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經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘治療胸腰段骨折的效果

2016-12-28 18:05:46竇慶寅仰明莉謝曉萍
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2016年30期
關(guān)鍵詞:脊柱骨折微創(chuàng)療效

竇慶寅+仰明莉+謝曉萍

[摘要] 目的 探討經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘治療胸腰段骨折的臨床效果。 方法 選取2014年12月~2016年1月深圳市松崗人民醫(yī)院收治的140例行經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘固定治療的胸腰段骨折患者作為研究組,另選取同期收治的100例行傳統(tǒng)開放式手術(shù)治療的胸腰段骨折患者作為對(duì)照組。比較兩組患者術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度及手術(shù)療效等。 結(jié)果 研究組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,引流量、術(shù)中出血量明顯少于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。與術(shù)前1 d比較,兩組患者術(shù)后6個(gè)月的傷椎前緣高度明顯升高,Cobb角明顯變小,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);手術(shù)前后組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。與術(shù)前1 d比較,兩組術(shù)后1周的視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS)評(píng)分明顯降低,術(shù)后6個(gè)月的Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評(píng)分也明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);研究組術(shù)后1周的VAS評(píng)分明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月的ODI評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘固定術(shù)是一種微創(chuàng)手術(shù),具有出血少、創(chuàng)傷小、療效好、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是治療胸腰段骨折的理想術(shù)式。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 胸腰段骨折;經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘;脊柱骨折;微創(chuàng);療效

[中圖分類號(hào)] R687.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)10(c)-0095-04

[Abstract] Objective To discuss the effect of percutaneous pedicle screw in treatment of thoracolumbar fractures. Methods One hundred and forty patients with thoracolumbar fracture treated with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation treatment in Songgang Peoples Hospital of Shenzhen City from December 2014 to January 2016 were selected as the study objects, 100 patients with thoracolumbar fracture were given conventional open surgical treatment were selected as the control group at the same time. The amount of bleeding, operation time, incision length, operative effect and so on were compared between two groups. Results The operation time, incision length, length of stay of patients in the study group were significantly shorter than those of patients of the control group, and the blood volume and blood loss were significantly less than those of the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). Compared with the preoperative 1 d, the height of the injured vertebral height was significantly increased of patients of two groups, and Cobbs angle was significantly smaller 6 months after operation, the differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05); and there was no significant difference between the groups, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Compared with preoperative 1 d, the VAS scores of the two groups were significantly decreased after 1 weeks of operation, 6 months after operation, ODI scores also decreased significantly, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); VAS score of 1 week after operation in the study group was significantly lower than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); 6 months after operation, ODI scores of the two groups had no significant difference, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation is a minimally invasive surgery, has the advantages of less bleeding, less trauma, good curative effect, quick recovery, and it is an ideal method in the treatment of thoracolumbar fracture.

[Key words] Thoracolumbar fractures; Percutaneous pedicle screw; Spinal fractures; Minimally invasive; Curative effect

脊柱骨折是臨床較為常見的一種骨折類型,占全身骨折的5%~6%[1],且以T10~L2胸腰段骨折最為多見。臨床治療胸腰段骨折多采用后路切開椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定術(shù),椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)治療脊柱骨折是脊柱外科發(fā)展史上的重要里程碑之一,臨床實(shí)踐證實(shí)該術(shù)式的療效顯著,但在隨訪過程中也發(fā)現(xiàn)患者術(shù)后普遍存在頑固性腰背疼痛、僵硬,給患者的日常生活造成了極大的影響[2]。近年來,隨著微創(chuàng)外科技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步與成熟,經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定微創(chuàng)手術(shù)在脊椎骨折中的應(yīng)用也越來越普遍,該術(shù)式具有療效好、創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。深圳市松崗人民醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)應(yīng)用經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折取得了較為滿意的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2014年12月~2016年1月我院收治的140例行經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘固定治療的胸腰段骨折患者作為研究組,其中男78例,女62例;年齡21~55歲,平均(36.8±1.2)歲;受傷時(shí)間1~6 d,平均(4.2±1.3)d;骨折節(jié)段包括:L1 47例,L2 27例,T12 51例,T11 15例。另選取同期我院收治的100例行傳統(tǒng)開放式手術(shù)治療的胸腰段骨折患者作為對(duì)照組,其中男58例,女42例;年齡20~53歲,平均(35.0±0.9)歲;受傷時(shí)間1~7 d,平均(3.9±1.1)d;骨折節(jié)段包括:L1 39例,L2 16例,T12 36例,T11 9例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前經(jīng)CT、X線片檢查確診為胸腰段骨折;傷椎前方高度丟失超過1/3,后凸成角畸形超過20°,椎管占位Worter指數(shù)≤Ⅰ°;AO骨折分型都為A型;單節(jié)段椎體骨折;未發(fā)生神經(jīng)損傷;無手術(shù)禁忌證。兩組患者性別、年齡、受傷時(shí)間、骨折節(jié)段等一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 傳統(tǒng)開放式手術(shù) 手術(shù)在氣管插管全麻下進(jìn)行,麻醉成功后,患者取俯臥位,墊腰橋。在患者的髖部、胸部下鋪軟墊,以分散腹部壓力,減少術(shù)中出血。做后路正中切口,使用電刀從傷椎開始對(duì)周圍肌肉進(jìn)行剝離,讓傷椎上下各1個(gè)椎體的橫突、關(guān)節(jié)突、椎板、棘突充分顯露出來。在與傷椎相鄰的兩側(cè)椎弓根各置入2枚椎弓根釘,預(yù)彎金屬縱棒至弧度適合,然后進(jìn)行安裝。通過內(nèi)固定力量,初步復(fù)位塌陷傷椎,然后將椎弓根釘撐開,頂絲固定妥善后對(duì)創(chuàng)面進(jìn)行清洗,放置引流管。

