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經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查在產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測中的研究進展

2021-06-08 11:56:22覃羅平
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2021年12期

覃羅平

[摘要] 隨著產(chǎn)前超聲檢查技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,經(jīng)會陰超聲在分娩預(yù)測中發(fā)揮了重要作用,與傳統(tǒng)的臨床產(chǎn)前內(nèi)診檢查相比,經(jīng)會陰三維超聲檢查進行產(chǎn)前評估具有無創(chuàng)性、簡單、重復(fù)性好等優(yōu)點。本文通過產(chǎn)前超聲分娩預(yù)測的適應(yīng)證、常用指標及臨床應(yīng)用進展進行綜述,為臨床醫(yī)生及助產(chǎn)士提供參考。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 會陰超聲檢查;進展角;胎兒頭-會陰間距;恥骨弓角度;肛提肌裂孔面積;分娩預(yù)測

[中圖分類號] R714.5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)12-0184-03

Research progress of transperineal ultrasonography in prenatal delivery prediction

QIN Luoping

Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, People′s Hospital of Baise in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise? ?533000, China

[Abstract] With the continuous development of prenatal ultrasound examination technology, transperineal ultrasound plays an important role in the prediction of delivery. Compared with conventional clinical prenatal diagnosis, prenatal evaluation by transperineal three-dimensional ultrasound examination has the advantages of non-invasive, simple and good reproducibility. The indications, common indexes and clinical application progress of prenatal ultrasound delivery predictions were reviewed to provide reference for clinicians and midwives in this paper.

[Key words] Perineal ultrasonography; Progressive angle; Fetal head-perineal spacing; Angle of pubic arch; Area of levator hiatus; Delivery prediction

對分娩結(jié)果準確預(yù)測、降低剖宮產(chǎn)率是臨床產(chǎn)科的主要目標,經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查是產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測的主要檢查方法,可以為臨床醫(yī)師、護士對產(chǎn)程的評估及產(chǎn)程的正確處理提供有效的研究資料[1]。以往產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生和助產(chǎn)士經(jīng)過陰道指檢和臨床經(jīng)驗預(yù)測孕婦產(chǎn)道和評估產(chǎn)程[2],但陰道指檢評估錯誤高達68.2%[3],與陰道指檢相比,經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查評估更準確[4-5]。因此,諸多的研究者將會陰三維(3D)和四維(4D)超聲用于骨盆底評估,并建議用于預(yù)測分娩結(jié)果[6]。經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查已用于評估陰道分娩胎頭通過產(chǎn)道的情況,2018年國際婦產(chǎn)科超聲學(xué)會(The international society of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology,ISUOG)指南回顧分析關(guān)于產(chǎn)時超聲多種技術(shù),包括線性技術(shù)和角度技術(shù),用以評估宮頸擴張、胎頭下降和位置,進行產(chǎn)時管理起到一定作用,并在一定程度上區(qū)分自然陰道分娩和剖腹產(chǎn)的孕婦[7],此外,多數(shù)文獻研究表明,分娩中的超聲檢查可以在一定程度上預(yù)測陰道分娩的結(jié)局[8],本文就近年十年來諸多出版物經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查在自然陰道分娩預(yù)測中的參數(shù)研究進展進行綜述。

1 經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查在產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測中的適應(yīng)證

產(chǎn)前會陰超聲分娩預(yù)測除了客觀測量各種參數(shù)外,還可以指導(dǎo)孕婦進行盆底肌肉訓(xùn)練。據(jù)國外學(xué)者研究的結(jié)果表明,懷孕婦女符合以下標準可納入經(jīng)會陰超聲產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測檢查的適應(yīng)證[9-12]:①足月妊娠(胎齡37~42周);②頭位的存活單胎妊娠;③沒有嚴重的內(nèi)外科的母胎疾病的初產(chǎn)婦;④孕婦年齡≥18歲。Kamel等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在足月分娩未產(chǎn)婦中,肛提肌共激活與第二產(chǎn)程活動時間長有關(guān),在Valsalva動作中,肛提肌裂孔直徑越長,第二產(chǎn)程分娩時間越短,懷孕期間進行骨盆底肌鍛煉可以縮短第二產(chǎn)程并減少尿失禁等問題[14-15]。因此,經(jīng)會陰超聲產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測,對大多數(shù)初產(chǎn)婦來說是有必要的,同時可以為臨床產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生提供有效的產(chǎn)道分娩數(shù)據(jù),以降低剖宮產(chǎn)率。

