劉婉婷,遲子芳*,胡文華
MRGO-FMBO原位修復(fù)砷污染含水層
劉婉婷1,遲子芳1*,胡文華2
(1.吉林大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院,地下水資源與環(huán)境教育部重點實驗室,吉林 長春 130021;2.中科華魯土壤修復(fù)工程有限公司,山東 德州 253000)
為了探究磁性氧化石墨烯負(fù)載鐵錳氧化物復(fù)合材料(MRGO-FMBO)修復(fù)砷污染地下水的可行性,通過一維模擬柱和二維模擬槽實驗探討了MRGO-FMBO在含水層的遷移和分布情況,分析了材料注入濃度和注入速度對其遷移的影響,研究了MRGO-FMBO在注入模擬地下水含水層后反應(yīng)帶的形成及演化過程.結(jié)果表明,MRGO-FMBO在飽和多孔介質(zhì)中遷移性能良好,在設(shè)定的濃度范圍(1~8g/L)內(nèi),升高注入濃度能減少材料在介質(zhì)中的殘留百分比,增強(qiáng)其遷移性能.當(dāng)注入速度為0.023~0.057cm/s時,存在一個速度臨界值,當(dāng)注入速度小于此值時,改變速度對MRGO-FMBO在含水層中的遷移性影響顯著;當(dāng)注入速度大于此值時,速度不再是影響遷移的主要因素.MRGO-FMBO在注入地下含水層后能夠形成穩(wěn)定的反應(yīng)帶,反應(yīng)帶在20d內(nèi)對砷的去除效率達(dá)到70.6%,在整個反應(yīng)帶的發(fā)展過程中可去除7.79mg As.MRGO-FMBO在砷污染含水層原位修復(fù)中具有較好的應(yīng)用前景.
MRGO-FMBO;砷;遷移特征;原位修復(fù)
砷(As)作為地下水中毒性最強(qiáng)的重金屬污染物之一,對人類健康危害極大.相較于As(V), As(III)的毒性更高,且能夠在環(huán)境中長期存在,增加了處理的難度[1].將吸附法與氧化法相結(jié)合是常見的除砷方法之一,近年來應(yīng)用鐵錳二元氧化物作為吸附劑的砷污染修復(fù)技術(shù)逐漸成為學(xué)者們研究的熱點.Zhang等[2]利用氧化共沉淀法制備了鐵錳二元氧化物,證實了鐵錳氧化物對水中的As(V)和As(III)均具有良好的去除效果,且吸附能力高于非晶態(tài)FeOOH. Lin等[3]制備的生物碳改性鐵錳氧化物復(fù)合材料進(jìn)一步提高了鐵錳氧化物的吸附能力,最大吸附量達(dá)到8.25mg/g.鐵錳氧化物能夠通過氧化性較強(qiáng)的高價態(tài)Mn把As(III)氧化成As(V),由于As(V)毒性較低且更易被鐵氧化物吸附去除,因而能夠顯著提高吸附劑的除砷效率[4].在實際修復(fù)中,鐵錳二元氧化物的應(yīng)用具有一定局限性,其分散性較差,易團(tuán)聚和沉積在介質(zhì)表面造成遷移性的降低,限制了吸附效率和有效修復(fù)范圍,且顆粒易殘留在介質(zhì)中,造成二次污染.因此,為了更好地解決上述問題,如何提高鐵錳氧化物復(fù)合材料的分散性、穩(wěn)定性和遷移性逐漸成為了研究的焦點.