吳冰 楊溯 李園
【摘要】 脛骨平臺(tái)骨折屬于關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,常伴半月板、韌帶等結(jié)構(gòu)損傷。外科治療遵循全修復(fù)的理念,在恢復(fù)下肢力線的同時(shí)修復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)損傷結(jié)構(gòu),恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性并降低術(shù)后感染、創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大且術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多。關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助技術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小、解剖復(fù)位好、對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)合并損傷的處理及術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)逐漸成為脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的首選治療方式。故本文對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)鏡下輔助復(fù)位內(nèi)固定治療脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證及預(yù)后,微創(chuàng)優(yōu)勢和新技術(shù)創(chuàng)新做一綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 脛骨平臺(tái)骨折 關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助 微創(chuàng)
Research Progress of Arthroscopic-assisted Treatment for Tibial Plateau Fractures/WU Bing, YANG Su, LI Yuan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(12): -188
[Abstract] Tibial plateau fractures are intra-articular fracture patterns associated with meniscus tears, ligament and other structural injuries. Base on the overall repair concept of surgery, which should restore the line of gravity of lower limb and timely repair of injured structural in order to resume the joint stability and reduce the incidence of postoperative infection or posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Traditional open surgery is traumatic and has many postoperative complications. Arthroscopic-assisted technique has gradually become the first choice for the treatment of tibial plateau fracture due to its advantages such as less trauma, better anatomical reduction, quick treatment of joint lumen combined injury and quick postoperative recovery. Therefore, this paper reviewed the surgical indications and prognosis, minimally invasive advantages and new technical innovations of arthroscopy assisted reduction and internal fixation for tibial plateau fractures.
[Key words] Tibial plateau fractures Arthroscopic-assisted Minimally invasive
First-authors address: Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.12.045
脛骨平臺(tái)骨折占所有成人骨折的1%~2%[1],是由創(chuàng)傷所致的關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,骨折機(jī)制復(fù)雜且常常伴有半月板、附屬韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)囊等結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷。最新一項(xiàng)基于人群的流行病學(xué)研究顯示大約1/3的脛骨平臺(tái)骨折為雙髁粉碎性骨折,這種復(fù)雜骨折手術(shù)的顯露及復(fù)位對(duì)外科醫(yī)生極具挑戰(zhàn)性[2]。手術(shù)的主要目的是骨折解剖復(fù)位和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)固定,恢復(fù)膝關(guān)節(jié)功能和降低創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。但有證據(jù)表明恢復(fù)下肢力線和膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性對(duì)保證膝關(guān)節(jié)功能更加重要[3],因此脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的治療應(yīng)在解剖復(fù)位和重建關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的基礎(chǔ)上,遵循骨折與關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織全修復(fù)的理念,即全面評(píng)估韌帶、半月板等結(jié)構(gòu)損傷并及時(shí)修復(fù),避免術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)失穩(wěn)及創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的加速進(jìn)展[4-5]。傳統(tǒng)的切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)(open reduction and internal fixation,ORIF)除了需要廣泛剝離軟組織,還具有相對(duì)應(yīng)的手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)如腓總神經(jīng)損傷、脛前動(dòng)脈損傷、脛腓關(guān)節(jié)近端不穩(wěn)及殘留的后外側(cè)不穩(wěn)定,為了觀察關(guān)節(jié)面的復(fù)位情況則需要切開關(guān)節(jié)囊、半月板冠狀韌帶等結(jié)構(gòu),從而導(dǎo)致了半月板脛骨分離,增加了術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)粘連、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6]。即便如此傳統(tǒng)開放手術(shù)各種手術(shù)入路仍常常無法完全顯露關(guān)節(jié)面,而關(guān)節(jié)鏡恰好可以克服這些缺陷,尤其是對(duì)平臺(tái)后方區(qū)域的觀察,從而獲得更好的手術(shù)療效。膝關(guān)節(jié)鏡下輔助復(fù)位內(nèi)固定(arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation,ARIF)以其創(chuàng)傷小、可視化、一期軟組織的診斷與處理的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢,逐漸成為脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的首選治療方案。
