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奈安與腐植酸促進(jìn)烤煙生長及消減煙葉鎘污染的協(xié)同效應(yīng)

2021-06-30 02:23黃振瑞林阿典李集勤馬柱文李淑玲
南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報 2021年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:腐植酸烤煙

黃振瑞 林阿典 李集勤 馬柱文 李淑玲

摘要:【目的】明確奈安與腐植酸配施對烤煙生長及品質(zhì)提升的影響,并探究其對土壤有效態(tài)鎘(Cd)和煙葉Cd含量的影響及相互關(guān)系,為Cd輕度污染農(nóng)田烤煙的安全生產(chǎn)提供技術(shù)支撐。【方法】通過大田試驗,共設(shè)4個處理[T1:不施腐植酸和奈安(CK),T2:單施奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha),T3:單施腐植酸(750 kg/ha),T4:奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha)+腐植酸(750 kg/ha)配施]。于烤煙移栽90 d后調(diào)查烤煙植株農(nóng)藝性狀,移栽100 d后取植株樣品測定煙葉產(chǎn)量、化學(xué)品質(zhì)和Cd含量,煙葉采收結(jié)束后取5~20 cm耕層土壤樣品分析不同處理的土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量、總Cd含量及土壤pH。【結(jié)果】與T1(CK)處理相比,T2處理的煙葉產(chǎn)量顯著提高5.99%(P<0.05,下同),煙堿含量顯著降低11.92%;T3處理的煙葉產(chǎn)量顯著提高7.00%,煙葉總糖、還原糖、總氮和鉀含量分別顯著提高19.11%、12.65%、21.19%和9.87%;T4處理的煙葉產(chǎn)量顯著提高14.70%,煙葉總糖、還原糖、總氮和鉀含量分別顯著提高23.36%、16.41%、13.25%和13.73%,而煙堿含量顯著下降16.89%,煙葉化學(xué)成分的協(xié)調(diào)性最佳。施用腐植酸(T3處理和T4處理)能顯著降低煙葉Cd含量,較T1(CK)處理分別顯著降低0.96和1.22 mg/kg,消減率為35.80%~46.51%,煙葉Cd富集系數(shù)從8.22降至5.27~5.90,有效減輕煙葉對Cd的富集作用;施用腐植酸(T3處理和T4處理)還能顯著降低土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量(11.95%~14.64%),并使土壤pH分別升高0.50和0.54。相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量與煙葉Cd含量呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),而土壤pH與土壤有效態(tài)Cd和煙葉Cd含量均呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)?!窘Y(jié)論】奈安與腐植酸配施對提升烤煙生長及煙葉品質(zhì)具有明顯的協(xié)同增效作用,且能消減阻控?zé)熑~對Cd的富集,可作為植煙區(qū)Cd輕度污染農(nóng)田進(jìn)行烤煙安全生產(chǎn)的一項有效措施。

關(guān)鍵詞: 烤煙;奈安;腐植酸;鎘污染;消減阻控;協(xié)同增效

中圖分類號: S572.061 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2021)02-0429-10