本文研發(fā)的磁性氧化石墨烯負(fù)載鐵錳氧化物復(fù)合材料(MRGO-FMBO)以氧化石墨烯(GO)作為骨架支撐,利用GO巨大的比表面積充分分散鐵錳氧化物納米顆粒,有效緩解了團(tuán)聚問題,同時增加了吸附劑的吸附位點,提高其吸附效率.根據(jù)課題組前期研究的結(jié)果,As(III)接觸到MRGO- FMBO后,在范德華力和絡(luò)合作用下被吸附于材料表面,隨后被Mn(IV)氧化為較為穩(wěn)定的As(V),從而顯著提高了吸附劑的吸附穩(wěn)定性和砷去除率,表明 MRGO-FMBO能夠有效克服鐵錳氧化物在實際應(yīng)用時存在的易團(tuán)聚和遷移性差等問題[5].基于此,研究MRGO-FMBO在地下含水層中的遷移分布特征及原位反應(yīng)帶的形成及演化情況對實際污染場地修復(fù)設(shè)計具有重要意義[6].目前國內(nèi)外不乏應(yīng)用鐵錳氧化物改性材料去除地下水中砷的研究[7-10],但對于改性材料的遷移分布及反應(yīng)帶動態(tài)演化過程鮮有報道.本文通過一系列模擬柱和模擬槽實驗考察了不同注入條件下MRGO-FMBO在飽和多孔介質(zhì)中的遷移特征及殘留情況,研究了MRGO-FMBO在注入模擬槽含水層后所形成反應(yīng)帶的演化規(guī)律及對砷的修復(fù)效能,為原位注入MRGO-FMBO去除砷污染地下水實際工程修復(fù)提供參考.
實驗所用介質(zhì)為石英砂,粒徑為0.5~1mm,購自長春金衡化玻公司.實驗所用試劑均為分析純,購自吉林省金泰化玻有限公司,實驗用水為去離子水.
MRGO通過原位沉淀法制備[11]:將一定量的FeCl3、FeSO4×7H2O混合溶液逐滴加入超聲后的氧化石墨烯懸浮液中,持續(xù)攪拌并加入質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為25%~28%的氨水升高溶液pH值至10,待混合液加熱至90℃后,滴加10mL水合肼并持續(xù)攪拌4h,冷卻后依次用乙醇及超純水洗滌沉淀物,經(jīng)70℃真空干燥得到MRGO.稱取制備好的MRGO 2.25g超聲得到穩(wěn)定的懸浮液,加入1mL聚乙二醇400及一定量的MnSO4、FeCl3混合液和NaOH溶液后,持續(xù)攪拌20min,向所得沉淀中逐滴加入15mL NaClO并攪拌,所得沉淀經(jīng)離心、洗滌、真空干燥后得到MRGO- FMBO.
實驗采用有機(jī)玻璃模擬柱,長為28cm,內(nèi)徑3cm,進(jìn)水端設(shè)有布水板和濾布,以粒徑為0.5~1mm的石英砂為填充介質(zhì)均勻填充并夯實,避免介質(zhì)中出現(xiàn)非均質(zhì)現(xiàn)象.利用蠕動泵控制MRGO-FMBO注入模擬柱的流速.實驗前通入去離子水對其進(jìn)行飽水,隨后注入2PV(孔隙體積, PV/cm3)復(fù)合材料漿液,再繼續(xù)通入去離子水直至出水中不含MRGO-FMBO.出水每10mL收集1次,用鹽酸超聲溶解后分別用硫氰酸鉀比色法和原子吸收法測定水樣中TFe和Mn的濃度并繪制穿透曲線.實驗結(jié)束后,將砂柱每隔2cm逐段取出,測定每段介質(zhì)中TFe和Mn的含量.實驗共進(jìn)行2組,實驗條件及模擬柱運(yùn)行參數(shù)見表1,模擬柱示意見圖1.
