白帆 孫敬鋒 張勝根 韓卓然 呂愛軍 胡秀彩
摘要:【目的】研究點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中的一氧化氮(NO)含量及神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS)分布與活性,為深入揭示NO在點帶石斑魚神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的作用機制打下基礎(chǔ)。【方法】采用NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色法、免疫組織化學(xué)法、蛋白免疫印跡(Western blotting)及Griess試劑法,對點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中nNOS的分布與活性及NO含量進行分析?!窘Y(jié)果】經(jīng)NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色后,一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)陽性物質(zhì)呈藍色。在點帶石斑魚大腦中,NOS陽性物質(zhì)位于神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)纖維;在小腦中,NOS分布在顆粒層的顆粒細胞、分子層的神經(jīng)纖維和浦肯野細胞層的浦肯野細胞;在視網(wǎng)膜中,NOS分布于色素上皮層、視錐視桿層、外核層、外網(wǎng)層、內(nèi)核層、內(nèi)網(wǎng)層、節(jié)細胞層和視神經(jīng)纖維層。經(jīng)免疫組織化學(xué)染色后,nNOS陽性物質(zhì)呈深棕色。在大腦中,nNOS存在于神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)纖維;在小腦中,nNOS分布在顆粒層、分子層和浦肯野細胞層;在視網(wǎng)膜中,nNOS分布在色素上皮層、視錐視桿層、外核層、外網(wǎng)層、內(nèi)核層、內(nèi)網(wǎng)層、節(jié)細胞層和視神經(jīng)纖維層。Western blotting檢測結(jié)果顯示,點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中的nNOS在顯色后的硝酸纖維素膜上均出現(xiàn)3條免疫印跡條帶,對應(yīng)分子量分別為80、120和130 kD。NO含量在點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中分別為17.601±1.743和13.624±1.249 ?mol/L,nNOS活性在腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中分別為38.070±3.047和23.748±2.860 U/mg?!窘Y(jié)論】在點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中均存在nNOS,推測nNOS在點帶石斑魚腦神經(jīng)及視神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)生理活動中發(fā)揮重要作用。腦組織中的NO含量和nNOS活性均顯著高于視網(wǎng)膜,是由于腦組織作為重要的中樞神經(jīng),對機體生理功能起重要調(diào)節(jié)作用。
關(guān)鍵詞: 點帶石斑魚;神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS);腦組織;視網(wǎng)膜;免疫組織化學(xué)定位;NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色
中圖分類號: S965.334? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2021)12-3286-08
Immunohistochemical distribution and localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in brain and retina of Epinephelus coioides
BAI Fan, SUN Jing-feng*, ZHANG Sheng-gen, HAN Zhuo-ran, LYU Ai-jun, HU Xiu-cai
(College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University/Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-ecology and
Aquaculture, Tianjin? 300384, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The content of nitric oxide(NO), distribution and activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in brain and retina of Epinephelus coioides were studied to provide foundation for further revealing the mechanism of action of NO in the nervous system of E. coioides. 【Method】NADPH-d staining, immunohistochemical method, western blotting and Griess reaction were used to study the distribution, activity of nNOS and NO content in the brain and retina.【Result】The positive material of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) was stained blue using NADPH-d method. NOS positive materials were found in neurons and nerve fibers in the cerebrum. In the cerebellum, NOS was distributed in granular cells of the granular layer, nerve fibers of the molecular layer, and Purkinje cells of the Purkinje cell layer. In the retina, the NOS was found to be distributed in the pigment epithelium layer, rod and cone layer, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer and retinal nerve fiber layer. In addition, the immunohistochemical positive materials of nNOS were stained dark brown. In the cerebrum, nNOS was distributed in neurons and nerve fibers. In the cerebellum, nNOS was distributed in the granular layer, molecular layer and Purkinje cell layer. In the retina, nNOS was found to be distributed in the pigment epithelium layer, rod and cone layer, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer and retinal nerve fiber layer. The result of western blotting showed that there were three protein blotting bands on the nitrocellulose membrane after co-lor development for nNOS in the brain and retina, their corresponding molecular weights were 80, 120 and 130 kD, respectively. The NO content in brain and retina were 17.601±1.743 and 13.624±1.249 mol/L, respectively. The nNOS acti-vity in brain and retina were 38.070±3.047 and 23.748±2.860 U/mg, respectively. 【Conclusion】nNOS exists in brain and retina of E. coioides, and it is speculated that nNOS may play an important role in the cranial and visual nervous system physiological activity of fish. The NO content and nNOS activity in brain are significantly higher than those in retina, presumably because the brain is the important central nervous system and plays an important role in regulating the physiological functions of body.