Abstract:【Objective】This paper investigated the effects of the combinations of Naian and humic acid on the growth and quality improvement of tobacco leaves, on the available cadmium(Cd) content in soil and Cd content in tobacco leaves and their correlations, which would provide technical support for the safe production of tobacco in slightly Cd-contaminated soil. 【Method】Four treatments were set up as field experiments,[T1:no humic acid and Naian added as control(CK), T2:Naian(1.2 g a.i/ha), T3:humic acid(750 kg/ha), T4:Naian(1.2 g a.i/ha)+humic acid(750 kg/ha). Agronomic characters of tobacco plantswere investigated after 90 d of transplanting.The yield, chemical quality and Cd content of tobacco leaves were determined after 100 d of transplanting. The available Cd content, total Cd content and pH in the soil at 5-20 cm layer were analyzed after tobacco leaves harvest. 【Result】Compared with T1(CK),T2 significantly promoted the yield of tobacco leaves by 5.99 % and significantly reduced nicotine by 11.92%(P<0.05, the same below). T3 significantly promoted the yield of tobacco leaves by 7.00 % and significantly increased the contents of total sugar,redu-cing sugar,total nitrogen and potassium in the tobacco leaves by 19.11%,12.65%,21.19% and 9.87%, respectively. T4 significantly promoted the yield of tobacco leaves by 14.70 %, significantly increased the contents of total sugar,reducing sugar,total nitrogen and potassium in the tobacco leaves by 23.36 %,16.41 %,13.25 %,13.73%, and significantly reduced the nicotine content by 16.89%. The coordination of chemical composition of tobacco leaves was the optimal. The application of humic acid(T3 and T4)significantly reduced the contents of Cd in tobacco leaves, and reduced by 0.96 and 1.22 mg/kg compared with T1(CK), the reduction rate was 35.80%-46.51%. The enrichment coefficient of Cd in tobacco leaves decreased from 8.22 to 5.27-5.90, which effectively reduced the enrichment effect of tobacco leaves on Cd. Humic acid (T3 and T4) reduced the contents of available Cd in soil by 11.95 -14.64 % and increased soil pH by 0.50-0.54. The results showed that there was extremely significant positive correlation between soil available Cd content and tobacco leaf Cd content(P<0.01), while soil pH was significantly negatively correlated with soil available Cd and tobacco leaf Cd content. 【Conclusion】The combination of Naian or humic acid has obvious synergistic effects on the improvement of the growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco, and effectively reduce the accumulation of Cd in tobacco leaves. The combined application of Naian and humic acid would be an effective technology for safe production of tobacco in the tobacco plan-ting areas in slightly Cd-contaminated soil.

Key words: tobacco; Naian; humic acid; cadmium pollution; reduction and inhibition; synergistic effect

Foundation item: Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong(2017A020225018)

0 引言

【研究意義】煙草是我國植煙區(qū)重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,優(yōu)質(zhì)無公害煙葉生產(chǎn)是確保煙草行業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。鎘(Cd)并非煙草生長的必需元素,但其在農(nóng)田土壤中具有較強的移動性,極易被煙葉吸收富集(施琪等,2019)。Cd污染脅迫不僅危害煙草生長,還會降低烤煙的品質(zhì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益(彭麗成等,2011;Cheng et al.,2018)。煙葉產(chǎn)品在燃燒過程中約有33%的Cd會進(jìn)入煙氣,并隨卷煙抽吸而進(jìn)入人體肺部等器官,對人體健康造成潛在危害(Galazyn-Sidorczuk et al.,2008;周茂忠等,2017;劉春奎等,2019)。因此,開發(fā)煙葉Cd消減阻控技術(shù),降低煙草對Cd的吸收與累積,是當(dāng)前煙草安全生產(chǎn)的研究熱點之一?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】目前,農(nóng)田重金屬Cd污染阻控技術(shù)主要有:施用磷肥、更換栽培品種或耕作制度等農(nóng)藝措施(He et al.,2013;曾曉舵等,2019)以改善栽培條件,降低Cd從土壤向植物體內(nèi)遷移的概率;通過鈍化劑(吳烈善等,2015;趙敏等,2018;張耿苗等,2019)、生物炭(李衍亮等,2017)及石灰(曾秀君等,2020)等改變Cd在土壤中的存在形態(tài),使其固定在土壤中而降低遷移性和生物可利用性;噴施鋅(李曉越等,2018;路育茗等,2019)和硅(Li et al.,2020)等阻隔劑,利用植物生理作用將Cd固定在植株的不可食用或不可利用部位,以減少對人體健康的危害。腐植酸(Humic acid)作為一種天然存在的高絡(luò)合和聚合有機物,含有大量羧基、羰基及酚羥基等活性官能團(tuán),能與鉛(Pb)及Cd等多種重金屬離子絡(luò)合,且在固定重金屬離子的同時能培肥土壤和改善作物品質(zhì),已備受關(guān)注(Plaz et al.,2015;袁林等,2019)。高華軍等(2014)研究表明,施用腐植酸肥可提高土壤速效鉀和有機質(zhì)等養(yǎng)分含量,改善煙葉化學(xué)品質(zhì),提高烤煙的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。李希希等(2015)通過盆栽試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)施用1.0 g/kg腐植酸可明顯抑制土壤中Pb的活性,進(jìn)而降低煙葉Pb積累量,煙葉Pb消減率達(dá)52.16%。奈安的主要成分是胺鮮酯(DA-6)和氧奈酮,能提高作物的抗逆性,如預(yù)防并有效緩解除草劑藥害(郭瑞峰等,2017),減輕Cd等重金屬對植物的脅迫(肖艷輝等,2019),從而促進(jìn)作物生長發(fā)育。于彩蓮等(2011)研究表明,葉面噴施DA-6可有效提高龍葵的抗逆性,增強苗期葉片過氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低苗期和成熟期葉片丙二醛(MDA)含量,使龍葵地上部生物量顯著增加7.54%~8.69%。高新菊等(2014)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),噴施奈安對玉米二甲四氯鈉藥害有明顯緩解作用,能提高葉綠素含量,玉米產(chǎn)量較對照顯著提高50.42%。王雷等(2016)通過盆栽土培試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)一定濃度的DA-6可緩解Cd對黑麥草的毒害作用,顯著提高生物量和葉綠素含量,并降低黑麥草對Cd的富集效果?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】至今,尚未明確奈安與腐植酸配施對植煙土壤Cd污染下烤煙生長及品質(zhì)的影響,其協(xié)同消減和阻控?zé)熑~對Cd的富集效應(yīng)也鮮見研究報道。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】通過大田試驗探討奈安與腐植酸配施對烤煙生長及品質(zhì)提升的影響,同時探究其對土壤有效態(tài)Cd和煙葉Cd含量的影響及相互關(guān)系,以期為Cd輕度污染農(nóng)田烤煙的安全生產(chǎn)提供技術(shù)支撐。

