袁赤亭 李芷嫣 章禮煒 洪盾
[摘要] 目的 通過觀察分析髖部(股骨頸)和脊柱(胸腰椎)脆性骨折患者的骨密度值,探討骨密度預測髖部和脊柱脆性骨折風險。 方法 采用回顧性研究方法,收集2017年1月至2018年12月浙江省臺州醫(yī)院符合納入標準的股骨頸與胸腰椎脆性骨折患者的臨床資料98例,按骨折史分為股骨頸組53例和胸腰椎組45例,比較兩組致傷因素、骨密度及跌倒致傷因素下骨密度差異。 結果 兩組致傷因素比較,股骨頸組跌倒最多,為84.25%,與胸腰椎組的39.16%比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.002);胸腰椎組無明顯外傷病史患者較多,與股骨頸組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.033);兩組暴力致傷因素比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。胸腰椎組腰椎T值為(-3.66±0.89),與股骨頸T值的(-2.56±0.73)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.006);胸腰椎組△T為(-1.10±0.91),股骨頸組△T為(-0.28±0.76),兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.001);其余指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。跌倒致傷因素下,胸腰椎組腰椎T值為(-3.07±0.78),股骨頸T值(-1.94±0.08),兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.003);兩組股骨頸T值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.002);兩組△T比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000);其余指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。 結論 對于老年患者,跌倒更容易出現(xiàn)脆性骨折;腰椎與股骨頸骨密度差值越大,越容易出現(xiàn)胸腰椎骨折,反之更容易出現(xiàn)股骨頸骨折。
[關鍵詞] 骨密度;髖部骨折;脊柱骨折;脆性骨折
[中圖分類號] R683? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)11-0066-04
Study on bone mineral density in predicting the sequence of spinal or hip fragility fractures
YUAN Chiting? ?LI Zhiyan? ?ZHANG Liwei? ?HONG Dun
Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe and analyze the bone mineral density of patients with fragility fractures of the hip (femoral neck) and spine(thoracolumbar spine), and to predict the risk of fragility fractures of the hip and the spine. Methods Retrospective research method was used, the patients with fragility fractures of the femoral neck and thoracolumbar spine who met the inclusion criteria from January 2017 to December 2018 in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province were collected. A total of 98 subjects were included. According to the fracture history, they were divided into 53 cases in the femoral neck group and 45 cases in the thoracolumbar spine group. The injury factors and bone density were compared between the two groups, the differences in bone mineral density between the two groups were analyzed under the injury factors of falls. Results Among the injury factors, the femoral neck group had the most falls (84.25%), which was significantly different from the thoracolumbar spine group(39.16%) (P=0.002); the thoracolumbar spine group had more cases of no history of trauma, which was significantly different from the femoral neck group(P=0.033). There was no statistically significant difference in violence factors between groups (P>0.05). In terms of bone mineral density, there was a significant difference between the femoral neck T value(-2.56±0.73) and the lumbar bone mineral density T value (-3.66±0.89) in the thoracolumbar spine group (P=0.006). The △T value in the thoracolumbar spine group was (-1.10±0.91), and the △T value in the femoral neck fracture group was(-0.28±0.76). There was a significant difference in the △T values between the two groups (P=0.001), there was no difference in other values (P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the femoral neck T value(-1.94±0.08) and the lumbar spine T value(-3.07±0.78) in the thoracolumbar spine group during a fall (P=0.003), the △T value in both groups with significant difference(P=0.000), there was no difference in other values (P>0.05). Conclusion In elderly patients, falls are more likely to cause fragility fractures. The greater the difference in bone mineral density between the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, the more likely thoracolumbar fractures will appear. Otherwise, the femoral neck fractures will be more likely to appear.