表1 模擬柱實驗運(yùn)行參數(shù)
圖1 模擬柱實驗裝置
圖2 模擬槽實驗裝置
原位修復(fù)實驗裝置采用二維有機(jī)玻璃槽,其尺寸為50cm×2cm×40cm(長×寬×高),槽內(nèi)均勻填充石英砂并夯實,兩側(cè)設(shè)有布水板和濾布.MRGO- FMBO注入井位于距離左側(cè)布水板11cm處,內(nèi)徑1cm,井身布滿小孔,井下端口距槽底部4cm.模擬槽正面設(shè)置3排4列共12個取樣口.在對其進(jìn)行飽水后,調(diào)節(jié)蠕動泵以0.3m/d的模擬地下水流速持續(xù)通入500mg/L As(III)溶液至As(III)均勻污染整個含水層,隨后以12mL/min的速度由注入井注入4g/L MRGO-FMBO漿液.模擬槽示意圖見圖2.定期從取樣口取樣測定TFe、Mn及砷濃度變化情況,使用suffer8.5軟件繪制等值線圖,考察反應(yīng)帶的演變情況及砷的去除效果.
圖3 不同MRGO-FMBO注入濃度下TFe和Mn的穿透曲線
與0分別表示出流濃度與初始濃度
圖4 不同MRGO-FMBO注入濃度下TFe和Mn在模擬柱中的殘留情況
2.1.1 注入濃度的影響 當(dāng)注入速度為0.046cm/ s時,如圖3所示,MRGO-FMBO能在模擬柱中較好地遷移,隨著初始注入濃度的升高,TFe和Mn的最大相對出流濃度逐漸升高,這是由于MRGO- FMBO顆粒占據(jù)了介質(zhì)中有限的截留位點,使后續(xù)材料能夠穿過較大的孔隙而流出模擬柱.當(dāng)MRGO-FMBO的初始濃度從4g/L增加到8g/L,相對出流濃度的變化減弱.這是由于較高的注入濃度加劇了粒子之間的碰撞,由于范德華力和磁力的作用,材料顆粒會產(chǎn)生一定程度的團(tuán)聚,在遷移過程中,大顆粒流會促使介質(zhì)表面產(chǎn)生應(yīng)變,多孔介質(zhì)中的孔喉(孔隙中最狹窄的部分)不斷縮小,進(jìn)而影響材料在介質(zhì)中的遷移[12-15].由圖4可以看出,TFe和Mn較均勻地分散在模擬砂柱中,表明材料具有良好的分散性,利于形成原位反應(yīng)帶.對不同注入濃度的MRGO-FMBO進(jìn)行TFe和Mn的質(zhì)量衡算,結(jié)果如表2~表3所示.當(dāng)初始TFe濃度由0.41g/L增加至3.21g/L, Mn濃度由0.03g/L增加至0.34g/L時,模擬柱內(nèi)殘留量分別由105.42%和102.91%降低至24.78%和16.05%,表明在1~8g/L的注入濃度范圍內(nèi),MRGO- FMBO能夠保持良好的遷移性,且濃度越高,遷移性越好.在原位修復(fù)中,要成功建立具有一定影響范圍的反應(yīng)帶,修復(fù)材料不僅要具備對污染物高效、持續(xù)的處理能力,同時也要有良好的穩(wěn)定性和遷移性[14,16].根據(jù)課題組前期研究結(jié)果[5],本文所制備的MRGO-FMBO利用氧化石墨烯作為碳骨架支撐,能夠使納米顆粒充分分散于薄層結(jié)構(gòu)之間,有效緩解了磁性顆粒易團(tuán)聚和易被氧化的問題,增強(qiáng)了材料的分散性,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)了其在含水層中的遷移.因此當(dāng)MRGO-FMBO注入量在1~8g/L之間時,提高注入濃度有利于提升修復(fù)效果.
表2 不同MRGO-FMBO注入濃度下模擬柱中總鐵的質(zhì)量衡算
注:當(dāng)模擬柱中鐵含量與出水鐵含量相加之和超過100%時,總鐵的損失值為負(fù)值.
表3 不同MRGO-FMBO注入濃度下模擬柱中錳的質(zhì)量衡算
注:當(dāng)模擬柱中錳含量與出水錳含量相加之和超過100%時,錳的損失值為負(fù)值.