1 材料與方法

1. 1 試驗地概況

試驗于2019年3月在廣東省梅州市蕉嶺縣廣福鎮(zhèn)廣育村(東經(jīng)116°17′68″,北緯24°82′79″)進(jìn)行,試驗地年均氣溫21.7 ℃,年降水量1304.9 mm,屬亞熱帶海洋性季風(fēng)氣候。植煙土壤類型為麻沙泥田,土壤質(zhì)地為壤土,中等肥力,種植制度為煙—稻年內(nèi)輪作,田塊平整,排灌方便,耕作層(0~20 cm)土壤基本理化性質(zhì)見表1,其中土壤總Cd含量超過我國農(nóng)用地土壤污染篩選值(>0.3 mg/kg)(GB 15618—2018)。

1. 2 試驗材料

腐植酸(源自褐煤)由北京博威神農(nóng)科技有限公司提供,其基本理化性質(zhì):粒度≤100目,pH 7.12,總腐植酸≥55%,有機質(zhì)含量587.82 g/kg,全氮含量3.61 g/kg,全磷含量0.35 g/kg,全鉀含量24.95 g/kg,Pb含量0.51 mg/kg,Cd含量0.013 mg/kg。奈安(可濕性粉劑)由河南遠(yuǎn)東生物工程有限公司生產(chǎn)提供,其有效成分為0.1%。供試烤煙品種為云煙87,為當(dāng)?shù)刂髟云贩N。

1. 3 試驗設(shè)計

田間試驗共設(shè)4個處理,T1:不施腐植酸和奈安(CK);T2:單施奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha);T3:單施腐植酸(750 kg/ha);T4:奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha)+腐植酸(750 kg/ha)配施。每處理3次重復(fù),小區(qū)面積67 m2,隨機區(qū)組排列,行株距為1.1 m×0.5 m。腐植酸全部基施,于移栽前5 d用耕翻機具旋耕2遍拌勻,耕深約15 cm,然后起壟種煙;奈安分別于烤煙移栽后第5和15 d兌水1000倍稀釋噴施(岳倫勇等,2013);T1(CK)處理噴施等量清水。烤煙施氮量為120 kg/ha,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.8∶2.3,其他栽培管理措施參照當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)質(zhì)烤煙種植規(guī)范進(jìn)行操作。