1 手術(shù)適應(yīng)證與禁忌證
1.1 手術(shù)適應(yīng)證 自Jennings[7]首次介紹了關(guān)節(jié)鏡在脛骨平臺(tái)骨折中的應(yīng)用以來,大量國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)其進(jìn)行了不斷探索與實(shí)踐,但其手術(shù)適應(yīng)證目前仍沒有達(dá)成共識(shí)。根據(jù)目前臨床工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)及文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,ARIF在相對(duì)簡單的Schatzker Ⅰ~Ⅳ型骨折中具有更好的療效并被推薦為首選治療方案[8-11]。相對(duì)于ORIF,趙其純等[12]認(rèn)為ARIF的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證應(yīng)該更加寬泛,即使關(guān)節(jié)面分離≤2 mm或塌陷≤3 mm也應(yīng)積極鏡下解剖復(fù)位,早期功能鍛煉,避免保守治療相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。Burdin[13]通過對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的梳理與總結(jié)后認(rèn)為關(guān)節(jié)鏡在脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的治療中兼具診斷與治療的作用,認(rèn)為ARIF可以實(shí)現(xiàn)解剖復(fù)位和穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)皮內(nèi)固定時(shí)即單純劈裂、單純凹陷和脛骨外側(cè)平臺(tái)劈裂凹陷骨折為最佳的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證,即使復(fù)雜的骨折類型也可以使用關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)減少手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷。然而在復(fù)雜的Schatzker Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型骨折中,由于關(guān)節(jié)囊的嚴(yán)重破壞,持續(xù)灌洗過程中液體滲漏可能造成骨筋膜室綜合征這一嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥限制了關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。但骨筋膜室綜合征的總體發(fā)生率相對(duì)較低,在一篇納入19篇文獻(xiàn)共609名患者的Meta分析中,僅有1例患者報(bào)道[14]。最近一項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)一步探索了ARIF在Schatzker Ⅲ~Ⅵ型骨折中的應(yīng)用,分別在術(shù)后6個(gè)月、1年和2年進(jìn)行膝關(guān)節(jié)功能和影像學(xué)評(píng)分,術(shù)后86%的患者膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分優(yōu)良,其中僅有1例發(fā)生骨筋膜室綜合征和3例小腿腫脹,因此認(rèn)為ARIF在治療復(fù)雜脛骨平臺(tái)骨折中是安全有效的,并且有利于膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)[15]。Chiu等[16]采用重力流入以減少液體外溢,評(píng)估了25例ARIF支撐鋼板空心螺釘固定治療的Schatzker Ⅳ~Ⅵ型骨折患者,術(shù)后所有25例患者均獲得成功愈合,92%的骨折臨床和放射學(xué)結(jié)果良好或極佳,沒有出現(xiàn)感染等并發(fā)癥。Krause等[17]通過前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了在受累于后外側(cè)中央?yún)^(qū)的病例中,ARIF具有更好的療效,建議在復(fù)雜骨折中使用這一可視化技術(shù)。以上結(jié)果仍需大規(guī)模隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)證明ARIF在復(fù)雜骨折中的療效。
1.2 手術(shù)禁忌證 雖然ARIF在治療脛骨平臺(tái)骨折中的應(yīng)用獲得了肯定,但臨床上仍面臨許多難以克服的問題,如在嚴(yán)重復(fù)雜的脛骨平臺(tái)骨折病例中,由于關(guān)節(jié)囊廣泛破壞,在重力及加壓的作用下,關(guān)節(jié)鏡灌洗液向軟組織滲漏的概率增加,從而增加了骨筋膜室綜合征的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此有學(xué)者建議此類病例及下肢腫脹明顯的患者中應(yīng)避免使用ARIF進(jìn)行治療。另外Ⅱ、Ⅲ度開放性脛骨平臺(tái)骨折和骨折嚴(yán)重移位的同樣不適用于ARIF。其他禁忌證包括膝關(guān)節(jié)僵直、凝血功能障礙等[18]。
2 ARIF的優(yōu)勢及療效
ARIF兼具診斷和治療的功能,在可視化輔助復(fù)位過程中,具有更小的軟組織損傷,更精確的關(guān)節(jié)面解剖復(fù)位和下肢力線恢復(fù),同時(shí)對(duì)半月板、交叉韌帶等解剖結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行探查和修復(fù),更好的恢復(fù)膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性。另外術(shù)中對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)腔的持續(xù)沖洗,可以清除關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)積血和游離小碎骨片,進(jìn)一步消除創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的誘發(fā)因素。