2.1.2 注入速度的影響 注入速率對MRGO- FMBO的遷移和沉積存在一定的影響.在注入濃度為4g/L時,如圖5所示,隨著注入速度由0.023cm/s增加到0.057cm/s, TFe和Mn的最大相對出流濃度比分別由0.02和0.09升高至0.73和0.77.由剪切速率與注入流速之間的關(guān)系,在介質(zhì)孔隙度、滲透率及孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)形狀參數(shù)一定時,增加流速會增加水動力剪切速率,增大剪切力,納米顆粒遷移性增強(qiáng),減少在多孔介質(zhì)表面的沉積[17-18].當(dāng)注入速度高于0.046cm/s時,隨注入速度的增加,穩(wěn)定出流濃度增幅減小,這說明對于一定濃度的MRGO-FMBO,存在一個臨界速度,當(dāng)注入速度低于這一臨界值時,最大出流比隨濃度的增加有明顯增大;當(dāng)注入速度高于這一臨界值時,注入速度對材料遷移影響不顯著[14].由TFe和Mn在砂柱中的殘留情況(圖6)可知在不同注入速度下,MRGO-FMBO均能在模擬柱介質(zhì)中均勻分布,表現(xiàn)出氧化石墨烯對鐵錳氧化物良好的分散能力.對模擬柱內(nèi)和出水中的TFe和Mn進(jìn)行質(zhì)量衡算(表4和表5),結(jié)果表明較高的注入速度下介質(zhì)中材料的殘留率減少,與穿透曲線所得結(jié)論相同.當(dāng)注入速度為0.023cm/s時,TFe和Mn的損失較大,可能由于測樣誤差或模擬柱和泵水管中的少量殘留導(dǎo)致.
圖6 不同MRGO-FMBO注入速度下TFe和Mn在模擬柱中的殘留量
表4 不同MRGO-FMBO注入速度下柱中TFe的質(zhì)量衡算
注:當(dāng)模擬柱中鐵含量與出水鐵含量相加之和超過100%時,總鐵的損失值為負(fù)值.
表5 不同MRGO-FMBO注入速度下柱中Mn的質(zhì)量衡算
注:當(dāng)模擬柱中錳含量與出水錳含量相加之和超過100%時,錳的損失值為負(fù)值.
圖7 含水層中TFe濃度變化情況
圖8 含水層中Mn濃度變化情況
如圖7、圖8所示,鐵和錳的分布規(guī)律相似,顯示出鐵錳氧化物性質(zhì)的穩(wěn)定.MRGO-FMBO注入模擬槽后,以注入井為中心,在井中心及下游區(qū)域形成了一定范圍的原位反應(yīng)帶.在水力作用下, MRGO-FMBO沿水流方向逐漸遷移,運(yùn)行到2d時,模擬槽末端檢測到TFe和Mn的分布,表明材料遷移性能良好.由于介質(zhì)的阻截作用,MRGO-FMBO在遷移過程中不斷沉積,導(dǎo)致形成的反應(yīng)帶沿水流方向分布的不均勻性,注入井中心吸附劑濃度最高,向下游濃度逐漸降低.在整個實驗運(yùn)行過程中,鐵和錳的分布特征變化不大,表明形成的原位反應(yīng)帶具有良好的穩(wěn)定性.
如圖9所示,材料注入后,由于水流的稀釋作用,注入井附近及下游區(qū)域砷濃度低于0.5μg/L.運(yùn)行至2d時,注入井前端及正后方砷濃度均明顯下降,靠近注入井的區(qū)域砷濃度為零,表明MRGO-FMBO對溶液中的砷的吸附效果顯著.繼續(xù)通入As(III),下游至模擬槽末端砷濃度始終保持在較低水平,結(jié)果表明MRGO-FMBO在注入含水層后能夠形成穩(wěn)定的原位反應(yīng)帶,有效修復(fù)注入井下游區(qū)域砷污染含水層.實驗運(yùn)行至20d時,出水端附近As略有回升,出水口流出液中砷濃度為0.15mg/L,計算出As的去除率為70.6%,而此時注入井下游砷濃度依然較低.這是由于注入井下端口距離模擬槽底端有一段距離,部分介質(zhì)中未直接注入修復(fù)試劑,使得少量污染物從注入井底端繞流至出水口排出,致使出水端附近區(qū)域污染物與吸附劑接觸不充分,出水口砷濃度升高.到23d時,注入井附近砷濃度逐漸上升,檢測到出水口砷濃度為0.19mg/L,表明MRGO-FMBO對砷的吸附逐漸達(dá)到飽和,反應(yīng)帶逐漸失去修復(fù)能力.在反應(yīng)帶從形成到失效的全周期內(nèi),共去除了7.79mg砷,去除效率為62.7%,其中20d內(nèi)對砷的去除效率最高,可達(dá)70.6%.
