韓吉平 江寧 諸永志 孫英杰 李大婧 張鐘元 李瑩 劉小莉 柏宗春 余剛 吳海虹 劉春泉
摘要:蝦青素屬于類(lèi)胡蘿卜素家族的重要成員,是一種天然抗氧化劑,具有良好的清除自由基和屏蔽紫外光的能力。綜述了天然蝦青素的制備方法,并對(duì)不同制備方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較與總結(jié)。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),蝦青素具有廣泛的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),本文對(duì)天然蝦青素在藥用和營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面的潛在應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:蝦青素;制備;功能
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): TS254.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A
文章編號(hào):1002-1302(2021)08-0056-05
收稿日期:2020-07-21
基金項(xiàng)目:江蘇現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):JATS[2019]415)。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:韓吉平(1997—),女,湖北武漢人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樯r食品保鮮與加工。E-mail:hanjp1997@163.com。
通信作者:江 寧,博士,副研究員,研究方向?yàn)樯r食品保鮮與加工。E-mail:jaas_jiangning@163.com。
蝦青素(astaxanthin)是一種脂溶性色素[1],呈橙紅色,廣泛存在于蝦、蟹等甲殼類(lèi)動(dòng)物體內(nèi),同時(shí)也是一種類(lèi)胡蘿卜素的含氧衍生物[2]。一般特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)容易產(chǎn)生特殊的生物功能。大量研究表明,蝦青素具有許多生理活性,如有效清除體內(nèi)自由基、抗衰老[3]、抗腫瘤[4]、預(yù)防心腦血管疾病[5]、心血管疾病[6]、保護(hù)肝臟[7]、抗糖尿病[8]等。此外,蝦青素是一類(lèi)能穿透血腦、血視網(wǎng)膜屏障的類(lèi)胡蘿卜素,對(duì)改善中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和腦功能有積極作用[9]。
1 天然蝦青素的制備方法
1.1 有機(jī)溶劑萃取法
大量研究表明,丙酮對(duì)蝦青素的提取效果較好,這是因?yàn)槠浜信c蝦青素高度相似的羰基。相較于甲醇、乙醇、乙腈等有機(jī)溶劑,丙酮提取的蝦青素回收率最高[10]。此外,Sachindra等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與較單一的有機(jī)溶劑相比,混合溶劑(異丙醇 ∶己烷體積比=1 ∶1)對(duì)蝦青素的提取率更高[11]。然而,丙酮等有機(jī)溶劑具有沸點(diǎn)低、易揮發(fā)、中等毒性等特點(diǎn),在食品加工中可能存在食品安全隱患。
1.2 微波輔助萃取法
微波輔助萃取技術(shù)是在傳統(tǒng)有機(jī)溶劑萃取基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新型萃取技術(shù)。研究表明,利用微波輔助萃取技術(shù)從雨生紅球藻中提取蝦青素是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)有效的方法。微波能通過(guò)微藻生物質(zhì)傳遞,增加細(xì)胞內(nèi)動(dòng)能,引起液體顆粒振動(dòng)。隨后細(xì)胞溫度的升高和細(xì)胞壁壓力的增加導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞分裂。此外,微波輔助過(guò)程通過(guò)打破萃取溶劑分子間的化學(xué)鍵,促進(jìn)溶解離子通過(guò)細(xì)胞基質(zhì)孔隙,達(dá)到縮短提取時(shí)間的作用[12]。微波輔助技術(shù)不僅可以提高蝦青素的萃取效率,而且可以提高提取率。
1.3 超聲波輔助萃取法