1. 4 測定指標(biāo)及方法

于烤煙移栽90 d后,每小區(qū)隨機選取5株烤煙,參照YC/T 142—2010《煙草農(nóng)藝性狀調(diào)查測量方法》的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)調(diào)查測定其農(nóng)藝性狀,包括葉片數(shù)、節(jié)距、株高、莖圍、腰葉長及寬等指標(biāo)。烤煙移栽100 d后收獲,計算各處理的煙葉產(chǎn)量;取烤后中部煙葉(C3F)各1 kg,烘干磨碎過0.25 mm篩,參照王瑞新(2003)的方法測定其化學(xué)成分,包括總糖、還原糖、煙堿、氯、鉀及總氮等指標(biāo)。

煙葉采收結(jié)束后,每小區(qū)按五點采樣法采集5~20 cm耕層土壤,制成混合土樣,自然風(fēng)干后參照GB/T 23739—2009《土壤質(zhì)量 有效態(tài)鉛和鎘的測定 原子吸收法》測定土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)。土壤pH采用酸度計電位法進(jìn)行測定;煙葉Cd含量采用HNO3-HClO4消解法進(jìn)行測定;土壤總Cd采用HNO3-HClO4-HF消化進(jìn)行測定;土壤有效態(tài)Cd采用0.005 mol/L DTPA+0.01 mol/L CaCl2溶液浸提法進(jìn)行測定;土壤總Cd、有效態(tài)Cd和煙葉Cd含量測定均設(shè)空白和土壤成分分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)(HTSB-3)作為分析質(zhì)量控制,提取液和消解液采用火焰/石墨爐原子吸收光譜儀(PE-PinAAcle 900T,美國)進(jìn)行測定。消減率和富集系數(shù)計算方法如下(段淑輝等,2018):

1. 5 統(tǒng)計分析

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2007和SAS 9.2進(jìn)行處理分析及制圖,并以Duncans新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行差異顯著性檢驗。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2. 1 不同處理對烤煙生長及煙葉產(chǎn)量的影響

施用腐植酸和奈安均能促進(jìn)烤煙生長,但不同處理對煙葉產(chǎn)量和煙株農(nóng)藝性狀的影響效應(yīng)存在明顯差異。由圖1可看出,煙葉產(chǎn)量以T4處理最高(2913.35 kg/ha),較T1(CK)處理顯著增產(chǎn)14.70%(P<0.05,下同);T2處理和T3處理的煙葉產(chǎn)量分別為2692.20和2717.80 kg/ha,二者間無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同),但較T1(CK)處理分別顯著增產(chǎn)5.99%和7.00%。

由表2可知,T4處理烤煙的株高、最大葉長、最大葉寬、葉片數(shù)和莖圍等農(nóng)藝性狀均顯著高于T1(CK)處理,分別顯著提高12.86%、5.06%、20.62%、16.17%和9.59%;T2處理烤煙的株高、最大葉長、最大葉寬、葉片數(shù)和莖圍也顯著高于T1(CK)處理;T3處理烤煙的株高、最大葉長、葉片數(shù)、莖圍和節(jié)距等農(nóng)藝性狀表現(xiàn)均優(yōu)于T1(CK)處理,其中,最大葉長和葉片數(shù)與T2處理、T4處理間無顯著差異,但最大葉寬和莖圍顯著低于T2處理及T4處理??梢?,增施奈安和腐植酸能有效促進(jìn)烤煙生長,且以奈安+腐植酸配施(T4處理)的煙葉產(chǎn)量和烤煙農(nóng)藝性狀表現(xiàn)最佳,即二者具有明顯的協(xié)同增效作用。