[Key words] Bone mineral density; Hip fractures; Spinal fractures; Fragility fractures
骨質疏松癥是一種以骨量降低、骨微結構破壞、骨脆性增加、骨強度下降、骨折風險性增大為特征的全身性、代謝性骨骼系統(tǒng)疾病,而骨質疏松的最大危害是骨折,其致殘率、致死率均較高[1-2]。隨著我國人口老齡化加劇,骨質疏松性骨折患者數(shù)量也在逐年增加[3]。預測骨折發(fā)生風險對骨質疏松癥患者具有重要意義,而骨密度對骨折風險的預估價值是當前研究的發(fā)展趨勢[4-6]。骨質疏松容易導致骨折,不同部位骨折對患者生活質量和治療費用不同,尤其出現(xiàn)在髖部和胸腰椎的骨折,兩者均需要手術治療,但其治療費用和預后差別很大,因此,預測兩者骨折發(fā)生的先后性至關重要。本研究探討老年脊柱和髖部脆性骨折與骨密度值變化的相關性,對其骨密度值變化規(guī)律進行分析,為臨床積極預測和預防骨質疏松性骨折提供依據(jù),以降低骨質疏松性骨折發(fā)生的風險,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
采用回顧性研究方法,收集2017年1月至2018年12月浙江省臺州醫(yī)院符合納入標準的股骨頸與胸腰椎脆性骨折患者的臨床資料98例,按骨折史分為股骨頸組53例和胸腰椎組45例。股骨頸組女性占84.2%,平均年齡(77.12±12.34)歲;胸腰椎組女性占61%,平均年齡(75.28±8.37)歲。兩組一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。納入標準:①所有受試者為脆性骨折(脆性骨折指受到輕微創(chuàng)傷或日?;顒又屑窗l(fā)生的骨折,常見部位是椎體、髖部、前臂遠端、肱骨近端和骨盆);②單純股骨頸骨折或胸腰椎骨折;③符合原發(fā)性骨質疏松癥診斷;④絕經(jīng)后女性或年齡大于50歲的男性。排除標準:①因嚴重暴力(車禍、高處墜落等)導致的胸腰椎或髖部骨折;②雙髖骨折術后均有假體、鋼板或螺釘?shù)戎踩?③胸腰椎有內(nèi)固定或椎體成形術后;④因腫瘤、使用化療藥物或糖皮質激素等繼發(fā)性的骨質疏松癥;⑤有類風濕性關節(jié)炎、股骨頭缺血性壞死、畸形性骨炎、成骨不全等嚴重影響脊柱或髖部骨骼形態(tài)的既往史[7]。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準,所有患者簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
采用美國Prodigy公司的Priomo型雙能X線骨密度儀,檢測患者常規(guī)正位腰1~4椎體平均值及股骨頸的骨密度值(檢查股骨頸骨折患者對側股骨頸的骨密度,腰椎骨折患者在分析前將相應骨折椎體剔除),測定后自動與系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫進行比對、計算并得出T值(即測得BMD值與同性別的正常人群BMD峰值比較得出的值)[8],△T為腰椎T值與股骨頸T值的骨密度差值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
應用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組致傷因素比較
兩組致傷因素比較,股骨頸組跌倒最多,為84.25%,與胸腰椎組的39.16%比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.002);胸腰椎組無明顯外傷病史患者較多,與股骨頸組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.033);兩組暴力致傷因素比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。
2.2兩組骨密度比較
胸腰椎組腰椎T值為(-3.66±0.89),與股骨頸T值的(-2.56±0.73)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.006);胸腰椎組△T為(-1.10±0.91),股骨頸組△T為(-0.28±0.76),兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.001);其余指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.3兩組跌倒致傷因素下骨密度比較