超聲波輔助提取技術(shù)是一種高效回收雨生紅球藻蝦青素的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)。超聲波對(duì)蝦青素的提取是通過(guò)空化作用,細(xì)胞壁被快速破壞,從而增強(qiáng)萃取劑在細(xì)胞基質(zhì)中的傳遞[13]。超聲波的功率、溫度和溶液濃度是蝦青素提取的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。Zou等通過(guò)在超聲功率200 W,溶液濃度48%乙醇/乙酸乙酯(液固比為20 ∶1),溫度41.1 ℃,提取時(shí)間 16.0 min 的試驗(yàn)條件下的超聲輔助萃取,實(shí)現(xiàn)雨生紅球藻生物量的蝦青素產(chǎn)量達(dá)27.58 mg/g[14]。
1.4 酶解法
天然蝦青素以游離蝦青素、蝦青素單酯和二酯3種形式存在,其中主要存在形式是較穩(wěn)定的蝦青素脂,即蝦青素單酯和蝦青素二酯[15-16]。蝦青素酯的脫酯方法分為皂化法和酶解法。為了評(píng)估酶解和皂化作用對(duì)天然蝦青素酯的去酯化相對(duì)效率,Su等發(fā)現(xiàn)使用膽固醇酯酶可以使蝦青素酯完全水解,其降解和異構(gòu)化作用顯著減弱[17]。
1.5 超臨界流體萃取法
超臨界流體萃取是指將超臨界狀態(tài)的CO2流體作為萃取溶劑與含有蝦青素的原料接觸,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)不同提取參數(shù)(溫度、時(shí)間、壓力、添加物等)得到萃取蝦青素的最佳條件。利用超臨界CO2萃取法可以最大程度地保持蝦青素的生物活性,且可將萃取和分離合二為一。
超臨界流體是物質(zhì)的一種特殊的流體狀態(tài),是指在溫度和壓力高于臨界點(diǎn)的情況下,其可以像氣體一樣從固體中滲出,像液體一樣溶解物質(zhì)。超臨界流體萃取是一種環(huán)境友好的萃取方法,因?yàn)楫?dāng)CO2作為超臨界流體時(shí),可以實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)溶劑萃取。同時(shí),在系統(tǒng)中加入乙醇或甲醇等碳?xì)浠衔锖吞烊挥?,?huì)增加CO2對(duì)不同溶質(zhì)的親和力,從而提高蝦青素的提取率[18] 。Cheng等在微流反應(yīng)器中對(duì)破裂的血球菌進(jìn)行低壓超臨界CO2萃取,并通過(guò)光學(xué)通道實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控萃取過(guò)程,使用超臨界流體萃取法和乙醇助溶劑在30 s內(nèi)快速提取約98%的蝦青素[19]。
1.6 油提法
油提法通常用于提取天然蝦青素,葵花籽油和椰子油對(duì)蝦青素的提取率分別可達(dá)26.3 μg/g和 24.7 μg/g[20]。溫度對(duì)亞麻籽油提取蝦青素具有顯著影響,在高溫(60~90 ℃)下,油提法可以獲得較高的蝦青素回收率;但溫度越高,蝦青素的穩(wěn)定性越差,易發(fā)生降解,因此選擇合適的提取溫度至關(guān)重要;此外,當(dāng)亞麻籽油中含有蝦青素時(shí),蝦青素的強(qiáng)抗氧化作用可以顯著降低亞麻籽油的氧化速率[21]。
2 天然蝦青素的功能研究
蝦青素因具有特殊的分子結(jié)構(gòu),其表現(xiàn)出包括抗氧化、抗衰老和抑制化學(xué)物質(zhì)誘變等生物活性。大量研究表明,蝦青素在預(yù)防和治療腫瘤、糖尿病、心血管疾病、眼病、皮膚病、運(yùn)動(dòng)疲勞和增強(qiáng)免疫力等方面具有潛在的有益作用[22-58]。
2.1 降血壓
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),高血壓是全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)和全球死亡率的最大單一貢獻(xiàn)者。蝦青素可以通過(guò)抑制血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖和恢復(fù)線(xiàn)粒體功能來(lái)有效治療血管重構(gòu)。在體外,蝦青素可減輕血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移,降低細(xì)胞中活性氧的含量水平,并平衡與活性氧相關(guān)的酶的活性,包括還原型輔酶Ⅱ(NADPH)氧化酶、黃嘌呤氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶。Chen等通過(guò)血清學(xué)試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)蝦青素可降低自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠的血壓并減輕血管重構(gòu)[22]。添加蝦青素的飲食通過(guò)降低血壓、改善心血管重塑和氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài),有治療高血壓的作用[23]。