2.1 可視化診斷與修復(fù) ARIF在不切開關(guān)節(jié)囊的情況下直接顯示半月板、交叉韌帶和大部分關(guān)節(jié)面,不僅降低了術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)粘連、僵直的發(fā)生率,同時(shí)彌補(bǔ)了影像學(xué)檢查的不足,可對(duì)損傷進(jìn)行一期診斷和處理。多項(xiàng)磁共振研究表明,99%脛骨平臺(tái)骨折患者伴有不同程度關(guān)節(jié)附屬結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,且損傷發(fā)生率隨骨折分型遞增,其中30%需要手術(shù)干預(yù)[19-21]。Tekin等[22]認(rèn)為對(duì)半月板損傷的診斷和修復(fù)是治療脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的關(guān)鍵因素,關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助技術(shù)可以評(píng)估這些損傷并同時(shí)進(jìn)行治療,術(shù)后效果良好,避免了術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)。
2.2 精確的解剖復(fù)位 脛骨平臺(tái)骨折屬于關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,關(guān)節(jié)面應(yīng)盡可能地解剖復(fù)位(臨床上認(rèn)為≤2 mm的臺(tái)階是可以接受的),而臺(tái)階會(huì)增加關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的壓力,從而加速創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生[23]。ARIF可以實(shí)現(xiàn)更精確的解剖復(fù)位,在陳瓊等人的研究中,25例應(yīng)用關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助治療脛骨平臺(tái)骨折(Schatzker Ⅰ~Ⅳ型),術(shù)后X線片顯示所有病例關(guān)節(jié)面殘留臺(tái)階均<2 mm,Lysholm評(píng)分平均得分90.7分(76~96分),平均膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度為115°(100°~130°)[24]。Quattrini等[25]的研究取得了更加優(yōu)異的結(jié)果,所有行關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助復(fù)位治療(Schatzker Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型)的患者術(shù)后臺(tái)階均<1 mm,并在術(shù)后2個(gè)月膝關(guān)節(jié)功能完全恢復(fù)。
2.3 臨床療效 在脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的手術(shù)治療中,關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的可視化診斷與修復(fù)、術(shù)中精確的解剖復(fù)位,術(shù)后穩(wěn)定的骨折支撐均有利于術(shù)后功能快速恢復(fù)。一項(xiàng)ARIF和ORIF治療型脛骨平臺(tái)骨折(Schatzker Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)表明,關(guān)節(jié)鏡組的骨折復(fù)位質(zhì)量優(yōu)于切開組,術(shù)后1年膝關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分更高并且可以降低切口不愈合及感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[26]。Verona[10]和Le Baron等[27]通過回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在Schatzker Ⅰ~Ⅲ骨折治療中,ARIF組Rasmussen放射學(xué)評(píng)分和KSS評(píng)分優(yōu)于ORIF組。因此目前普遍認(rèn)為在簡單脛骨平臺(tái)骨折(SchatzkerⅠ~Ⅳ型)的治療中,ARIF不僅可以提供ORIF相當(dāng)?shù)牧W(xué)穩(wěn)定性,同時(shí)允許早期功能鍛煉,術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)更快。
近期,大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了在后外側(cè)平臺(tái)骨折中ARIF的應(yīng)用,關(guān)節(jié)鏡的可視化不僅解決了骨折復(fù)位不良的問題而且可以達(dá)到更精確的解剖復(fù)位并取得了滿意的療效。2018年Liang等[28]報(bào)道了關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助充氣填充法治療脛骨后外側(cè)平臺(tái)骨折26例,所有患者術(shù)中關(guān)節(jié)鏡直視下復(fù)位良好,隨訪期內(nèi)關(guān)節(jié)面下沉均<5 mm,在完全負(fù)重狀態(tài)下的X線片中下肢力線良好,術(shù)后3個(gè)月移植物幾乎完全被新骨替代,未見創(chuàng)傷性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)生,取得了滿意的療效。2019年Ackermann等[29]報(bào)道了1例僅在關(guān)節(jié)鏡下閉合復(fù)位經(jīng)皮螺釘內(nèi)固定治療脛骨平臺(tái)后外側(cè)凹陷性骨折的手術(shù)技術(shù),該方法采用3顆空心螺釘直接插入關(guān)節(jié)面下方以支撐骨折區(qū)域,實(shí)現(xiàn)了骨折解剖復(fù)位并固定脛骨后外側(cè)平臺(tái)。2020年Delcogliano等[30]報(bào)道了關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助下閉合復(fù)位微創(chuàng)鋼板固定脛骨后外側(cè)平臺(tái)骨折的技術(shù),微創(chuàng)接骨板根據(jù)受損脛骨平臺(tái)的CT三維模型預(yù)塑形,通過前外側(cè)入路定位,經(jīng)髕前小切口置入。他們認(rèn)為該技術(shù)不僅降低了開放手術(shù)相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且直視下解剖復(fù)位并提供了穩(wěn)定的支撐,極大地改善了患者的手術(shù)效果。
3 ARIF的不足
與任何其他新的外科技術(shù)一樣,ARIF具有顯著優(yōu)勢的同時(shí),同樣也有更加陡峭的學(xué)習(xí)曲線存在,手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和骨折類型對(duì)手術(shù)成功率起著非常重要的作用。其他的一些不足包括手術(shù)成本較高,持續(xù)時(shí)間較長,術(shù)中液體滲漏,術(shù)后筋膜間室綜合征等。
綜上所述,隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和微創(chuàng)理念的普及,關(guān)節(jié)鏡輔助下有限切開、直視下復(fù)位、經(jīng)皮螺釘或微型接骨板等各種組合方式,對(duì)脛骨平臺(tái)骨折進(jìn)行微創(chuàng)生物學(xué)固定和半月板、韌帶探查修復(fù)是目前的治療趨勢并將得到進(jìn)一步推廣。恰當(dāng)?shù)墓钦垲愋瓦x擇是決定使用ARIF治療時(shí)機(jī)和方式是最關(guān)鍵的因素,但在復(fù)雜脛骨平臺(tái)骨折中的應(yīng)用仍需進(jìn)一步探討。另外,少有文獻(xiàn)討論骨折時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨的治療問題,理論上軟骨的損傷、變性是引起骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,但ARIF治療脛骨平臺(tái)骨折的同時(shí)是否需要處理軟骨損傷及采取何種方式治療目前仍沒有共識(shí)。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-29) (本文編輯:程旭然)