圖9 含水層中As濃度變化情況
3.1 MRGO-FMBO在飽和多孔介質(zhì)中的分散性和遷移性能良好,利于形成原位反應(yīng)帶.在本研究設(shè)定的濃度范圍內(nèi)(1~8g/L),升高注入濃度能減少材料在介質(zhì)中的殘留,提升其遷移性能.
3.2 當(dāng)MRGO-FMBO濃度為4g/L時,注入速度存在一個臨界值0.046cm/s,當(dāng)注入速度小于0.046cm/s時,改變速度對MRGO-FMBO在含水層中的遷移性影響顯著,在水動力剪切作用下,MRGO-FMBO的遷移性隨注入速度的增加而明顯增強(qiáng);當(dāng)注入速度大于0.046cm/s時,速度不再是影響遷移的主要因素.
3.3 MRGO-FMBO注入含水層后形成了穩(wěn)定的原位反應(yīng)帶,反應(yīng)帶在20d內(nèi)對濃度為500μg/L的As(III)污染含水層具有較高的修復(fù)效能,去除效率達(dá)到70.6%,在整個反應(yīng)帶的演變過程中可去除7.79mg砷.但上述結(jié)論是基于實驗室小尺度范圍內(nèi)得出,對于大尺度實際污染場地的指導(dǎo)意義將在今后的研究中進(jìn)一步驗證.
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In-situ remediation of arsenic contaminated aquifer by MRGO-FMBO.
LIU Wan-ting1, CHI Zi-fang1*, HU Wen-hua2
(Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;2.Zhongkehualu Soil Remediation Engineering LTD, Dezhou 253000, China)., 2021,41(6):2698~2705
To explore the feasibility of magnetic graphene oxide based Fe-Mn composite oxides (MRGO-FMBO) for remediation of As(III) polluted groundwater, simulation column experiments and two-dimensional sand box experiments were conducted to discuss the migration and distribution of MRGO-FMBO in aquifers. The effects of injection rate and concentration on the migration were explored and the development and evolution of reaction zone after the injection of MRGO-FMBO into the aquifer were studied. MRGO-FMBO presented good mobility in saturated porous media. Within the concentration range set in this study(1~8g/L), higher injection concentration led to better material mobility and less residue in simulated columns. A critical velocity value between 0.023~0.057cm/s existed that the change of injection velocity had a significant impact on the migration when it was under the critical value. However, the velocity was not the main factor affecting migration when the value was higher than the critical velocity. Besides, MRGO-FMBO could form a stable reaction zone after being injected into the underground aquifer with As remediation efficiency of 70.6% in 20days. During the whole development of the reaction zone, 7.79mg of As could be removed totally. Therefore, these results indicated that MRGO-FMBO had a good application prospect in in-situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated aquifers.
MRGO-FMBO;As;migration characteristics;in-situ remediation
X523
A
1000-6923(2021)06-2695-08
2020-10-22
國家重點研發(fā)資助項目(2020YFC1806403-2);國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(41977158,41772244)
* 責(zé)任作者, 副教授, chizifang@jlu.edu.cn
劉婉婷(1995-),女,遼寧阜新人,吉林大學(xué)碩士研究生,主要從事污染場地控制與修復(fù)方面的研究.