2 經(jīng)會陰超聲在產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測中的測量指標

2.1 胎兒頭-會陰距離和進展角指標

胎兒頭-會陰距離(Head-perineum distance,HPD)是胎兒顱骨的外界骨性結(jié)構(gòu)與會陰之間的最短距離[16],進展角(Angle of progression,AoP)是經(jīng)恥骨聯(lián)合長軸線與胎兒顱骨切線所形成的夾角[17]。

會陰超聲評估胎兒HPD和AoP主要在盆底超聲橫切和正中矢狀切成像進行,ISUOG指南推出,使用配有頻率3.5~7.5 MHz凸陣容積或類似容積探頭,孕婦排空膀胱后取截石位,雙膝屈曲,探頭稍用力放置后陰唇,HPD在軸位聲像圖測量其最短距離,AoP在正中矢狀切面顯示良好恥骨聯(lián)合和同時顯示胎兒顱骨測量角度。一項對150例初產(chǎn)婦前瞻性研究顯示,當(dāng)HPD≤40 mm或AoP≥110°時,絕大多數(shù)女性能進行陰道自然分娩;當(dāng)HPD>40 mm或AoP<110°時,約有一半孕婦可經(jīng)陰道分娩。因此,HPD距離越短或AoP角度越寬,陰道分娩的可能性越高,HPD距離越大或AoP角度越小,剖宮產(chǎn)的可能性越高。有研究還指出,AoP、HPD在超聲分娩預(yù)測推廣應(yīng)用最為廣泛[18]。Eggeb?覬等[19]研究也表明:胎兒HPD的測量結(jié)果分為高概率(≤40 mm),中概率(41~50 mm)和低概率(≥50 mm)三類,胎兒HPD的測量方法優(yōu)于陰道指檢數(shù)字評估,胎兒HPD的二維超聲測量可預(yù)測陰道分娩的AUC 81%,而AoP 的AUC 76%。有學(xué)者認為,AoP可用于評價產(chǎn)程和第二階段預(yù)測分娩模式[20]。近年來,Levy等[21]研究表明,分娩前測得AoP≥95°的敏感性85%,特異性89%,陽性預(yù)測值98.7%,陰性預(yù)測值36.3%,足月剖宮產(chǎn)分娩的孕婦中有89%的AoP<95°,而99%的初產(chǎn)婦陰道分娩AoP≥95°,幾乎所以AoP為95°或以上的未產(chǎn)婦都是通過陰道分娩的,所以將AoP的臨界值定為95°可以最好的判斷進行陰道分娩的初產(chǎn)婦。然而,狹窄的AoP在預(yù)測剖腹產(chǎn)中尚未得到定論。此外,ISUOG指南指出:AoP是預(yù)測陰道助產(chǎn)成功的指標之一,當(dāng)AoP為120°是預(yù)測真空吸引助產(chǎn)簡單且容易成功的截然值。