Key words: Epinephelus coioides; neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS); brain; retina; immunohistochemistry; NADPH-d staining
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972840); Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (19JCZDJC34600);? Scientific Research and Innovation Project of Tianjin Agricultural University (2019XY037)
0 引言
【研究意義】一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)是一種信使分子,具有多種生物學(xué)功能,能介導(dǎo)血管內(nèi)皮源性舒張,并參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)和免疫耐受(Seabra and Duran,2017;Alimoradi et al.,2019;Yu et al.,2019)。NO是由L-精氨酸末端胍基氧化產(chǎn)生,此反應(yīng)主要依靠一氧化氮合成酶(Nitric oxide synthases,NOS)催化完成(Hedison et al.,2018)。根據(jù)組織表達及其功能的不同,可將NOS劃分為3種:神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合成酶(Neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)、誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合成酶(Inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合成酶(Endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)(Bogdan,2015)。其中,nNOS主要在腦神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)元中表達,通過神經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)運而引起血管和非血管平滑肌松弛,產(chǎn)生的NO參與大腦的發(fā)育、學(xué)習(xí)、擴展及記憶等過程(Luo and Zhu,2011;刁宏旺和李守林,2017;Chong et al.,2019)。因此,研究魚類nNOS的分布及活性,可為揭示NO在魚類神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的作用機制提供理論依據(jù)?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】NO是神經(jīng)元NMDA受體激活后產(chǎn)生的一種重要遞質(zhì),可促使神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)第二信使cGMP的產(chǎn)生,從而對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響(Zhang et al.,2017)。視網(wǎng)膜是魚類產(chǎn)生視覺的部位,而NO是魚類視網(wǎng)膜中重要的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)因子,通過影響突觸前和突觸后的神經(jīng)元以調(diào)節(jié)視覺信息處理(Neufeld et al.,2000;李超等,2014;Wang et al.,2018)。3種亞型NOS在視網(wǎng)膜中均有不同程度的表達,但nNOS是視覺反應(yīng)的主要參與者(Vielma et al.,2012)。還原型輔酶Ⅱ依賴性黃遞酶(NADPH-d)作為NOS的組織化學(xué)標(biāo)記物,可間接反映NO的分布及活性,已廣泛應(yīng)用于NOS在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的定位研究,但NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色無法直接區(qū)分NOS的3種亞型(Sun et al.,2020)。免疫組織化學(xué)法是通過抗原和抗體特異性結(jié)合區(qū)分不同亞型NOS(韓卓然等,2016),已有學(xué)者將這2種方法相結(jié)合用于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的nNOS定位研究。Sánchez-Islas和León-Olea(2001)通過分析nNOS在美西鈍口螈(Ambystoma mexicanum)嗅上皮中的分布情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要存在于嗅覺受體神經(jīng)元;王平利等(2011)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)紋狀體中分布著大量的nNOS陽性神經(jīng)元;Bombardi等(2013)研究證實nNOS在寬吻海豚(Tursiops truncatus)的脊髓中廣泛表達;Chong等(2019)研究報道了nNOS在嚙齒動物大腦不同區(qū)域的分布情況;López等(2019)通過研究澳大利亞肺魚(Neoceratodus forsteri)氮能系統(tǒng),并以此評估神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)間的相互作用;Serenini等(2020)研究證實NO是肌腸神經(jīng)細胞中重要的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)之一,在平滑肌松弛過程中發(fā)揮中介作用;Yan等(2021)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NOS在大鼠成牙本質(zhì)細胞中有表達?