張雪苗 岳圓圓 趙文琪 范修穎 張?jiān)马?/p>
【摘要】 目的:觀察鹽酸麻黃堿與1%利多卡因混合皮下逐層浸潤(rùn)聯(lián)合晶體液共負(fù)荷預(yù)防剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦腰麻后低血壓的效果以及對(duì)新生兒的影響。方法:選取牡丹江市婦女兒童醫(yī)院2019年10月-2020年1月收入院的60例擇期在腰麻下行剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦。根據(jù)電腦生成的隨機(jī)數(shù)字,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將產(chǎn)婦隨機(jī)分為C組和E組,每組30例。C組采用晶體共負(fù)荷,E組采用晶體共負(fù)荷聯(lián)合鹽酸麻黃堿皮下浸潤(rùn)。比較兩組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR水平和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。比較兩組靜脈應(yīng)用鹽酸麻黃堿劑量,比較兩組新生兒的酸中毒及Apgar評(píng)分情況。結(jié)果:T4~T8,E組的MAP均明顯高于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T0~T3,兩組的MAP、HR比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T4~T8,兩組的HR比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。E組低血壓發(fā)生率為33.3%,低于C組的63.3%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);E組惡心發(fā)生率為13.3%,低于C組的36.7%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組反應(yīng)性高血壓、嘔吐發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組靜脈應(yīng)用鹽酸麻黃堿的總劑量明顯高于E組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。E組的pH明顯高于C組,堿剩余、乳酸均明顯優(yōu)于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);新生兒的1、5 min Apgar評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:鹽酸麻黃堿皮下浸潤(rùn)聯(lián)合晶體液共負(fù)荷用于預(yù)防腰麻后低血壓,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,無(wú)明顯反應(yīng)性高血壓,對(duì)新生兒影響較小,可以作為一種安全、有效的預(yù)防手段。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 低血壓 蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉 剖宮產(chǎn) 鹽酸麻黃堿 晶體共負(fù)荷
[Abstract] Objective: To observe the effect of Ephedrine Hydrochloride and 1% Lidocaine mixed subcutaneous layer by layer infiltration combined with crystal co-loading on the prevention of hypotension after lumbar anesthesia in cesarean section parturients and its effect on neonates. Method: A total of 60 parturients who received cesarean section under lumbar anesthesia were selected from Mudanjiang Women’s and Children’s Hospital from October 2019 to January 2020. According to the computer generated random numbers, the parturient women were randomly divided into group C and group E according to the random number table method,?30 cases in each group. Group C was treated with crystal co-loading, while group E was treated with crystal co-loading combined with Ephedrine Hydrochloride subcutaneous infiltration. MAP, HR level and complications were compared between the two groups at each time point. The dose of intravenous Ephedrine Hydrochloride was compared between the two groups, the acidosis and Apgar score of neonates in the two groups were compared. Result: T4 to T8, the MAP of group E were significantly higher than those of group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). T0 to T3, comparison of MAP and HR between the two groups, there were no statistical significance between the two groups (P>0.05). T4 to T8, comparison of HR between the two groups, there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). The incidence of hypotension in group E was 33.3%, which was lower than 63.3% in group C, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of nausea in group E was 13.3%, compared with 36.7% in group C, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidences of reactive hypertension and vomiting were compared between the two groups, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The total dose of intravenous Ephedrine Hydrochloride in group C was significantly higher than that in group E, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The pH of group E was significantly higher than that of group C, base excess and lactic acid were significantly better than those of group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Comparison of 1 and 5 min Apgar scores between the two groups, there were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion: Ephedrine Hydrochloride subcutaneous infiltration combined with crystal co-loading can be used to prevent hypotension after spinal anesthesia, with stable hemodynamics and no obvious reactive hypertension, it has little effect on newborns, and can be used as a safe and effective prevention method.