1.2.2 經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定術(shù) 手術(shù)在氣管插管全麻下進(jìn)行,麻醉成功后,患者取俯臥位,墊腰橋。先行透視定位,椎體的右側(cè)椎弓標(biāo)記外側(cè)約1.5 cm處皮膚作1.8 cm縱向小切口,插入穿刺針直抵椎弓根處,透視導(dǎo)引下將導(dǎo)針沿椎弓根進(jìn)入椎體前1/3處,測(cè)深,逐級(jí)擴(kuò)張切口入路通道。沿導(dǎo)針攻絲,旋入椎弓根釘一枚。同法操作,分別在傷椎兩側(cè)和上下椎各1個(gè)椎體的椎弓根處旋入5枚椎弓根釘。分別于雙側(cè)釘槽置入適當(dāng)長(zhǎng)度固定棒兩根,上頂絲,用撐開器行椎體撐開復(fù)位,擰緊頂絲。透視下見傷椎復(fù)位良好,釘棒系統(tǒng)固定妥善。全層縫合傷口,包扎傷口。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

①記錄兩組患者的術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后引流量、切口總長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間等。②通過影像學(xué)檢查[3],測(cè)定手術(shù)前1 d及術(shù)后6個(gè)月傷椎后凸矢狀面的Cobb角變化,計(jì)算傷椎前緣高度百分比(傷椎上下位椎體前緣高度之和/2×100%),并運(yùn)用Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)問卷表(ODI)[5]評(píng)估患者的脊柱功能,評(píng)分越低脊柱功能越好。③手術(shù)前1 d及術(shù)后1周,分別運(yùn)用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)[4]評(píng)估患者的腰背疼痛程度,評(píng)分越高疼痛程度越嚴(yán)重。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 手術(shù)情況及住院時(shí)間

研究組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,引流量、術(shù)中出血量明顯少于對(duì)照組,組間差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。

2.2 Cobb角、傷椎前緣高度

兩組術(shù)前1 d的傷椎前緣高度、Cobb角比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);與術(shù)前1 d比較,兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月的傷椎前緣高度明顯升高,Cobb角明顯變小,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩組間術(shù)后6個(gè)月傷椎前緣高度、Cobb角比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。

2.3 腰背疼痛程度、脊柱功能

兩組術(shù)前1 d的VAS、ODI評(píng)分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);與術(shù)前1 d比較,兩組術(shù)后1周的VAS評(píng)分明顯降低,術(shù)后6個(gè)月的ODI評(píng)分也明顯降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。此外,研究組術(shù)后1周的VAS評(píng)分明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);而兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月的ODI評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表3。