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】目前,針對nNOS的研究主要集中在哺乳動物(Anaeigoudari et al.,2016;Coelho et al.,2017;Zhang et al.,2018),僅在馬蘇大馬哈魚(Oncorhynchus masou)及大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)等少數(shù)魚類中有報道(Pushchina et al.,2012;韓卓然等,2016),而有關(guān)點帶石斑魚(Epinephelus coioides)腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中nNOS分布及活性與NO含量的研究至今鮮見報道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色法、免疫組織化學(xué)法、蛋白免疫印跡(Western blotting)及Griess試劑法,對點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中nNOS的分布與活性及NO含量進行研究,為深入揭示NO在點帶石斑魚神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的作用機制打下基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗材料
供試點帶石斑魚購自天津市海發(fā)珍品實業(yè)發(fā)展有限公司,平均體長20±1 cm、平均體重210±20 g;挑選健康無病的30尾點帶石斑魚備用。羊nNOS一抗(ab6175)和二抗(ab6746)購自英國Abcam公司;NO測定試劑盒購自碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;NOS測定試劑盒和蛋白定量測試盒購自南京建成生物工程研究所。
1. 2 樣品采集與處理
點帶石斑魚以三卡因(MS-222)進行麻醉,體表消毒后于冰盤上取出腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜,放入4%多聚甲醛中固定5 h,然后置于20%蔗糖溶液中至組織沉底,-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1. 3 NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色
使用冰凍切片機(Thermo Microm HM 525)進行快速冷凍切片;切片(厚度7 ?m)以PBS(0.01 mol/L,pH 7.4)沖洗3次,每次5 min;然后在β-NADPH孵育液(0.3% Triton X-100,1 mg/mL NBT,0.6 mg/mL β-NADPH,0.1 mol/L PBS)中37 ℃孵育3 h,經(jīng)脫水、透明及封片后進行鏡檢。陰性對照孵育液中不含β-NADPH。
1. 4 免疫組織化學(xué)定位
參照韓卓然等(2016)的方法進行免疫組織化學(xué)定位。在阻斷內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶活性后進行抗原修復(fù),具體操作:將冷凍切片置于枸櫞酸緩沖液(0.01 mol/L,pH 6.0)中煮沸15~20 min。以PBS(0.01 mol/L,pH 7.4)代替一抗用于陰性對照。
1. 5 Western blotting檢測
將點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜樣品分別置于勻漿器中,加入單去污劑裂解液(0.05 mol/L Tris HCl,8.76 mg/mL NaCl,1% Triton X-100,100 μg/mL PMSF),在冰上進行充分勻漿后,參照孫敬鋒等(2017)的方法進行Western blotting檢測。
1. 6 NO含量與nNOS活性測定
取點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜樣品各100 mg,解凍后充分勻漿,分別采用蛋白定量測試盒(考馬斯亮藍法)測定蛋白含量,NO測定試劑盒(Griess試劑法)測定NO含量,NOS測定試劑盒(化學(xué)比濁法)測定nNOS活性,具體方法按試劑盒說明進行操作。
1. 7 統(tǒng)計分析
試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 16.0中的獨立樣本 t 檢驗進行差異顯著性分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果