[Key words] Hypotension Spinal anesthesia Cesarean delivery Ephedrine Hydrochloride Crystal co-loading
First-author’s address: Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.22.005
蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉又稱腰麻,是產(chǎn)科麻醉的首選麻醉方式,而腰麻后低血壓(spinal anaesthesia-induced hypotension, SAIH)是其最常見(jiàn)的不良并發(fā)癥。SAIH可導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)婦術(shù)中出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐等,嚴(yán)重的低血壓還會(huì)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)婦循環(huán)功能障礙、胎兒缺血、缺氧、酸中毒,甚至危及產(chǎn)婦及胎兒生命[1-2]。SAIH的定義和監(jiān)測(cè)手段尚存在爭(zhēng)議,SAIH的發(fā)生率達(dá)30%~100%[3-5]。目前,體位干預(yù)、晶體液或膠體液共負(fù)荷/預(yù)負(fù)荷、應(yīng)用血管活性藥物等方法在治療和預(yù)防SAIH方面都展現(xiàn)出不同效果。但是,液體預(yù)擴(kuò)容或者體位干預(yù)預(yù)防SAIH,臨床效果欠佳,通常需要使用補(bǔ)救性血管活性藥物[6-7]。麻黃堿是產(chǎn)科麻醉中常用的血管收縮藥物之一,其升壓效果具有一定劑量依賴性,低劑量升壓效果不足,較高劑量常常又會(huì)引起產(chǎn)婦高血壓且易導(dǎo)致心動(dòng)過(guò)速[8]。研究表明腰麻前10 min肌肉注射0.5 mg/kg麻黃堿預(yù)防SAIH,術(shù)中產(chǎn)婦血壓波動(dòng)范圍較小[9],表明合適劑量的麻黃堿肌肉注射或者皮下局部浸潤(rùn)可使產(chǎn)婦術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。鹽酸麻黃堿皮下局部浸潤(rùn)聯(lián)合晶體共負(fù)荷預(yù)防SAIH的研究鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道,故本研究旨在探討這種方案在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中預(yù)防SAIH是否為一種安全、有效的臨床方案,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取牡丹江市婦女兒童醫(yī)院2019年
10月-2020年1月收入院的60例擇期在腰麻下行剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)足月?lián)衿谄蕦m產(chǎn);(2)胎兒發(fā)育正常,無(wú)畸形;(3)胎膜早破無(wú)嚴(yán)重感染;(4)產(chǎn)婦年齡22~35周歲;(5)ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ級(jí)或Ⅱ級(jí);(6)單胎。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)妊娠合并高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病;(2)患有HELLP綜合征;(3)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉失敗;(4)椎管內(nèi)麻醉穿刺禁忌證。根據(jù)電腦生成的隨機(jī)數(shù)字,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將產(chǎn)婦分為C組和E組,每組30例?;颊呋蚣覍偻獠⒑炇鹬橥鈺?shū),研究經(jīng)該院倫理委員會(huì)同意批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法 所有產(chǎn)婦無(wú)術(shù)前用藥,常規(guī)禁水4 h、禁食6 h,入手術(shù)室后,平臥位,右側(cè)髖部側(cè)墊高15°,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖(ECG)、血壓(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)。18G留置針左前臂建立靜脈通道,面罩吸氧4 mL/min。囑患者平靜休息5 min后,每間隔2 min連續(xù)3次測(cè)量,每次測(cè)量的MAP波動(dòng)范圍<10%,三次測(cè)量的MAP均值記為產(chǎn)婦基礎(chǔ)MAP,三次測(cè)量對(duì)應(yīng)的平均HR,記為產(chǎn)婦基礎(chǔ)HR,此時(shí)間點(diǎn)記為T(mén)0。產(chǎn)婦取左側(cè)膝胸位,L3~4行蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉。L3~4椎間隙逐層浸潤(rùn)麻醉,C組局麻藥配制:1%鹽酸利多卡因注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:山東華魯制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H37022839,規(guī)格:10 mL︰0.2 g)
4 mL;E組局麻藥配制:1%利多卡因+15 mg鹽酸麻黃堿注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:東北制藥集團(tuán)沈陽(yáng)第一制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H21022412,規(guī)格:1 mL︰30 mg)至4 mL,用18G硬膜外針(埃斯埃麻醉穿刺包,上海)硬膜外穿刺至硬膜外腔,成功后用腰麻針穿刺至蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔,見(jiàn)腦脊液外流后,緩慢注入重比重腰麻液[0.75%羅哌卡因(生產(chǎn)廠家:AstraZeneca AB,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):注冊(cè)證號(hào)H20140764,規(guī)格:10 mL︰75 mg)2 mL+50%葡萄糖(生產(chǎn)廠家:山東華魯制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20184027,規(guī)格:20 mL︰10 g)
