王遠(yuǎn)明 李楚凌 羅香林 許德瑜 徐亞雄
【摘要】 目的:探討白介素-33(IL-33)在變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒中的表達和對Th2和Th17炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)控作用。方法:選取2017年1-6月就診于本院的50例變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒,根據(jù)是否合并哮喘分為變應(yīng)性鼻炎組(n=40)與變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組(n=10),另選取同期于本院體檢的20例正常兒童作為對照組。比較三組血清和鼻腔灌洗液中IL-33和Th2、Th17細(xì)胞因子的表達情況,分析變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒IL-33和Th相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子的相關(guān)性。純化外周血單個核細(xì)胞進行IL-33的體外調(diào)節(jié)實驗,分析重組IL-33和相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子對外周血單個核細(xì)胞Th2和Th17炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)控作用。結(jié)果:變應(yīng)性鼻炎組與變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組中血清和鼻腔灌洗液IL-33、IL-4、IL-5、IL-17均高于對照組,且變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組均高于變應(yīng)性鼻炎組(P<0.05)。變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒血清和鼻腔灌洗液中IL-4、IL-5、IL-17均與IL-33表達呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。血清ECP、粉塵螨特異性IgE水平及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)均與血清IL-33表達呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。HDM和1、10、100 ng/mL rhIL-33的IL-4、IL-5、IL-17水平均高于PBS,且10、100 ng/mL rhIL-33均高于1 ng/mL rhIL-33(P<0.05)。100 ng/mL rhIL-33的IL-4、IL-5及IL-17水平均高于HDM(P<0.05)。HDM+anti-IL-33的IL-4、IL-5及IL-17水平均高于PBS,而低于HDM(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:變應(yīng)性鼻炎中IL-33的表達上調(diào)促進了Th2和Th17炎癥反應(yīng),并為IL-33在變應(yīng)性鼻炎發(fā)病機制中的調(diào)節(jié)作用提供了可能的解釋。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 白介素-33 變應(yīng)性鼻炎 兒童
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the expression of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in children with allergic rhinitis and its regulation of Th2 and Th17 inflammatory responses. Method: A total of 50 children with allergic rhinitis admitted to our hospital from January to June 2017 were selected, they were divided into allergic rhinitis group (n=40) and allergic rhinitis with asthma (n=10) according to whether they had asthma or not. Another 20 normal children underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. The expression of IL-33 and Th2 and Th17 cytokines in serum and nasal lavage fluid of three groups were compared. The correlation between IL-33 and Th related cytokines in children with allergic rhinitis were analyzed. Purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to conduct in vitro IL-33 regulation experiments, and the regulatory effects of recombinant IL-33 and related cytokines on Th2 and Th17 inflammatory response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed. Result: The serum and nasal lavage fluid IL-33, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 in allergic rhinitis group and allergic rhinitis with asthma group were higher than those in the control group, and those in allergic rhinitis with asthma group were higher than those in allergic rhinitis group (P<0.05). The expression of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 in serum and nasal lavage fluid of children with allergic rhinitis were positively correlated with IL-33 (P<0.05). Serum ECP, dust mite specific IgE levels and eosinophil count were positively correlated with serum IL-33 expression (P<0.05). The levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 in HDM and 1, 10, 100 ng/mL rhIL-33 were higher than those in PBS, and those in 10 and 100 ng/mL rhIL-33 were higher than those in 1 ng/mL rhIL-33 (P<0.05). IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 levels in 100 ng/mL rhIL-33 were higher than those in HDM (P<0.05). The levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 in HDM+anti-IL-33 were higher than those in PBS, but were lower than those in HDM (P<0.05). Conclusion: Up-regulated IL-33 protein in allergic rhinitis promote Th2 and Th17 inflammation, and provide a possible explanation for IL-33s regulatory role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.