經(jīng)NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色后,NOS陽性物質(zhì)呈藍色。如圖1-A所示,點帶石斑魚大腦中存在豐富的神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)纖維,神經(jīng)元細胞核淡染,呈梭形或多角形,還有一些呈卵圓形。小腦顆粒層中的陽性顆粒細胞及分子層中的陽性神經(jīng)纖維均呈藍色;浦肯野細胞中也存在NOS陽性反應(yīng)(圖1-B)。在視網(wǎng)膜中,色素上皮層和視錐視桿層可觀察到大量藍色顆粒(圖1-C);此外,在外核層、外網(wǎng)層和內(nèi)核層(圖1-D),以及內(nèi)網(wǎng)層、節(jié)細胞層和視神經(jīng)纖維層均可觀察到NOS陽性物質(zhì)(圖1-E)。
2. 2 免疫組織化學(xué)定位結(jié)果
經(jīng)免疫組織化學(xué)染色后,nNOS陽性物質(zhì)呈深棕色。在點帶石斑魚大腦中可觀察到神經(jīng)元(圖2-A)和神經(jīng)纖維(圖2-B)nNOS陽性物質(zhì);在小腦顆粒層中有少量nNOS陽性顆粒細胞,分子層中有許多的nNOS陽性神經(jīng)纖維,浦肯野細胞也呈現(xiàn)nNOS陽性反應(yīng)(圖2-C)。在視網(wǎng)膜中的色素上皮層、視錐視桿層、外核層和外網(wǎng)層(圖2-D),以及內(nèi)核層、內(nèi)網(wǎng)層、節(jié)細胞層和視神經(jīng)纖維層均呈明顯的nNOS陽性反應(yīng)(圖2-E)。
2. 3 Western blotting檢測結(jié)果
經(jīng)Western blotting檢測,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中的nNOS分別在硝酸纖維素膜上出現(xiàn)3條免疫印跡條帶(圖3)。根據(jù)蛋白分子量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Marker遷移率,計算得到對應(yīng)的蛋白分子量分別為80、120和130 kD。
2. 4 NO含量及nNOS活性測定結(jié)果
由圖4可看出,點帶石斑魚腦組織中NO含量為17.601±1.743 ?mol/L,視網(wǎng)膜中NO含量為13.624±1.249 ?mol/L,即腦組織中的NO含量顯著高于視網(wǎng)膜(P<0.05,下同)。由圖5可看出,點帶石斑魚腦組織中nNOS活性為38.070±3.047 U/mg,視網(wǎng)膜中nNOS活性為23.748±2.860 U/mg,即腦組織中的nNOS活性顯著高于視網(wǎng)膜。
3 討論
NO是一種簡單的雙原子分子,參與體內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),在多種器官、系統(tǒng)和組織中發(fā)揮重要作用(Wang et al.,2018;Tejero et al.,2019)。NOS是NO合成過程中的關(guān)鍵酶,由于NO不穩(wěn)定,因此主要通過觀察NOS分布及活性對NO進行定位研究(劉鵬等,2009;高川等,2020)。本研究采用NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色法定位NOS,但無法直接鑒別NOS的亞型,故同時采用免疫組織化學(xué)法定位nNOS。nNOS結(jié)構(gòu)域高度保守,在不同物種中均含有氧化蛋白域、還原蛋白域及鈣調(diào)素(CaM)結(jié)合位點等結(jié)構(gòu)域(張湑澤等,2014)。nNOS的基因編碼區(qū)(CDS)高度保守,人類和鼠的nNOS氨基酸序列相似性為93%,鼠和牛的nNOS氨基酸序列相似性為98%(杜濱,2012)。經(jīng)BLAST比對分析發(fā)現(xiàn),羊nNOS抗體作為抗原肽的第1409~1429位氨基酸序列高度保守,故本研究以羊nNOS抗體檢測點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中的nNOS分布情況。
經(jīng)NADPH-d染色后,發(fā)現(xiàn)在點帶石斑魚大腦皮質(zhì)的神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)纖維及小腦皮質(zhì)顆粒層、分子層和浦肯野細胞層中均存在NOS,與Schober等(1993)對虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mickiss)、Holmqvist等(1994)對大西洋鮭(Salmo salar)的研究結(jié)果相似。Villani和Guarnieri(1996)利用NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色法對金魚(Carassius auratus)視網(wǎng)膜中的NOS進行定位,結(jié)果表明NOS主要分布在內(nèi)核層、節(jié)細胞層、內(nèi)網(wǎng)層和外網(wǎng)層。除此之外,本研究還在點帶石斑魚視網(wǎng)膜的色素上皮層、視錐視桿層、外核層和視神經(jīng)纖維層中發(fā)現(xiàn)NOS陽性表達,造成這種差異的原因可能是魚的種類不同。鑒于NOS的3種亞型無法通過NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色進行直接鑒別,本研究同時采用免疫組織化學(xué)法定位nNOS,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)nNOS位于點帶石斑魚大腦皮質(zhì)的神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)纖維及小腦皮質(zhì)顆粒層、分子層和浦肯野細胞層中,與NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果一致,且nNOS陽性神經(jīng)元主要呈梭形,與Jadhao和Malz(2004)在伯氏妊麗魚(Haplochromis burtoni)腦組織中的觀察結(jié)果相似。