0.2 mL+0.9%氯化鈉注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:辰欣藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20013310,規(guī)格:100 mL︰0.9 g)0.8 mL,推注速度為0.1 mL/s,硬膜外腔置管備用,將麻醉平面調(diào)節(jié)控制在T6~8,右側(cè)髖部墊高15°。C、E兩組在腰麻液注入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔即刻,15 mL/kg的乳酸鈉林格注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:山東威高藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20044239,規(guī)格:500 mL)以最大速度靜脈輸注。腰麻液注入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔后1、3、5、7、10、15、20、30 min的各個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)分別記為T(mén)1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8,測(cè)量記錄腰麻液注入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR。胎兒娩出后未啼哭前夾閉臍帶即刻采取臍帶動(dòng)脈血1 mL,立刻使用血?dú)夥治鰞x(RADIOMETER)進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治?。術(shù)中產(chǎn)婦若出現(xiàn)低血壓(MAP<基礎(chǔ)值20%)靜脈應(yīng)用鹽酸麻黃堿5~10 mg,效果不明顯可重復(fù)使用,直到血壓恢復(fù)>基礎(chǔ)血壓80%;若出現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過(guò)緩(HR<50次/min)靜脈應(yīng)用硫酸阿托品注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:安徽長(zhǎng)江藥業(yè)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H34021900,規(guī)格:1 mL︰0.5 mg)0.5 mg直到心率恢復(fù)>50次/min;若出現(xiàn)反應(yīng)性高血壓,MAP>基礎(chǔ)值30%時(shí),靜脈應(yīng)用烏拉地爾注射液(生產(chǎn)廠家:廣州萬(wàn)正藥業(yè)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20010806,規(guī)格:5 mL︰25 mg)5 mg,C、E兩組晶體液速度降至40~60滴/min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 比較兩組T1~T8各時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR水平。比較兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,包括低血壓、反應(yīng)性高血壓、惡心、嘔吐。比較兩組靜脈應(yīng)用鹽酸麻黃堿劑量。比較兩組新生兒的酸中毒及Apgar評(píng)分情況,包括新生兒臍動(dòng)脈pH值、堿剩余、乳酸及新生兒1、5 min Apgar評(píng)分情況,Apgar評(píng)分滿分10分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高新生兒情況越好。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 22.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 兩組年齡、身高、體重、孕周、ASA分級(jí)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)MAP、HR水平比較 T4~T8,E組的MAP均明顯高于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T0~T3,兩組的MAP、HR比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T4~T8,兩組的HR比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況和鹽酸麻黃堿用量比
較 E組低血壓發(fā)生率為33.3%,低于C組的63.3%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);E組惡心發(fā)生率為13.3%,低于C組的36.7%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組反應(yīng)性高血壓、嘔吐發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);C組靜脈應(yīng)用鹽酸麻黃堿的總劑量明顯高于E組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 兩組新生兒的酸中毒及Apgar評(píng)分情況比較 E組的pH明顯高于C組,堿剩余、乳酸均明顯優(yōu)于C組(P<0.05);新生兒的1、5 min Apgar評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
麻黃堿可以增加產(chǎn)婦心排血量(CO)和改善胎盤(pán)的血供[10]。臨床上常常在SAIH發(fā)生時(shí)靜脈推注麻黃堿5~10 mg,較少預(yù)防性肌注或皮下應(yīng)用麻黃堿。鹽酸麻黃堿肌注/皮下單次劑量為15~30 mg,極量為60 mg,為預(yù)防反應(yīng)性高血壓的發(fā)生,本研究選擇了肌注最小有效劑量15 mg。近年來(lái),剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中防治SAIH發(fā)生的液體管理方案一直存在爭(zhēng)議,主要表現(xiàn)在液體的選擇、晶膠輸注配比、液體的輸注時(shí)機(jī)這三方面[6],目前最常用的液體管理方案為晶體預(yù)/共負(fù)荷、膠體預(yù)/共負(fù)荷。蘇鴻莉等[11]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膠體液預(yù)負(fù)荷與晶體液共負(fù)荷預(yù)防剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中SAIH的效果無(wú)明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,而膠體液易導(dǎo)致過(guò)敏反應(yīng)、凝血功能障礙等不良并發(fā)癥發(fā)生[12],因此臨床上常選用晶體進(jìn)行擴(kuò)容。另外,Ni等[13]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)晶體共負(fù)荷預(yù)防SAIH的效果優(yōu)于晶體預(yù)負(fù)荷。因此本研究選擇15 mL/kg乳酸林格共負(fù)荷預(yù)防產(chǎn)婦術(shù)中SAIH。
