要場景,看得見的未來,正融入充滿創(chuàng)新感的設(shè)計中。
在麗水市蓮都區(qū)靈山社區(qū),空中花園將住宅樓包裹在一片綠意中。在住宅樓東西兩側(cè)的房間外,三個方向各懸飄出3.6米的下沉陽臺,有50至60厘米的覆土,可以種植綠植,這些綠植呈“U”字型將房間包圍,讓人仿佛置身于森林之中。而住宅樓中間的房間雖然只有一個方向的陽臺,也布局了適當(dāng)?shù)木G化,讓立體綠色建筑更具整體感。
“麗水是個大花園,社區(qū)是個小花園,每幢建筑又是一座微花園,從而構(gòu)成了一個立體的、有層次的花園城市?!丙愃邪l(fā)改委相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人陳洪軍說。
幾乎每個試點社區(qū)的負(fù)責(zé)人都會用“新事物”來形容未來社區(qū)。他們幾乎都經(jīng)歷了從無從下手的一籌莫展,到摸著石頭過河的小心翼翼,再到水到渠成的豁然開朗。與之相伴的是取得規(guī)劃、管理、資金平衡等方面的重要破題。
《浙江省未來社區(qū)試點創(chuàng)建評價指標(biāo)體系(試行)》中,設(shè)置了33項約束性和引導(dǎo)性指標(biāo),以滿足未來社區(qū)內(nèi)涵要求為底線。
在蕭山區(qū)瓜瀝七彩社區(qū)的規(guī)劃中,鄰里中心公交TOD綜合體引人注目。這是該社區(qū)為盤活存量資源、“織補”社區(qū)功能想出的點子。浙江省印發(fā)的《關(guān)于高質(zhì)量加快推進未來社區(qū)試點建設(shè)工作的意見》創(chuàng)新突破政策供給,為各試點打破“條條框框”指明了方向。按照《意見》中“集約高效利用空間”的指引,七彩社區(qū)通過土地混合出讓方式,復(fù)合開發(fā)原有公交站,打造符合老百姓生活習(xí)慣的社區(qū)文化生活綜合體。該綜合體一樓是公交首末站,二樓以上則用于社區(qū)公益服務(wù)、文化康養(yǎng)及商業(yè)運營等,在提高土地集約利用效率的同時,滿足周邊居民多樣化的生活需求。
未來社區(qū)的管理模式由原來區(qū)域內(nèi)單元式管理轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿蛘w管理,范圍更大,事務(wù)更多,也對服務(wù)水平提出了更高的要求。如何在未來社區(qū)“基本物業(yè)零收費”的要求下,實現(xiàn)管理水平和服務(wù)水平的提升,同時降低物業(yè)成本?經(jīng)過實踐探索發(fā)現(xiàn),通過技術(shù)加持,實現(xiàn)“平臺+管家”物業(yè)服務(wù)模式,成為了有效的解決方式。
實際上,技術(shù)助力從試點建設(shè)階段已經(jīng)開始。未來社區(qū)中的CIM(城市信息模型)平臺,以數(shù)據(jù)為核心,驅(qū)動社區(qū)建設(shè),已經(jīng)在支撐社區(qū)的管理工作。CIM平臺不僅可以通過三維模型展現(xiàn)社區(qū)設(shè)計方案,還可以通過可視化實現(xiàn)對施工現(xiàn)場的精細化管控,從而大大節(jié)約管理成本。
社區(qū)運營的提升則可以通過運營商搭建的未來社區(qū)智慧服務(wù)平臺實現(xiàn)。圍繞未來社區(qū)“三化九場景”的要求,未來社區(qū)的智慧服務(wù)平臺依托云端城市大腦、社區(qū)平臺中腦和居民終端小腦聯(lián)動,整合多種產(chǎn)業(yè)滿足政府?dāng)?shù)字治理、社區(qū)智能管理、居民美好生活的需求。
通過“平臺+管家”的物業(yè)服務(wù)模式,提升管理、服務(wù)水平,打造以人為本的數(shù)字化未來社區(qū),這樣的場景在越來越多的試點落地并成為現(xiàn)實。
未來社區(qū)目前還處于試點階段,要想全面推廣,能基本實現(xiàn)資金平衡是一個重要的保障。當(dāng)前大部分試點社區(qū)都是對老舊小區(qū)的改造更新和前期拆除、搬遷都需要投入大筆資金,之后,合理提高地塊開發(fā)強度,通過地上地下增量面積限價出售出租成為實現(xiàn)資金平衡的重要方式。
在未來社區(qū)建設(shè)指標(biāo)體系下,始版橋社區(qū)九號地塊容積率從2.9調(diào)到了3.5,增加的容積率主要用于配套社區(qū)服務(wù)和社區(qū)商業(yè),為社區(qū)增加了養(yǎng)老、幼托等業(yè)態(tài)的用地空間,兼顧居民居住體驗和盈利能力。
