黃冠楠 范威
摘要:吡唑是五元氮雜環(huán)的一種,含有兩個氮原子。按照骨架上5個原子的來源,可將其合成方法分為[4 + 1]、[3 + 2]法、自身環(huán)化法等。本文敘述的四篇論文均通過[3 + 2]反應(yīng)合成了吡唑,拓展了吡唑的合成路徑。
關(guān)鍵詞:[3 + 2]反應(yīng);合成;吡唑
分類號:TQ463.23
吡唑是含有兩個氮原子的五元氮雜環(huán),Apixaban、Ibrutinib、4-Methoxynewbouldine等藥物分子均含有吡唑骨架(圖1)。按照骨架上5個原子的來源,可將其合成方法分為[4 + 1]、[3 + 2]法、自身環(huán)化法等。本文選用四篇具有代表性的論文,均涉及[3 + 2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng),為探究更加綠色高效的吡唑合成方法指明了方向。
Aljaar N等報道了鈀催化下2H-鹵代芐基鹵化物與芳基肼之間的反應(yīng),合成2-取代的2H-吲唑。該反應(yīng)的顯著優(yōu)點是產(chǎn)率優(yōu)良,缺點是催化劑成本偏高(反應(yīng)機理1)。
Tu L等發(fā)展了腈亞胺和酰胺的[3 + 2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng),以碳酸鉀為催化劑,在室溫下合成了功能化的吡唑啉。該反應(yīng)的優(yōu)點是溫度適宜,缺點是底物范圍狹窄(反應(yīng)機理2)。
Zeng H等從腈亞胺和2-溴-3,3,3-三氟丙烯出發(fā),通過[3 + 2]環(huán)加成過程,區(qū)域選擇性地合成了5-三氟甲基吡唑。該反應(yīng)的優(yōu)點是區(qū)域選擇性高,缺點是產(chǎn)率不是太高(反應(yīng)機理3)。
Tian Y-T等報道了三乙胺促進(jìn)下,3-鏈烷酸酯與Seyferth-Gilbert試劑之間的區(qū)域選擇性[3 + 2]環(huán)加成反應(yīng),合成三取代吡唑-3-膦酸酯。該反應(yīng)的優(yōu)點是催化劑廉價,缺點是原料不易制得(反應(yīng)機理4)。
結(jié)論
本文所選用的四篇論文,都通過[3 + 2]反應(yīng)構(gòu)建了吡唑骨架,具有反應(yīng)溫度適宜、區(qū)域選擇性高、催化劑廉價等優(yōu)點。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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基金項目:安徽省教育廳教研一般項目:社會擴(kuò)招背景下有機化學(xué)課堂教學(xué)改革研究與實踐(2020jyxm1315);安徽省教育廳自然科學(xué)重點項目:五環(huán)吲哚骨架的選擇性構(gòu)建及其功能化(KJ2020A1003);安徽省教育廳省級線下課程(原精品線下開放課程):自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)知識(2020kfkc362)
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