已有研究證明,NO是視網(wǎng)膜中生理及病理過程的重要活性介質(zhì)(Vielma et al.,2012)。經(jīng)免疫組織化學(xué)染色后,在點帶石斑魚視網(wǎng)膜中深棕色的nNOS陽性物質(zhì)主要分布在色素上皮層、視錐視桿層、外核層、外網(wǎng)層、內(nèi)核層、內(nèi)網(wǎng)層、節(jié)細胞層和視神經(jīng)纖維層,與NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色顯示的NOS分布部位一致,但NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色的外核層、外網(wǎng)層、內(nèi)核層、內(nèi)網(wǎng)層、節(jié)細胞層和視神經(jīng)纖維層顏色較弱,究其原因可能是NADPH-d組織化學(xué)染色定位的是NOS(包含3種NOS亞型),而免疫組織化學(xué)只定位nNOS。在點帶石斑魚的腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中均存在nNOS,故推測nNOS產(chǎn)生的NO可作為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)介導(dǎo)并參與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的信息傳遞和生理調(diào)節(jié)過程。
Kim等(1999)采用Western blotting檢測NOS在大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠及兔子視網(wǎng)膜中的表達情況,結(jié)果均獲得1條分子量為155 kD的免疫印跡條帶。孫敬鋒等(2017)通過研究nNOS在毛蚶(Scapharca kagoshimensis)外套膜和鰓組織中的表達情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)有2條nNOS免疫反應(yīng)條帶,對應(yīng)的分子量分別為120和80 kD。本研究利用Western blotting對點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中的nNOS進行檢測分析,結(jié)果獲得3條免疫印跡條帶,對應(yīng)的蛋白分子量分別為80、120和130 kD。nNOS在進化過程中高度保守,在不同物種的不同組織器官中均有分布,但其蛋白分子量存在差異。在點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中均出現(xiàn)3條不同分子量的nNOS免疫印跡條帶,究其原因可能是nNOS存在不同的修飾和剪接作用下并非以單一形式存在,但具體作用機制還需進一步探究。
NO含量變化在機體生理機能中發(fā)揮重要作用,免疫調(diào)節(jié)、血小板凝集反應(yīng)及神經(jīng)信號傳遞等生理過程均伴隨有低水平的NO,而許多疾病的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展與機體體內(nèi)穩(wěn)定的NO含量變化有關(guān)(張勝根等,2011;Akanji et al.,2020)。在正常生理狀況下,nNOS可在組織器官內(nèi)低水平表達(Robbins and Grisham,1997)。張勝根等(2011)研究表明,在半滑舌鰨(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther)不同組織器官中均能檢測到NO和NOS,但不同組織器官中的NO含量和NOS活性存在明顯差異。本研究結(jié)果顯示,點帶石斑魚腦組織中的NO含量和nNOS活性均顯著高于視網(wǎng)膜,推測腦組織作為重要的中樞神經(jīng),含有豐富的nNOS,產(chǎn)生的NO可調(diào)節(jié)機體的生理功能。
4 結(jié)論
在點帶石斑魚腦組織和視網(wǎng)膜中均存在nNOS,推測nNOS在點帶石斑魚腦神經(jīng)及視神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)生理活動中發(fā)揮重要作用。腦組織中的NO含量和nNOS活性均顯著高于視網(wǎng)膜,是由于腦組織作為重要的中樞神經(jīng),對機體生理功能起重要調(diào)節(jié)作用。
參考文獻:
韓卓然,石洪玥,孫敬鋒,王一澤,邢克智. 2016. 神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合酶在大菱鲆腦組織中的分布及定位[J]. 南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報,47(2):296-300. [Han Z R,Shi H Y,Sun J F,Wang Y Z,Xing K Z. 2016. Distribution and immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in brain tissue of Scophthalmus maximus[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture,47(2):296-300.] doi:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2016.02.296.