在實現(xiàn)資金平衡方面,更多的試點社區(qū)探索出切實可行的路徑。湖州市南潯區(qū)頔塘社區(qū)就以綠色融資的方式從銀行獲得了開發(fā)資金,投入到未來社區(qū)的建設(shè)中。政府有為和市場有效雙管齊下,為未來社區(qū)建設(shè)提供了有借鑒意義的可行方案。
“未來社區(qū)建設(shè)呈螺旋式上升?!焙贾菔猩铣菂^(qū)望江指揮部副總指揮魯軍負(fù)責(zé)始版橋未來社區(qū)建設(shè)的各項事務(wù),看著地塊上熱火朝天的樁基工程,他對未來充滿信心:“突破一系列梗阻后,離成功就不遠了?!?/p>
營造人文氛圍
未來社區(qū)建設(shè)的“終極目標(biāo)”是什么?浙江省發(fā)改委相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人給出了答案:作為城市新型功能單元,未來社區(qū)規(guī)劃建設(shè)的目的是為今后構(gòu)建未來城市、未來社會打好基底、筑牢基礎(chǔ)單元。
在規(guī)劃建設(shè)中打破重重藩籬的首批試點已經(jīng)在實踐中淬煉出經(jīng)驗,但尚不足以支撐未來社區(qū)建設(shè)從單個社區(qū)延伸到整座城市這項“大工程”。在已經(jīng)公布的未來社區(qū)建設(shè)第二批試點名單中,除更新改造類和規(guī)劃新建類以外,還增加了鄉(xiāng)村類和全域類試點,在更多類型上對未來社區(qū)建設(shè)進行探索。
浙江省發(fā)展規(guī)劃研究院未來社區(qū)研究首席專家柴賢龍認(rèn)為,選擇第二批試點的原則、指標(biāo)體系基本上與第一批一致,但更加注重未來社區(qū)對主要發(fā)展平臺建設(shè)的支撐作用,“比如,正在開展的杭州城西科創(chuàng)大走廊全域未來社區(qū)建設(shè)規(guī)劃,就是未來社區(qū)進一步向未來城市、未來社會推進的大膽探索”。
與試點建設(shè)不同,打造未來城市、未來社會更需要考慮全域規(guī)劃,同時衡量城市能級、居民意愿、改造迫切性、資金平衡難易程度等要素,分批推進。未來社區(qū)建設(shè)理念新、要求高,讓有限的未來社區(qū)連點成片,盡可能輻射城市更大面積這一點至關(guān)重要。解決這個問題,就要回到未來社區(qū)建設(shè)的初衷。
清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院教授毛其智認(rèn)為,未來社區(qū)的內(nèi)涵不僅在于居住環(huán)境,還在于人文氛圍。生活在同一個社區(qū)的人們對自己的社區(qū)有著高度認(rèn)同感,大家愿意互相扶持,為創(chuàng)造社區(qū)的美好未來而共同努力,這正是建設(shè)未來社區(qū)的初衷。
毋庸置疑,營造更加濃厚的人文氛圍是未來社區(qū)邁向全域的關(guān)鍵?!霸谝?guī)劃中,對公共區(qū)域、配套設(shè)施的開發(fā)要有前瞻性,要考慮到跨社區(qū)的人際關(guān)系,提早布局甚至留白?!闭憬“l(fā)改委相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人表示,未來社區(qū)的開放性不只是“無圍墻”,還要營造一種開放的“人際關(guān)系”,輻射帶動周邊區(qū)域,“有越來越多的人適應(yīng)并樂于生活在未來社區(qū),接下來的建設(shè)推進才會事半功倍”。
針對全域未來社區(qū)的建設(shè),浙江也在未雨綢繆,在原來針對試點建設(shè)的政策基礎(chǔ)上制定更具推廣價值的新政策。無論是對老舊小區(qū)全拆重建、部分拆建還是對比較新的小區(qū)進行場景改造,都將發(fā)揮政府引導(dǎo)作用,堅持市場化運作,深化、完善、推廣未來社區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)盟,面向央企、國企、民資、外資開放,讓相關(guān)企業(yè)以一個整體參與到未來社區(qū)建設(shè)運營中。在未來社區(qū)建設(shè)中,也將以“最多改一次”為原則,降低成本,減少對老百姓的重復(fù)影響。
作為老舊小區(qū)改造的高級形態(tài)、建設(shè)美好家園的浙江方案,浙江的未來社區(qū)眼光放得更為長遠,正如浙江省發(fā)改委相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人所說,“浙江的未來社區(qū)建設(shè)要經(jīng)得起時間的考驗”。
What Do Future Communities Look Like?