3 討論

目前,脊柱后路開放手術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折的臨床效果已得到了臨床的證實(shí),并成為了治療胸腰段骨折的主要方法。但在傳統(tǒng)的開放性手術(shù)中,需要對(duì)患者的豎脊肌進(jìn)行大面積剝離,因此手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,存在術(shù)中及術(shù)后出血量多、術(shù)后早期疼痛明顯、術(shù)后后期伴有僵硬不適等缺點(diǎn)[6-7]。采用傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)入路,需要大面積剖離骨膜下多裂肌,對(duì)于在術(shù)中行橫突間植骨融合術(shù)而言,在術(shù)中對(duì)多裂肌的剖離更為廣泛。椎體節(jié)段血管分支是多裂肌供血的主要來源,而脊柱神經(jīng)根后支-背內(nèi)側(cè)支是神經(jīng)支配的來源,若在術(shù)中剖離多裂肌過多,不可避免的會(huì)損傷到多裂肌的血供系統(tǒng)和支配神經(jīng),會(huì)增加患者術(shù)后多裂肌退行性病變的可能[9-10],導(dǎo)致脂肪沉積、肌肉萎縮和纖維化。同時(shí),在手術(shù)中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的牽拉多裂肌會(huì)造成內(nèi)側(cè)多裂肌壓力持續(xù)升高,影響血供的正常運(yùn)行,繼而引發(fā)肌肉缺血性壞死[11]。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)術(shù)中出血較多,同時(shí)還會(huì)對(duì)肌肉的神經(jīng)支配造成影響,增加術(shù)后感染、出血等并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。另外,開放性手術(shù)還容易對(duì)椎旁肌造成嚴(yán)重的醫(yī)源性損傷,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后中遠(yuǎn)期腰椎術(shù)后失敗綜合征的發(fā)生[13]。因此,在胸腰段骨折手術(shù)中,要盡可能地減少椎旁肌損傷,以保證手術(shù)療效。經(jīng)骶棘肌入路開放手術(shù)能夠較好地保護(hù)椎旁肌,避免椎旁肌受損,但手術(shù)要對(duì)骶棘肌肌腹進(jìn)行廣泛剝離,所以術(shù)后發(fā)生積血、出血的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍較高[14]。

椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定手術(shù)的技術(shù)原理是將螺釘擰入傷椎及其上下相鄰椎體和椎弓根內(nèi)部,在傷椎上建立一個(gè)支點(diǎn),縱行撐開傷椎及其下位相鄰椎體,以實(shí)現(xiàn)韌帶的軸向復(fù)位[15]。經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定手術(shù)是一種微創(chuàng)術(shù)式,其是在透視機(jī)下對(duì)傷椎及其鄰近椎體進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定位后,在透視引導(dǎo)下完成傷椎的椎弓根釘內(nèi)固定[16-17]。該術(shù)式僅需做一較小的切口,不會(huì)對(duì)傷椎周圍組織進(jìn)行大面積剝離,其對(duì)椎旁肌的損傷較小,并且不會(huì)對(duì)節(jié)段動(dòng)靜脈后支、脊神經(jīng)后支造成損傷,從而大幅度減輕患者后腰背痛,且其創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快,在臨床上的應(yīng)用不斷增加[18-19]。經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘手術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折的手術(shù)效果經(jīng)臨床實(shí)踐得到了充分證實(shí),本次研究結(jié)果顯示研究組與對(duì)照組術(shù)后6個(gè)月的傷椎前緣高度明顯升高,Cobb角明顯變小,與術(shù)前1 d比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),而組間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。說明傳統(tǒng)開放性手術(shù)與經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘手術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折均有較好的效果,兩種手術(shù)矯正Cobb角,恢復(fù)傷椎前緣高度的效果相當(dāng)。兩組脊柱功能比較中發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月的ODI評(píng)分明顯降低,與術(shù)前1d比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),而組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。說明兩種手術(shù)方法均能較好地恢復(fù)患者的脊柱功能。此外,研究結(jié)果還顯示研究組的手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,引流量、術(shù)中出血量明顯少于對(duì)照組,研究組術(shù)后1周的VAS評(píng)分明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。從上述數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,較之于統(tǒng)開放性手術(shù),經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘手術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折的手術(shù)時(shí)間更短、出血量更少、住院時(shí)間更短、手術(shù)切口更小、術(shù)后疼痛程度更輕等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[20-22]。

綜上所述,經(jīng)皮椎弓根釘固定術(shù)治療胸腰段骨折能夠獲得與傳統(tǒng)開放性手術(shù)相同的療效,并且還具有出血少、創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、疼痛輕等優(yōu)點(diǎn),是治療胸腰段骨折的理想術(shù)式。但是臨床要注意把握好該術(shù)式的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證,對(duì)于存在神經(jīng)功能障礙者,椎體壓縮明顯且有椎間盤損傷者,陳舊性椎體骨折者,則不宜選用該術(shù)式。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2016-07-15 本文編輯:任 念)

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