高川,徐麗娟,席健峰,姜良勇,周奎臣. 2020. 一氧化氮與代謝綜合癥相關(guān)性的研究進展[J]. 山東化工,49(9):98-99. [Gao C,Xu L J,Xi J F,Jiang L Y,Zhou K C. 2020. Research progress on the relationship between nitric oxi-de and metabolic syndrome[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry,49(9):98-99.] doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-021X.2020. 09.037.
刁宏旺,李守林. 2017. 誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)與神經(jīng)源性膀胱的關(guān)系研究[J]. 臨床小兒外科雜志,16(6):612-616. [Diao H W,Li S L. 2017. Relationship between inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and neurogenic bladder[J]. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery,16(6):612-616.] doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6353.2017.06.020.
杜濱. 2012. 中國鹵蟲一氧化氮合成酶基因的克隆及表達模式研究[D]. 大連:遼寧師范大學(xué). [Du B. 2012. Molecular cloning and the preliminary function of the nitric oxi-de synthase from brine shrimp—Artemia sinica[D]. Dalian:Liaoning Normal University.] doi:10.7666/d.Y2234542.
李超,王亮,覃樂政,張秀梅. 2014. 4種巖礁性魚類視網(wǎng)膜感光細胞和最小分辨角的比較[J]. 水產(chǎn)學(xué)報,38(3):400-409. [Li C,Wang L,Qin L Z,Zhang X M. 2014. Comparison study of four species of coral-reef teleosts (Scorpaeniformes) with photoreceptor cells and the angle of minimum resolution[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,38(3):400-409.] doi:10.3724./SP.J.1231.2014.49000.
劉鵬,偉忠民,佟宇. 2009. NO、NOS對學(xué)習(xí)記憶和神經(jīng)毒性作用的研究進展[J]. 遼寧醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報,30(4):369-372. [Liu P,Wei Z M,Tong Y. 2009. The research of NO and NOS effects on learning memory and neurological toxicity[J]. Journal of Liaoning Medical University,30(4):369-372.] doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-0424.2009.04.034.
孫敬鋒,王一澤,呂愛軍,Yeong Yik Sung,董少杰,郭永軍,邢克智. 2017. 毛蚶外套膜和鰓組織中神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合酶免疫組織化學(xué)定位研究[J]. 海洋湖沼通報,(3):115-120. [Sun J F,Wang Y Z,Lü A J,Sung Y Y,Dong S J,Guo Y J,Xing K Z. 2017. Immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mantle tissue of Scapharca kagoshimensis[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,(3):115-120.] doi:10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2017.03.016.
王平利,程樹軍,李玉谷,黃韌,張媛,李楚宣. 2011. 恒河猴紋狀體一氧化氮合酶陽性神經(jīng)元的形態(tài)學(xué)觀察[J]. 鄭州牧業(yè)工程高等??茖W(xué)校學(xué)報,31(3):6-9. [Wang P L,Cheng S J,Li Y G,Huang R,Zhang Y,Li C X. 2011. Morphological observation of the neurons containing NOS in the striatum of rhesus monkey(Macaca mulatta)[J]. Journal of Zhengzhou College of Animal Husbandry Engineering,31(3):6-9.] doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-3111. 2011.03.003.