2. 2 不同處理對中部煙葉(C3F)化學(xué)成分的影響

中部煙葉具有良好的配合特性及較高的煙葉成絲率,且不易破碎,其品質(zhì)是衡量煙草優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培的重要指標(biāo)之一(李志鵬等,2016;李影等,2019)。由表3可看出,不同處理烤煙中部煙葉化學(xué)成分指標(biāo)中,除氯含量不存在顯著差異外,其余化學(xué)成分指標(biāo)均存在顯著差異,尤其以對煙葉糖類化合物的影響最明顯。與T1(CK)處理相比,T4處理烤煙中部煙葉的總糖、還原糖、總氮及鉀含量分別顯著提高23.36%、16.41%、13.25%和13.73%,煙堿含量顯著降低16.89%,糖堿比和氮堿比分別是T1(CK)處理的1.40和1.38倍;T3處理烤煙中部煙葉的總糖、還原糖、總氮及鉀含量與T4處理間無顯著差異,但分別較T1(CK)處理顯著提高19.11%、12.65%、21.19%和9.87%,煙堿含量與T1(CK)處理間無顯著差異,糖堿比和氮堿比均顯著高于T1(CK)處理;T2處理烤煙中部煙葉的總糖、還原糖、總氮和鉀含量與T1(CK)處理無顯著差異,但煙堿含量較T1(CK)處理顯著降低11.92%,糖堿比和氮堿比也顯著高于T1(CK)處理。綜上所述,單施腐植酸處理(T3)烤煙中部煙葉的煙堿含量偏高,而單施奈安處理(T2)的鉀含量較低,奈安與腐植酸配施對烤煙中部煙葉化學(xué)成分的協(xié)調(diào)性具有正向效應(yīng),糖堿比維持在8.00~10.00,氮堿比在1.00以下,均在適宜范圍內(nèi),說明奈安+腐植酸配施(T4處理)對煙葉品質(zhì)的提升具有顯著效果。

2. 3 不同處理對煙葉Cd含量及其消減效果的影響

不同處理對烤煙煙葉Cd含量及其消減效率的影響見圖2。由圖2-A可看出,施用腐植酸可顯著降低煙葉Cd含量,與T1(CK)處理相比,T3處理的煙葉Cd含量顯著降低0.96 mg/kg,煙葉Cd消減率達(dá)35.80%;T4處理的煙葉Cd含量顯著降低1.22 mg/kg,煙葉Cd消減率為46.51%,但T3處理與T4處理間無顯著差異。T2處理的煙葉Cd含量為3.24 mg/kg,與T1(CK)處理的差異不顯著,煙葉Cd消減率為6.40%,說明施用奈安對煙葉Cd含量的消減作用不明顯。煙草極易富集Cd,其富集系數(shù)可達(dá)5.00~10.00;Cd在煙草中的遷移性較強,且吸收的Cd主要分配積累在煙葉中(孫朋成等,2014)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,T1(CK)處理的煙葉Cd富集系數(shù)達(dá)8.22,施用腐植酸后煙葉Cd富集系數(shù)降至5.27~5.90,單施奈安的煙葉Cd富集系數(shù)為7.80,僅較T1(CK)處理降低0.42。可見,腐植酸在消減煙葉Cd含量及阻控?zé)熑~Cd富集方面發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。

2. 4 不同處理對土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量的影響

土壤—作物系統(tǒng)中Cd的積累能力和生物毒性,不僅與土壤總Cd含量有關(guān),還取決于可被作物直接吸收利用的土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量(曾曉舵等,2019)。由圖3可看出,以T3處理和T4處理對土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量的降低效果較優(yōu),且兩處理間無顯著差異,分別為0.152和0.148 mg/kg,較T1(CK)處理顯著降低11.95%和14.64%;T2處理對土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量的影響不明顯。相關(guān)分析結(jié)果(圖4)表明,土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量與煙葉Cd含量呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),其相關(guān)線性方程為y=33.060x?2.481(r=0.823**),說明隨著土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量的降低,煙葉Cd含量也隨之降低,即腐植酸消減煙葉Cd含量主要是通過降低土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量來實現(xiàn)。