晶體共負(fù)荷可以減少SAIH的發(fā)生率,但單獨(dú)晶體共負(fù)荷預(yù)防SAIH效果有限。Mercier[14]分析得出,在腰麻后最初的5~10 min輸注足夠的液體,并預(yù)防性應(yīng)用血管收縮藥物可以增加單獨(dú)晶體共負(fù)荷預(yù)防SAIH的效果。與此結(jié)論一致,Buthelezi等[15]的研究中將苯腎上腺素500 μg加入1 000 mL乳酸林格液中共負(fù)荷輸注,產(chǎn)婦SAIH的發(fā)生率降低了29%。與Mercier[14]的研究結(jié)果一致,本研究中,與單純晶體共負(fù)荷輸注相比,局麻時(shí)1%利多卡因與15 mg鹽酸麻黃堿混合局部浸潤(rùn),低血壓的發(fā)生率降低了30%。其作用機(jī)制可能是鹽酸麻黃堿在SAIH發(fā)生前逐漸發(fā)揮作用,從而減少了SAIH的發(fā)生。但33%的產(chǎn)婦出現(xiàn)SAIH,這不除外本試驗(yàn)中鹽酸麻黃堿劑量較小的可能,提示對(duì)一般產(chǎn)婦來(lái)說(shuō)可能存在更適合的劑量,需進(jìn)一步探索。本研究中E組發(fā)生了1例反應(yīng)性高血壓,但是MAP升高的幅度<基礎(chǔ)血壓30%,且產(chǎn)婦無(wú)不適發(fā)生。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,T4~T8,E組的MAP均明顯高于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);T0~T3,兩組的MAP、HR比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);T4~T8,兩組的HR比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。從T4~T8時(shí)間點(diǎn),與T0時(shí)相比,E組MAP的下降程度明顯小于C組,表明E組血壓波動(dòng)較小,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)較C組穩(wěn)定。這說(shuō)明晶體共負(fù)荷聯(lián)合應(yīng)用麻黃堿可以從降低低血壓的發(fā)生率及低血壓的嚴(yán)重程度,從而維持產(chǎn)婦腰麻后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定。然而,鹽酸麻黃堿皮下局部浸潤(rùn)給藥相對(duì)于靜脈給藥而言,吸收緩慢,達(dá)到有效血藥濃度需要一定的時(shí)間,這在一定程度上削弱了其對(duì)SAIH的預(yù)防作用。但在本研究中鹽酸麻黃堿達(dá)到有效血藥濃度之前,靜脈快速輸注的晶體液可以抵消一部分因腰麻導(dǎo)致血管擴(kuò)張?jiān)斐傻难萘肯鄬?duì)不足;另外,局部麻醉藥所具有的血管擴(kuò)張作用加速了鹽酸麻黃堿的吸收,從而維持血壓平穩(wěn)。
產(chǎn)婦血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定,良好的胎盤(pán)灌注對(duì)于胎兒酸堿狀態(tài)的影響至關(guān)重要。麻黃堿可通過(guò)胎盤(pán)影響胎兒pH值。Kee等[16]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鹽酸麻黃堿可通過(guò)胎盤(pán)激動(dòng)胎兒的β受體增加其新陳代謝,使氧氣相對(duì)不足,致臍動(dòng)脈血pH降低。Rolbin等[17]進(jìn)一步研究表明腰麻前預(yù)防性肌肉注射鹽酸麻黃堿45 mg對(duì)胎兒的pH值和Apgar評(píng)分無(wú)顯著影響,當(dāng)鹽酸麻黃堿肌肉注射增至50 mg時(shí)才出現(xiàn)胎兒酸中毒??梢?jiàn)鹽酸麻黃堿對(duì)胎兒pH的影響可能存在劑量相關(guān)性。本研究結(jié)果顯示,E組的pH明顯高于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)1例嚴(yán)重酸中毒(pH<2.0),并且無(wú)一例pH<2.5。這可能是E組麻黃堿維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的結(jié)果,也不除外鹽酸麻黃堿使用劑量較小。另外,E組的堿剩余、乳酸均明顯低于C組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);進(jìn)一步表明E組維持血壓較平穩(wěn),對(duì)新生兒的不良影響較小。蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯引起的低血壓和仰臥位低血壓綜合征、飽胃、手術(shù)牽拉刺激等均可引起產(chǎn)婦惡心嘔吐[18-19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,E組惡心發(fā)生率低于C組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。C組靜脈應(yīng)用鹽酸麻黃堿的總劑量明顯高于E組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),也進(jìn)一步表明E組的血壓維持優(yōu)于C組。本研究選取的研究對(duì)象為健康產(chǎn)婦,有研究表明先兆子癇產(chǎn)婦的SAIH的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度均低于健康女性[20],而該方案在循環(huán)功能障礙、妊娠期高血壓產(chǎn)婦或者先兆子癇產(chǎn)婦中的應(yīng)用安全性有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,鹽酸麻黃堿局部浸潤(rùn)聯(lián)合晶體共負(fù)荷預(yù)防SAIH,低血壓發(fā)生率明顯降低,術(shù)中血壓波動(dòng)范圍小,且無(wú)明顯反應(yīng)性高血壓等不良反應(yīng),對(duì)胎兒的酸堿狀態(tài)影響較小,可安全應(yīng)用于健康產(chǎn)婦。
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(收稿日期:2020-11-11) (本文編輯:姬思雨)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年22期