張勝根,邢克智,孫敬鋒,王慶奎,馬倩倩. 2011. 半滑舌鰨組織器官中一氧化氮含量和一氧化氮合酶活性的測定[J]. 安徽農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),39(12):7295-7297. [Zhang S G,Xing K Z,Sun J F,Wang Q K,Ma Q Q. 2011. Determination of nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase activity in organizations of half-smooth tongue-sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gunther)[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,39(12):7295-7297.] doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2011.12.137.
張湑澤,謝玲,郭新異,陳桂華,林恭華,都玉蓉,龐礴,郭松長. 2014. 高原鼢鼠神經(jīng)型一氧化氮合酶基因編碼區(qū)序列克隆與分析[J]. 獸類學(xué)報,34(1):17-27. [Zhang X Z,Xie L,Guo X Y,Chen G H,Lin G H,Du Y R,Pang B,Guo S C. 2014. CDS cloning and sequence analysis of neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) from plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi)[J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica,34(1):17-27.] doi:10.16829/j.slxb.2014.01.003.
Akanji M A,Adeyanju A A,Rotimi D,Adeyemi O S. 2020. Nitric oxide balance in health and diseases:Implications for new treatment strategies[J]. The Open Biochemistry Journal,14(1):25-32. doi:10.2174/1874091X0201401 0025.
Alimoradi H,Greish K,Gamble A B,Giles G I. 2019. Controlled delivery of nitric oxide for cancer therapy[J]. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology,7(4):279-303. doi:10.2174/2211738507666190429111306.
Anaeigoudari A,Soukhtanloo M,Shafei M N,Sadeghnia H R,Reisi P,Beheshti F,Behradnia S,Mousavi S M,Hosseini M. 2016. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase has a role in the detrimental effects of lipopolysaccharide on spatial me-mory and synaptic plasticity in rats[J]. Pharmacological Reports,68(2):243-249. doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09. 004.
Bogdan C. 2015. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity:An update[J]. Trends in Immunology,36(3):161-178. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.01.003.
Bombardi C,Grandis A,Gardini A,Cozzi B. 2013. Nitrergic neurons in the spinal cord of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)[J]. Anatomical Record,296(10):1603-1614. doi:10.1002/ar.22766.
Chong P S,Poon C H,F(xiàn)ung M L,Guan L,Steinbusch H W M,Chan Y S,Lim W L,Lim L E. 2019. Distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat brain[J]. Acta Histochemica,121(8):151437. doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2019.08.004.
Coelho C H,Martins T F,Oliveira-Pelegrin G R,da Rocha M J A. 2017. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity does not alter vasopressin secretion in septic rats[J]. Pituitary,20(3):333-339. doi:10.1007/s11102-017-0786-x.
Hedison T M,Hay S,Scrutton N S. 2018. Trapping methods for probing functional intermediates in nitric oxide synthases and related enzymes[J]. Frontiers in Bioscience,23(10):1874-1888. doi:10.2741/4678.
Holmqvist B I,Ostholm T,Alm P,Ekstr?m P. 1994. Nitric oxide synthase in the brain of a teleost[J]. Neuroscience Letters,171(1-2):205-208. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90640-8.
Jadhao A G,Malz C R. 2004. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase activity in the brain of a cichlid fish,with remarkable findings in the entopeduncular nucleus:A histochemical study[J]. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy,27(2):75-86. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.12.001.
Kim I B,Lee E J,Kim K Y,Ju W K,Oh S J,Joo C K,Chun M H. 1999. Immunocytochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in the mammalian retina[J]. Neuroscience Letters,267(3):193-196. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00363-8.
López J M,Morona R,González A. 2019. Pattern of nitrergic cells and fibers organization in the central nervous system of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri (Sarcopterygii:Dipnoi)[J]. Journal of Comparative Neurology,527(11):1771-1800. doi:10.1002/cne.24645.