2. 5 土壤pH與土壤有效態(tài)Cd和煙葉Cd含量的關(guān)系

pH是土壤的重要理化性質(zhì),直接影響Cd在土壤中的移動性和生物有效性。收獲烤煙后比較各處理的土壤pH發(fā)現(xiàn),與T1(CK)處理相比,T3處理和T4處理的土壤pH分別升高0.50和0.54,T2處理的土壤pH無顯著變化(圖5)。由圖6可看出,土壤pH與土壤有效態(tài)Cd和煙葉Cd含量均呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),對應(yīng)的相關(guān)線性方程分別為y=-0.028x+0.317(r=0.660*)和y=-1.379x+10.500(r=0.804*),說明隨著土壤pH的上升,土壤有效態(tài)Cd和煙葉Cd含量均隨之下降。可見,腐植酸施用一定程度上能提高植煙土壤pH,進(jìn)而降低土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量及減少煙葉Cd富集。

3 討論

3. 1 不同處理對烤煙生長及煙葉化學(xué)品質(zhì)的影響

植煙土壤Cd污染會影響烤煙植株葉綠素和蛋白質(zhì)的合成,而造成煙草不同程度的減產(chǎn),甚至絕收(雷麗萍等,2012)。腐植酸作為一種復(fù)雜的天然高分子有機質(zhì),廣泛存在于土壤、泥炭、褐煤和風(fēng)化煤中,具有良好的保肥供肥能力。張喜峰等(2013)研究表明,腐植酸能促進(jìn)烤煙生長,提高煙葉產(chǎn)量和上中等煙比例。在本研究中,單獨施用腐植酸(T3處理)能顯著增加Cd輕度污染農(nóng)田煙葉的產(chǎn)量,提升株高、最大葉長和有效葉片數(shù)等植株農(nóng)藝性狀表現(xiàn)。腐植酸通過有效刺激作物根系的生理活性,增強根系和葉片內(nèi)呼吸酶活力,由此促進(jìn)根系對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收,而有利于植物的生長發(fā)育(靳志麗等,2002;蔡憲杰等,2008)。奈安的主要成分是DA-6,通過葉面噴施10~20 mg/L DA-6能顯著提高Cd污染土壤上的植株生物量,在龍葵(于彩蓮等,2011)和黑麥草(侯琪琪等,2018)等植物中已得到證實。本研究結(jié)果表明,單獨施用奈安(T2處理)的煙葉產(chǎn)量較T1(CK)處理增產(chǎn)5.99%,且顯著提升株高、最大葉長、最大葉寬、葉片數(shù)和莖圍等農(nóng)藝性狀。這可能是由于DA-6不僅提高葉綠素含量及Rubisco等光合作用關(guān)鍵酶活性,還能調(diào)節(jié)植物體內(nèi)的生長素和赤霉素等激素水平,促進(jìn)植株生長(單守明等,2008)。此外,DA-6能增加植物細(xì)胞保護(hù)酶[POD和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性,提升植物的抗氧化能力及降低MDA含量,最終增強植株對Cd的抗性(袁江等,2016;王正等,2020)。DA-6對環(huán)境和農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全高效,常作為增效劑與肥料復(fù)配使用。如DA-6與硼、糖、鈣配合使用可提高枇杷花粉活力,促進(jìn)花粉管的伸長,提高早期坐果率(梁廣堅等,2011)。Xiao等(2020)研究表明,營養(yǎng)液中添加黃腐酸鉀和DA-6能顯著提高番茄產(chǎn)量,且以15 mg/L黃腐酸鉀和2.5 mg/L DA-6復(fù)配的增產(chǎn)效果最佳,較對照增產(chǎn)21.77%。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),奈安與腐植酸配施(T4處理)對烤煙生長及煙葉產(chǎn)量的提升效果顯著高于單獨施用奈安或腐植酸,表現(xiàn)出良好的協(xié)同增效作用。這是由于DA-6能有效提高植株葉綠素含量及同化作用能力,而腐植酸富含形成土壤腐殖質(zhì)的胡敏酸和富里酸等組分,既能改善土壤理化性質(zhì),又有利于提高土壤保肥保水性,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)植物對肥料的吸收利用,即二者配施產(chǎn)生良好的協(xié)同增效作用(于俊紅等,2008;劉偉等,2015;柳燕蘭等,2016)。