2.2 抗衰老
紫外線(xiàn)老化是導(dǎo)致衰老的重要因素。紫外線(xiàn)到達(dá)人體皮膚后會(huì)產(chǎn)生活性氧和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶,破壞膠原蛋白和彈性蛋白,導(dǎo)致黑色素沉積和產(chǎn)生皮膚皺紋[24]。據(jù)報(bào)道,蝦青素可以阻止皮膚增厚和膠原蛋白減少,以對(duì)抗紫外線(xiàn)引起的皮膚損傷[25-27],減緩紫外老化引起的生理功能變化[28]。據(jù)報(bào)道,膳食中加入蝦青素可改善紫外光老化引起的面部皮膚屏障受損和缺乏彈性,且耐受性良好[29]。
2.3 抗疲勞
抗疲勞作用包括延緩疲勞產(chǎn)生和加速疲勞消除[30]。天然蝦青素由于特殊的分子結(jié)構(gòu),在清除自由基、降低過(guò)氧化物水平、強(qiáng)化機(jī)體抗氧化系統(tǒng)等方面有顯著功效[31]。蝦青素可以跨越血腦屏障,保護(hù)大腦免受急性損傷和慢性神經(jīng)退行性變[32]。蝦青素的神經(jīng)保護(hù)特性源于其抗氧化、抗凋亡和抗炎作用[33-34]。
在劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的氧化應(yīng)激情況下,天然蝦青素具有對(duì)抗自由基產(chǎn)生并加速自由基清除的作用,顯示出卓越的抗氧化功效。通過(guò)抗氧化與抗疲勞效果的相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),抗氧化能力的提高可以增強(qiáng)抗疲勞能力,兩者相輔相成。膳食中補(bǔ)充蝦青素可改善脂質(zhì)代謝、碳水化合物代謝和氨基酸代謝,對(duì)清除自由基和減輕肌肉損傷有顯著作用[35]。
2.4 護(hù)眼
研究表明,蝦青素可以通過(guò)其抗氧化作用減少大鼠視網(wǎng)膜中視網(wǎng)膜蛋白氧化物的含量,抑制缺血誘導(dǎo)的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞死亡,并降低高血壓引起的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞凋亡,在修復(fù)視網(wǎng)膜損傷中具有關(guān)鍵作用[36]。因此,蝦青素可在多種眼部疾病中發(fā)揮有益作用,包括延緩代謝性白內(nèi)障發(fā)展[37]、提高改善干眼癥患者淚液穩(wěn)定性、緩解眼睛疲勞[38]。
蝦青素的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用也可用于青光眼的治療,眼壓升高會(huì)導(dǎo)致篩板變形并引起血流紊亂,從而導(dǎo)致軸突丟失和視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡,并伴有典型的視神經(jīng)損傷[39]。此外,蝦青素具有良好的安全性,在臨床研究中均無(wú)任何不良事件的報(bào)告[40-41]。
2.5 增強(qiáng)免疫力
免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)自由基引起的損傷高度敏感。蝦青素不僅能為自由基提供電子,還能與自由基結(jié)合生成無(wú)害的化合物,從而清除自由基或者終止自由基的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng),并恢復(fù)免疫系統(tǒng)的防御機(jī)制。為了研究蝦青素對(duì)免疫系統(tǒng)的作用,Park等將雌性家貓?jiān)O(shè)為模型動(dòng)物,研究表明,飼喂蝦青素的貓外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞的增殖和自然殺傷細(xì)胞活性增加[42]。Zhu等指出日糧中添加蝦青素可以提高生長(zhǎng)性能,提高抗氧化和免疫反應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)相對(duì)炎癥相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[43]。Jeong等的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了蝦青素對(duì)免疫細(xì)胞的成熟誘導(dǎo)和功能調(diào)節(jié)活性,這表明在癌癥治療中蝦青素的抗氧化作用可增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)功能[44]。