跌倒致傷因素下,胸腰椎組腰椎T值為(-3.07±0.78),股骨頸T值(-1.94±0.08),兩者比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.003);兩組股骨頸T值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.002);兩組△T比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000);其余指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。
3討論
老年性骨質疏松癥最常見的危害在于脆性骨折,脆性骨折最常見的發(fā)生部位為脊柱、髖部、肱骨近端及橈骨遠端等[9]。其中以脊柱和髖部骨折的后果最為嚴重、傷殘率最高,甚至可因系統(tǒng)性合并癥而危及生命,因此,預測和預防脆性骨折對骨質疏松癥患者具有重要意義[10-11]。目前,骨質疏松骨折的風險預測主要采用骨折風險預測工具(FRAX)軟件[12],由于FRAX對骨質堅硬程度的代表性較骨密度弱,且存在針對性差、操作復雜等缺點,難以普及,雙能X線骨吸收測定(DXA)檢測骨密度是評估骨質疏松風險最常用的工具[13-14],但目前骨密度預測哪個部位優(yōu)先出現(xiàn)脆性骨折無相關報道,因此,本研究探討通過檢測骨密度以預測髖部和脊柱出現(xiàn)脆性骨折風險的可行性。
本研究回顧了近兩年本院骨質疏松性骨折患者的一般資料、致傷原因及骨密度等情況,包括股骨頸骨折和胸腰椎骨折。本研究結果顯示,兩組致傷因素比較,股骨頸組跌倒最多,胸腰椎組無明顯外傷病史患者較多。胸腰椎組腰椎T值與股骨頸T值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);兩組△T比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),提示在股骨頸和胸腰椎脆性骨折中,骨密度檢測可以預測哪個部位先出現(xiàn)脆性骨折的風險更高。由于骨密度(BMD)決定了骨強度的70%,因此,骨密度是一個評估骨折風險的客觀指標,研究結果顯示,BMD下降1 SD,骨折風險增加1.5~3.0倍[15],DXA骨密度測定儀在檢測BMD的同時,能提示骨折的風險程度,本研究中,胸腰椎骨折組腰椎比股骨頸T值降低超過1 SD,故該組患者出現(xiàn)胸腰椎骨折的風險比股骨頸骨折高1.5倍,即患者容易出現(xiàn)胸腰椎骨折。因此,骨密度不僅能評估患者的骨折風險,而且能預測胸腰椎和股骨頸兩者骨折風險的高低,更有助于診斷骨質疏松,指導臨床抗骨質疏松治療。
本研究結果顯示,老年胸腰椎和股骨頸骨折的致傷原因中,跌倒的比例最高,提示老年脆性骨折主要由跌倒引起[16]。跌倒致傷因素下,胸腰椎組腰椎T值與股骨頸T值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);兩組股骨頸T值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);兩組△T比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),提示跌倒患者△T值越大,越容易出現(xiàn)胸腰椎骨折;△T值差值越小,越容易出現(xiàn)股骨頸骨折。因此,骨密度在一定程度上可預測跌倒后脊柱和髖部哪個部位更容易出現(xiàn)脆性骨折,有助于指導臨床及時進行干預,預防跌倒及骨折的發(fā)生。
預測跌倒與脆性骨折風險有助于識別并保護骨折危險人群[17],對高危個體危險因素的分析及監(jiān)護可以達到降低發(fā)生骨質疏松骨折的目的[18]。本研究結果顯示,股骨頸組致傷因素主要為跌倒,而胸腰椎組以無明顯外傷史者為主,提示骨密度差值可以預測脆性骨折的危險因素,便于在生活中進行預防,減少脆性骨折發(fā)生。預測高危人群,對其實施監(jiān)護與干預是預防跌倒及骨折最重要的方法,骨密度有助于診斷和骨折風險預測,在一定程度上預測高危人群,指導臨床及時做好干預措施,相關研究也已經(jīng)證實,預防干預是降低跌倒和骨折風險的最有效措施[19-20]。
綜上所述,老年患者容易出現(xiàn)胸腰椎和股骨頸的脆性骨折,而骨密度有助于脆性骨折的診斷,更有助于骨折風險預測,并指導臨床早期干預、降低骨折風險。在跌倒患者中,腰椎與股骨頸之間骨密度差值越大,尤其超過1 SD時,更容易出現(xiàn)胸腰椎骨折,反之更容易出現(xiàn)股骨頸骨折,提示骨密度在一定程度上可以預測跌倒后容易出現(xiàn)骨折的部位,從而指導完善預防跌倒的相關措施,并有助于臨床及時診斷,預防干預是降低跌倒和骨折風險的最有效措施。
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(收稿日期:2020-06-12)