Luo C X,Zhu D Y. 2011. Research progress on neurobiology of neuronal nitric oxide synthase[J]. Neuroscience Bulletin,27(1):23-35. doi:10.1007/s12264-011-1038-0.
Neufeld A H,Shareef S,Pena J. 2000. Cellular localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase(NOS-1) in the human and rat retina[J]. The Journal of Comparative Neurology,416(2):269-275. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(20000110)416:2<269::aid-cne11>3.0.co;2-2.
Pushchina E V,Varaksin A A,Obukhov D K. 2012. Gaseous transmitters in the brain of the masu salmon,Oncorhynchus masou (Salmoniformes,Salmonidae)[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology,48(1):101-114. doi:10.1134/s0022093012010112.
Robbins R A,Grisham M B. 2006. Nitric oxide[J]. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology,29(6):857-860. doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(96)00167-7.
Sánchez-Islas E,León-Olea M. 2001. Histochemical and immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the olfactory epithelium of the axolotl,Ambystoma mexicanum[J]. Nitric Oxide,5(4):302-316. doi:10.1006/niox.2001.0347.
Schober A,Malz C R,Meyer D L. 1993. Enzymehistochemical demonstration of nitric oxide synthase in the dience-phalon of the rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mickiss)[J]. Neuroscience Letters,151(1):67-70. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90047-o.
Seabra A B,Duran N. 2017. Nanoparticulated nitric oxide donors and their biomedical applications[J]. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry,17(3):216-223. doi:10.2174/1389557516666160808124624.
Serenini G F,Beltrami J M,Ger?nimo E,F(xiàn)avetta P M,Legnani N G E,Otutumi L K,Martins L A,Germano R M. 2020. Quantification of the neurons of myenteric plexus of the bat Molossus rufus[J]. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira,40(6):493-500. doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6381.
Sun H J,Gao W T,Li H M,Ma X L. 2020. Comparative study of the distribution of NOS-positive neurons in pigeon intestine[J]. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia,49(4):563-570. doi:10.1111/ahe.12562.
Tejero J,Shiva S,Gladwin M T. 2019. Sources of vascular nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and their regulation[J]. Physiological Reviews,99(1):311-379. doi:10. 1152/physrev.00036.2017.
Vielma A H,Retamal M A,Schmachtenberg O. 2012. Nitric oxide signaling in the retina:What have we learned in two decades?[J]. Brain Research,1430:112-125. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.045.
Villani L,Guarnieri T. 1996. Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the goldfish retina[J]. Brain Research,743(1-2):353-356. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01103-1.
Wang Q M,Zhao X Y,Wang Z,Yang X B. 2018. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the retina of monocular deprivation amblyopia rats[J]. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences,22(7):1879-1883. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201804_14708.
Yan T,Kong Y,F(xiàn)an W G,Kang J,Chen H L,He H W,Huang F. 2021. Expression of nitric oxide synthases in rat odontoblasts and the role of nitric oxide in odontoblastic differentiation of rat dental papilla cells[J]. Deve-lopment,Growth & Differentiation,63(7):354-371. doi:10.1111/dgd.12745.
Yu B L,Ichinose F,Bloch D B,Zapol W M. 2019. Inhaled nitric oxide[J]. British Journal of Pharmacology,176(2):246-255. doi:10.1111/bph.14512.
Zhang J,Han Y,Wang Y,Cheng X,Wang C J. 2018. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces brain damage by promoting collateral recruitment in a cerebral hypoxia-ischemia mice model[J]. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences,22(10):3166-3172. doi:10.26355/eurrev_201805_15077.
Zhang N,Diao Y,Hua R R,Wang J,Han S,Li J F,Yin Y L. 2017. Nitric oxide-mediated pathways and its role in the degenerative diseases[J]. Frontiers in Bioscience,22(5):824-834. doi:10.2741/4519.
(責(zé)任編輯 陳德元)