煙葉內(nèi)在化學(xué)成分的協(xié)調(diào)性是決定烤煙品質(zhì)的重要因素之一。煙草富集過量Cd不僅抑制植株的生長發(fā)育,還會影響煙葉煙堿、還原糖及蛋白質(zhì)含量,導(dǎo)致其化學(xué)成分失衡,而降低煙葉品質(zhì)(雷麗萍等,2011)。已有研究證實,施用腐植酸可改善煙葉品質(zhì),促使煙葉各化學(xué)成分間比例協(xié)調(diào)(王金林,2014;高華軍等,2014)。本研究結(jié)果也顯示,施用腐植酸后(T3處理和T4處理),烤煙中部煙葉(C3F)的總糖、還原糖、總氮及鉀含量分別較T1(CK)處理顯著提高19.11%~23.36%、12.65%~16.41%、13.25%~21.19%和9.87%~13.73%,尤其是煙葉鉀含量超過2.50%,達(dá)到國際優(yōu)質(zhì)煙葉鉀含量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(林昌華等,2019),究其原因可能與腐植酸具有提升烤煙養(yǎng)分代謝水平及提高煙葉化學(xué)品質(zhì)的作用有關(guān)(靳志麗等,2002)。

3. 2 不同處理對消減阻控?zé)熑~Cd富集的影響

土壤Cd的生物有效性與土壤中Cd的形態(tài)密切相關(guān),因此土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量能在一定程度上表征土壤Cd的生物有效性(Seshadri et al.,2017)。腐植酸具備的絡(luò)合(螯合)能力和膠體特性,可絡(luò)合并固定土壤中的Cd離子,且隨腐植酸投入的增加,土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量將進(jìn)一步下降,從而降低植株對土壤Cd的吸收與富集(王晶等,2002;劉慧等,2010)。本研究結(jié)果表明,施用腐植酸(T3處理和T4處理)的土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量較T1(CK)處理顯著降低11.95%~14.64%,同時顯著降低煙葉Cd含量,消減率達(dá)35.80%~46.51%,煙葉Cd富集系數(shù)從8.22降至5.27~5.90,有效減輕煙葉對Cd的富集,進(jìn)而實現(xiàn)對煙葉Cd的消減阻控(胡鑫等,2016)。相關(guān)分析結(jié)果也表明,土壤有效態(tài)Cd與煙葉Cd含量呈極顯著正相關(guān),即隨著土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量降低,煙葉Cd含量隨之減少。蔣萍萍等(2019)研究表明,添加腐植酸后土壤可提取態(tài)Cd含量逐漸降低,是由于腐植酸具有豐富的含氧官能團(tuán)(羧酸、酚羥基和醌官能團(tuán)等),可絡(luò)合重金屬陽離子,并通過范德華力、氫鍵及靜電吸附等形成穩(wěn)定的復(fù)合物,降低土壤Cd的可利用性,從而延緩或減弱Cd被農(nóng)作物吸收(余貴芬等,2006;Yang and Hodson,2019;王琦等,2020)。由于DA-6能促進(jìn)植物根系生長并分泌更多有機酸,致使土壤酸溶態(tài)Cd含量增加,甚至促進(jìn)植物對Cd的吸收(王正等,2020)。在本研究中,單施奈安(T2處理)對土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量影響不明顯,對煙葉Cd含量也幾乎沒有消減效果,煙葉Cd富集系數(shù)僅較T1(CK)處理降低0.42。此外,在田間條件下土壤有效態(tài)Cd含量還與土壤有機質(zhì)、氧化還原電位、微生物、礦物成分、污染來源及土壤類型等因素有關(guān)(關(guān)天霞等,2011;王發(fā)園等,2014;陸中桂等,2018),因此,奈安與腐植酸配施阻控?zé)熑~Cd富集的作用機制尚有待進(jìn)一步探究。

4 結(jié)論

奈安與腐植酸配施對提升烤煙生長及煙葉品質(zhì)具有明顯的協(xié)同增效作用,且能消減阻控?zé)熑~對Cd的富集,可作為植煙區(qū)Cd輕度污染農(nóng)田進(jìn)行烤煙安全生產(chǎn)的一項有效措施。

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(責(zé)任編輯 蘭宗寶)

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