As Zhejiang’s development of future communities goes in full swing, land rights transfer for most of the first three batches of the pilot projects has been completed; construction on some has begun, and for a few others, such as Qicai Community in Hangzhou’s Xiaoshan district, and Guashan Community in Hangzhou’s Gongshu district, have been put into operation.
Now, the fourth batch is on its way. Since 2021, the building of “future communities” has been put high on the official agenda in Zhejiang. The cities of Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Lishui have all started the application and evaluation process, with a total of 70 projects involved, although it should be noted that even for these cities that have already conducted program reviews, the number of projects may increase.
What will these future communities look like? How will they change our lives? And what kind of “future life” will they bring to people? The preliminary plans and designs of many future community projects have shown diverse ideas and features.
At the Shibanqiao Community Exhibition Hall in Hangzhou’s Shangcheng district, expectant local residents of the current community, from which a new future community will be built, listened to a guide introducing the project. “In the future, there will be a three-story recycling market, with vegetables growing on the roof, vegetable vendors in the middle, and garbage disposal and recycling on the ground floor.” Waving a laser pointer on a model, the person in charge of the exhibition hall described in detail the design concept of the project, the location of each scenario, and even the decoration styles.
“Future communities are people-oriented, and the ultimate judge on what’s good and what’s is the residents,” said Qiu Huajin, who heads the redevelopment department of the Wangjiang area in Shangcheng district. “That’s why we often organize tours like this to solicit opinions from people who will live here in the future.”
In Gongshu district, Guashan Community has been transformed from an urban village into the largest rental community in Hangzhou, including apartments for talents, office buildings, entrepreneurship areas, homestays, among others. Systematic redevelopment efforts of the original community can be found in its architecture, landscaping, municipal engineering, garbage disposal and public security.
The construction of the new Zhijiang Community in Hangzhou’s Xihu district will be ecological-oriented to effectively increase usage of renewable energy and improve energy resource utilization efficiency, eventually realizing green development. In Ningbo city’s Baihe Community, it is hoped that the transit-oriented development (TOD) model will help innovate the utilization of housing space, bring in a smart and low-carbon lifestyle, and introduce comprehensive services for people of all ages.
Since quite a few future community projects will be built on old communities which will be either demolished or redeveloped, it is important that memories of the past be retained. In the planned design for Luli Community in Jiaxing city’s Nanhu district, a unique cultural and ecological corridor will be set up, with a cultural and historical park in the west section, a public square for public events in the middle section and a sports park in the east.
These communities have clearly shown that houses are for living, and future communities are not luxuries, but livable places for ordinary people.
“A new thing”. This is how almost every one of those in charge of the pilot future community project describes it. They all have started from scratch, no knowing what to do at first, before “feeling the stones across the river” cautiously and finding the solutions. Issues on planning, management and capital balance have inevitably cropped up during the process.
For instance, to better regulate the planning of these projects, especially what future communities entail, the Zhejiang provincial authorities have issued 33 binding and guiding indicators, which have point out a clearer path for their implementation. In terms of management, future communities cover a much wider area and call for much better services, especially public services. With virtually zero property management fees for future communities, digital technologies such as cloud computing will be introduced to save management costs. As the majority of these pilot projects will be based on redeveloping old communities, large amounts of investment will be needed. Through innovative approaches such as green finance, Ditang Community in Huzhou city’s Nanxun district has successfully secured funding from banks.
What is the ultimate goal of building future communities? The person in charge at the Zhejiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission gave the answer: as a new functional unit of the city, the purpose of planning these communities is to lay a solid foundation for the development of “future cities” and “future society”.
Mao Qizhi, a professor Tsinghua University’s School of Architecture, believed that the significance of future communities lies not only in the improvement of living environment, but also in cultural atmosphere. People living in the same communities highly identify with their communities, and they are willing to help each other and make joint efforts to create a better future for the communities — that is the original intention of building a future community.
There is no doubt that creating a stronger cultural atmosphere is the key for future communities. “In the planning, the development of public areas and supporting facilities should be forward-looking, taking into account cross-community interpersonal relations,” said the person in charge at the Zhejiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission. The openness of future communities is not just physical, i.e. without any walls, but also to create an open interpersonal relationship. “With more and more people willing to live in future communities, their development will be even easier.”
Zhejiang is also preparing for the future by formulating new policies on the basis of the original policies, so that the government’s guiding role will be played whether in completely or partially demolishing old communities or in tinkering with newly built ones. Meanwhile, market-oriented mechanisms should be adhered to, and state capital, private capital and foreign capital should all be welcomed. Moreover, costs should be reduced and adverse impact on the public should be minimized.
As the person in charge at the Zhejiang Development and Reform Commission said, “Zhejiang’s development of future communities should stand the test of time”.