2.2 孕婦恥骨弓角度、肛提肌最小平面的最大裂孔面積

陰道分娩的過程是由于骨盆和胎兒頭部大小相互作用影響,恥骨弓代表骨盆出口的前三角形,由坐骨間粗隆直徑作為基礎(chǔ),下恥骨下部為側(cè)面,它們連線交點的角度稱為恥骨弓角度(PAA)[22],骨盆的結(jié)構(gòu)和大小與胎兒頭部之間構(gòu)成一個比例協(xié)調(diào)是經(jīng)陰道自然分娩條件之一。因為分娩過程中,胎頭頭部下降、旋轉(zhuǎn)和伸展需與骨性產(chǎn)道相適應(yīng)。既往臨床會陰觸診評估骨盆狹窄的準確率約50%[23],隨著各種影像技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展,骨盆測量法可通過放射X線、計算機斷層掃描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)和彩色多普勒方法獲得,然而彩色多普勒經(jīng)濟實惠、重復(fù)性好,容易被產(chǎn)婦接受,已成為一種廣泛使用的方法。PAA是技術(shù)上簡單的3D或4D經(jīng)會陰超聲參數(shù),可反映骨盆出口形狀,用于預(yù)測產(chǎn)前分娩方式。Gilboa等[24]和Ghi等[25]研究顯示,PAA越窄,銜接的胎兒頭部被壓迫在骨盆出口后三角的次數(shù)越多,導(dǎo)致持續(xù)枕后位,導(dǎo)致第二產(chǎn)程分娩時間延長及增加手法分娩的風(fēng)險。然而,Carvalho Neto等[26]和Albrich等[27]研究顯示,平均PAA分別為(102±7.5)°、(109±8.9)°,其角度大小不能用于預(yù)測陰道分娩方式,但是,該參數(shù)與產(chǎn)程持續(xù)時間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。PAA可以作為骨產(chǎn)道評估第二產(chǎn)程活動時間長短有關(guān)成為研究可能。

2.3 骨盆結(jié)構(gòu)對分娩進展的影響

產(chǎn)程受阻或功能失調(diào)是一種常見的產(chǎn)科問題,原因可能是機械性的,如前面提到的胎頭骨盆比例失調(diào),也可能是功能因素進展失敗,如子宮收縮不良,隨著超聲在女性盆底肌功能的應(yīng)用越來越廣泛,三維、四維(3D/4D)會陰超聲成為一種用于測量孕婦肛提肌裂孔面積的可靠方法,肛提肌最小裂孔面積的尺寸隨著盆底肌肉在靜息、收縮和Valsalva動作的改變,可以視為衡量盆底肌功能特性的指標[28],一項針對231例懷孕37周時初產(chǎn)婦經(jīng)會陰3D/4D研究的試驗報告顯示:其中184例孕婦正常陰道分娩前肛提肌在靜息、收縮及valsalva狀態(tài)下的平均裂孔面積分別為13.92 cm2、10.612 cm2、18.912 cm2,與異常分娩相比,正常陰道分娩的孕婦在靜息和收縮期間較大的肛提肌裂孔面積與活動性第二階段持續(xù)時間較短有關(guān),而valsalva狀態(tài)下的裂孔面積與分娩無關(guān)[29]。據(jù)De Araujo等[30]報道,正常陰道分娩的初產(chǎn)婦與經(jīng)剖宮產(chǎn)的婦女相比,經(jīng)陰道超聲檢查,在valsalva狀態(tài)下經(jīng)陰道分娩的產(chǎn)婦比剖宮產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)婦肛提肌裂孔面積更大。因此,骨盆結(jié)構(gòu)對分娩進展的影響值得進一步研究。

總之,隨著會陰超聲在女性盆腔檢查技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,3D/4D彩色多普勒在產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測的角色越來越重要,能客觀的反映初產(chǎn)婦的產(chǎn)道信息。相比以往臨床主觀的評估,經(jīng)會陰超聲檢查使各項參數(shù)更加準確化。近年來,國內(nèi)外已經(jīng)開始探索合適可靠的與產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測有關(guān)的會陰超聲指標,但樣本量較小,也尚無綜合多參數(shù)研究。因此,會陰超聲產(chǎn)前分娩預(yù)測仍需要更深入的研究,并明確各項參考指標在分娩前預(yù)測的具體臨床意義,盡可能使臨床醫(yī)生能夠在足月為孕婦提供有關(guān)避免手術(shù)分娩的機會建議。

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(收稿日期:2020-12-16)

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