2.6 抗糖尿病活性
糖尿病與氧化應(yīng)激密切相關(guān),氧化應(yīng)激可能是自由基增加、抗氧化防御能力降低或兩者共同產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。一般來(lái)說(shuō),糖尿病患者的氧化應(yīng)激水平非常高。它是由高血糖、胰島B細(xì)胞功能紊亂和組織損傷引起[45]。蝦青素可降低血漿中葡萄糖和胰島素水平,并改善全身胰島素敏感性和胰島素刺激的葡萄糖攝取。
蝦青素治療可顯著提高葡萄糖耐受性和緩解胰島B細(xì)胞功能不全,抑制血脂異常和氧化應(yīng)激,增加抗氧化酶的活性,并最終改善生殖結(jié)果[46]。在糖尿病大鼠淋巴細(xì)胞的功能障礙恢復(fù)中,蝦青素也是一種良好的免疫制劑[47]。添加蝦青素可顯著降低小鼠因高脂、高果糖飲食所致的血糖和提高胰島素水平[48]。
2.7 抗腫瘤
蝦青素可以通過(guò)自身的抗氧化特性,抑制應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的自然殺傷細(xì)胞的腫瘤活性,蝦青素有效改善了應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的免疫功能障礙,甚至可以調(diào)節(jié)部分基因的活性,抑制惡性腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移[49]。Faraone等研究指出,蝦青素誘導(dǎo)下腫瘤細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞周期停滯、可抑制腫瘤擴(kuò)散、增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)化療的敏感性,并限制其不良反應(yīng)[50]。雖然蝦青素、角黃素和β-胡蘿卜素均具有抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的作用,但蝦青素的抗腫瘤活性最高[51]。
蝦青素調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng),抑制癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),減少細(xì)菌負(fù)荷和緩解胃黏膜炎癥,并防止紫外線(xiàn)引起的氧化應(yīng)激[52]。Zhang等研究表明,蝦青素可以抑制白血病細(xì)胞的增殖和生長(zhǎng)[53]。Yasui等研究顯示,蝦青素分泌的促腫瘤壞死因子和抗炎性因子能有效抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)以及誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞的凋亡[54]。此外,蝦青素還能有效預(yù)防胃癌、膀胱癌[55],以及有效清除體內(nèi)由光輻射產(chǎn)生的自由基,減少光化學(xué)對(duì)皮膚造成的損傷,阻礙皮膚癌的發(fā)生。消炎是預(yù)防和治療癌癥的有效手段。以這種方式,抑制炎癥細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)導(dǎo)致癌變過(guò)程停止[56]。研究表明,蝦青素對(duì)多種癌細(xì)胞有顯著的抑制作用,可能是由于它們具有抗炎作用[57-58]。
3 展望
綜上所述,蝦青素屬于類(lèi)胡蘿卜素,是一種天然抗氧化劑,具有良好的清除自由基能力。天然蝦青素卓越的生物活性使其具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景和巨大的市場(chǎng)潛力,特別是在醫(yī)藥、化妝品、保健品、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖、飼料添加劑等領(lǐng)域均具有很大的利用價(jià)值。目前,對(duì)蝦青素與人體營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康的相關(guān)研究起步較晚,且主要是集中在體外或臨床前水平。因此,亟待深入研究蝦青素對(duì)人體營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康的作用機(jī)制,開(kāi)發(fā)相關(guān)功能性食品、保健化妝品、寵物飼料等,擴(kuò)大天然蝦青素的應(yīng)用范圍和市場(chǎng)。
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