[Key words] IL-33 Allergic rhinitis Children
First-authors address: Dongguan Women and Childrens Hospital, Dongguan 523000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.06.003
變應(yīng)性鼻炎是耳鼻喉科常見的過敏性疾病,兒童患病率達10%~40%,且在國內(nèi)患病率有日益增加的趨勢[1-2]。變應(yīng)性鼻炎的組織學(xué)特征包括Th2炎癥反應(yīng)的增強,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞浸潤,變應(yīng)原特異性IgE的產(chǎn)生和基底膜增厚[3-4]。Th2細(xì)胞的激活和進一步釋放的細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)各種免疫細(xì)胞的聚集,導(dǎo)致了變應(yīng)性鼻炎的發(fā)生[5]。最近研究表明,Th17細(xì)胞可以增強哮喘小鼠模型中Th2細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞氣道炎癥[6-7]。此外,變應(yīng)性鼻炎患者血清白介素-17(IL-17)水平的有所增加,且其與臨床癥狀、外周嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)和藥物相關(guān)[8-9]。白介素-33(IL-33)是IL-1超家族成員,其受體為ST2[10]。IL-33與其在不同細(xì)胞表面的ST2受體之間的相互作用進而促進Th2反應(yīng)[11]。在變應(yīng)性鼻炎中,IL-33與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[12-13]。在變應(yīng)性鼻炎的實驗性小鼠模型中,過敏原暴露誘導(dǎo)鼻上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生IL-33,并且通過增加肥大細(xì)胞釋放組胺和誘導(dǎo)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生趨化因子,這對于鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞和嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞的積累起關(guān)鍵作用[14]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,IL-33可能在Th2和Th17相關(guān)的變應(yīng)性鼻炎中發(fā)揮積極作用。本研究旨在探討IL-33在變應(yīng)性鼻炎中的表達和對Th2和Th17炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)控作用,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2017年1-6月就診于本院的50例變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):5~12歲;根據(jù)疾病史(臨床癥狀噴嚏、清水樣涕、鼻塞、鼻癢等癥狀出現(xiàn)2項以上,每天癥狀持續(xù)或累計在1 h以上),體格檢查(鼻黏膜蒼白、雙下甲水腫,總鼻道及鼻底可見清涕或粘涕),皮膚點刺試驗和特異性IgE的檢測(主要包括常見過敏原,如塵螨、貓毛、狗毛等)符合變應(yīng)性鼻炎2010年版指南和全球哮喘倡議(GINA)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[15-16]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):慢性疾?。ㄈ鐮I養(yǎng)不良,呼吸系統(tǒng)解剖畸形,慢性肺病,心臟病,胃食管反流病,囊性纖維化);一個月內(nèi)有藥物使用史(如口服或鼻用皮質(zhì)類固醇,抗癲癇藥,免疫抑制劑)。50例變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒根據(jù)是否合并哮喘分為變應(yīng)性鼻炎組(n=40)與變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組(n=10)。另選取同期于本院體檢的20例正常兒童作為對照組。本研究經(jīng)東莞市婦女兒童醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),并由兒童父母簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 每組抽血時間為晨起空腹8~9點。靜脈血樣品收集到真空管中并在3 000 g 4 ℃離心15 min。使用LH-785系統(tǒng)(愛爾蘭Beckman Coulter公司)進行全血細(xì)胞計數(shù)。使用Unicap系統(tǒng)測定血清IgE。所有兒童保持坐位,身體前傾,每側(cè)鼻孔用0.9%氯化鈉溶液沖洗鼻腔并搜集灌洗液[17]。將樣品離心以除去細(xì)胞碎片,并將等份的上清液在-20 ℃下分裝備用。根據(jù)Bradford使用Bio-Rad蛋白質(zhì)測定法測定總蛋白質(zhì)濃度。使用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定試劑盒來檢測血清和鼻腔灌洗液IL-33、IL-4、IL-5、IL-17和ECP水平(美國R&D公司)。檢測敏感度分別為:IL-33:125 pg/mL、IL-4:1.56 pg/mL、IL-5:7.8 pg/mL、IL-17:5 pg/mL。使用淋巴細(xì)胞分離液Ficoll制備外周血單個核細(xì)胞,然后以2×106/mL的密度在24孔板的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)(5%人AB血清、5 mmol/L谷氨酰胺、青霉素和鏈霉素)。通過添加磷酸緩沖鹽溶液(PBS)、粉塵螨蛋白(HDM,100 ng/mL)、重組人(rh)IL-33(1~100 ng/mL)、rhIL-33+rhIL-4(100 ng/mL)、rhIL-33+rhIL-5(100 ng/mL)、rhIL-33+rhIL-17(100 ng/mL)、HDM+anti-IL-33(100 ng/mL)進行刺激實驗48 h,試劑均由美國R&D公司提供。所有實驗重復(fù)三次。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 比較三組血清和鼻腔灌洗液中IL-33和Th2/17細(xì)胞因子的表達情況,分析變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒IL-33和Th相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子的相關(guān)性。純化外周血單個核細(xì)胞進行IL-33的體外調(diào)節(jié)實驗,分析重組IL-33和相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子對外周血單個核細(xì)胞Th2/17炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)控作用。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 20軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料用M(P25,P75)表示,比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗。采用Pearson相關(guān)分析用于分析生物標(biāo)志物表達之間的相關(guān)性。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組一般資料與實驗室指標(biāo)比較 三組性別與年齡比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。變應(yīng)性鼻炎組嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)、ECP及粉塵螨特異性IgE均高于對照組,而均低于變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組中心粒細(xì)胞高于變應(yīng)性鼻炎組與對照組(P<0.05)。變應(yīng)性鼻炎組與變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)均高于對照組(P<0.05)。三組單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)與淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 三組血清和鼻腔灌洗液中IL-33與Th2、Th17細(xì)胞因子表達情況 變應(yīng)性鼻炎組與變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組血清和鼻腔灌洗液IL-33、IL-4、IL-5、IL-17均高于對照組,且變應(yīng)性鼻炎伴哮喘組均高于變應(yīng)性鼻炎組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 變應(yīng)性鼻炎患兒IL-33和Th相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子的相關(guān)性 血清和鼻腔灌洗液中IL-4、IL-5、IL-17均與IL-33表達呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。血清ECP、粉塵螨特異性IgE水平及嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)均與血清IL-33表達呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.4 外周血單個核細(xì)胞刺激實驗結(jié)果 HDM和1、10、100 ng/mL rhIL-33的IL-4、IL-5及IL-17水平均高于PBS,且10、100 ng/mL rhIL-33均高于1 ng/mL rhIL-33(P<0.05)。100 ng/mL rhIL-33的IL-4、IL-5及IL-17水平均高于HDM(P<0.05)。HDM+anti-IL-33的IL-4、IL-5及IL-17水平均高于PBS,而低于HDM(P<0.05)。rhIL-33+rhIL-4、rhIL-33+rhIL-5、rhIL-33+rhIL-17與100 ng/mL rhIL-33的IL-4、IL-5及IL-17水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見圖1和表4。
3 討論
變態(tài)反應(yīng)是遺傳因素與環(huán)境因素共同作用的疾病。鑒于其免疫學(xué)機制的復(fù)雜性,對源頭發(fā)病機制的認(rèn)識將有助于獲得新的治療靶點,并可望取得更持久、更徹底的療效。目前研究表明變應(yīng)性鼻炎的中IL-33表達升高與Th2、Th17炎癥的發(fā)展密切相關(guān),為變應(yīng)性鼻炎的發(fā)病機制提供了新思路。
IL-33是細(xì)胞因子IL-1家族的成員,如IL-1β和IL-18。IL-33被認(rèn)為與Th2介導(dǎo)的變應(yīng)性疾病相關(guān),如哮喘、特應(yīng)性皮炎以及宿主防御寄生蟲[18]。在哮喘的實驗?zāi)P椭?,阻斷IL-33/ST2信號級聯(lián)可降低疾病的嚴(yán)重程度[19-23]??笽L-33抗體顯著降低體內(nèi)2型細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞炎癥和氣道高反應(yīng)性[24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,變應(yīng)性鼻炎全身和局部IL-33細(xì)胞和Th2細(xì)胞因子的表達都顯著增加,而進一步相關(guān)性分析提示,血清和鼻腔灌洗液中IL-33表達與2型細(xì)胞因子相關(guān),提示IL-33可促進全身和局部Th2炎癥。
研究顯示在小鼠哮喘模型中,Th17細(xì)胞不僅增強中性粒細(xì)胞氣道炎癥,而且同樣促進Th2細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞氣道炎癥[25]。IL-17是由Th17細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞因子。變應(yīng)性鼻炎患者血清IL-17水平升高,并與臨床癥狀,外周嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)和用藥需要有關(guān)[8-9]。在本研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)升高的IL-17表達與IL-33表達相關(guān),提示IL-33可能參與Th17炎癥。
為了確定IL-33在變應(yīng)性鼻炎中的直接作用,本研究提純了變應(yīng)性鼻炎和對照組供體的外周血單個核細(xì)胞。粉塵螨作為常見過敏原可引發(fā)Th2炎癥反應(yīng),因此被選為陽性對照。本研究結(jié)果顯示,用HDM和1、10、100 ng/mL rhIL-33刺激后,來自變應(yīng)性鼻炎的外周血單個核細(xì)胞中的Th2細(xì)胞因子(IL-4、IL-5)和IL-17水平顯著上調(diào),且呈劑量依賴模式。這些細(xì)胞因子可能來源于Th2、Th17細(xì)胞或者ILC細(xì)胞等,但其確切情況有待于后續(xù)研究。為了研究Th2細(xì)胞因子對IL-33表達的影響,進一步使用rhIL-4、rhIL-5、rhIL-17刺激外周血單個核細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示rhIL-33和rhIL-4、rhIL-5、rhIL-17分別聯(lián)合刺激外周血單個核細(xì)胞時,Th2、Th17細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生與IL-33單獨刺激無明顯變化,說明IL-4、IL-5和IL-17對IL-33的調(diào)控并無干預(yù)作用。然而,阻斷IL-33可減少粉塵螨誘導(dǎo)的Th2、Th17細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生,表明IL-33在Th2、Th17炎癥中起重要作用。這些結(jié)果表明IL-33參與變應(yīng)性鼻炎的Th2、Th17炎癥反應(yīng)是單向調(diào)控的。
綜上所述,IL-33是介導(dǎo)Th2、Th17炎癥的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞因子,并且是預(yù)測變應(yīng)性鼻炎嚴(yán)重程度的潛在標(biāo)志物,本研究可能為今后變應(yīng)性鼻炎的預(yù)防和治療提供新的目標(biāo)。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-03) (本文編輯:田婧)