文/中山市中山紀(jì)念中學(xué) 張 巖
現(xiàn)行的人教版普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)教科書每個(gè)單元生詞量45 至65 個(gè)不等,大多出現(xiàn)在閱讀課文之中。閱讀課是英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重要環(huán)節(jié),是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯,積累詞匯量的重要途徑,但是當(dāng)前閱讀課堂中的詞匯教學(xué)依然存在很多問(wèn)題。如何合理地設(shè)計(jì)閱讀活動(dòng)以提高閱讀課堂中詞匯教學(xué)效率是本文的探究重點(diǎn)。
學(xué)習(xí)詞匯不只是記憶詞的音、形、義,更重要的是在語(yǔ)篇中通過(guò)語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)理解和表達(dá)與各種主題相關(guān)的信息與觀點(diǎn)。因此,教師在設(shè)計(jì)閱讀活動(dòng)時(shí)要結(jié)合主題語(yǔ)境不斷復(fù)現(xiàn)有關(guān)詞匯,有意識(shí)地促使學(xué)生通過(guò)觀察、比較、分類和總結(jié)等手段,不同程度地掌握目標(biāo)詞匯。
人教版高中英語(yǔ)教材每個(gè)單元生詞量45 至65 個(gè)不等。在閱讀課堂中,過(guò)多、過(guò)細(xì)、過(guò)全地講解生詞都會(huì)影響到學(xué)生對(duì)于語(yǔ)篇整體性的把握,不利于學(xué)生在課文的語(yǔ)境中去理解和記憶核心詞匯。在課前教師應(yīng)確定本節(jié)課的目標(biāo)詞匯,切記不可貪多,通常應(yīng)該包括:1.與感知、理解該主題語(yǔ)境或表達(dá)相關(guān)話題的信息和意義密切相關(guān)的詞匯;2.給學(xué)生理解文本造成障礙的詞匯;3.在該文本中有特殊意義的詞匯。
以人教版必修4 Unit 2Working the landReading:A pioneer for all people為例。文章主要介紹了“雜交水稻之父”袁隆平以及他在水稻種植上取得的突出貢獻(xiàn)與成就。根據(jù)目標(biāo)詞匯的選擇原則,與主題語(yǔ) 境 緊密相關(guān) 的 struggle,crop,output,hunger,disturb,expand,circulate,thanks to,rid of,be content with,would rather,equip 被選為目標(biāo)詞匯。在感知、理解該主題語(yǔ)境時(shí)理解下列詞匯:crop,output,hunger,disturb,expand,circulate;在表達(dá)相關(guān)話題的信息和意義時(shí),如談?wù)撘晃蛔约鹤罹磁宓母黝I(lǐng)域領(lǐng)軍人物時(shí)模仿運(yùn)用 thanks to,rid of,be content with,would rather,equip。
詞匯處理必須為閱讀服務(wù),不可以喧賓奪主,不可以打斷閱讀的進(jìn)度。因此,教師在設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)時(shí),應(yīng)盡力保證學(xué)生在理解文本的同時(shí)關(guān)注并使用目標(biāo)詞匯。
以人教版必修4 Unit 2Working the landUsing Language:Chemical or organic farming?為例。
Step I Students predict the main content of the passage according to the title.
根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)題Chemical or organic farming?讀前 prediction 部分請(qǐng)學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)語(yǔ)篇的主題和內(nèi)容,既訓(xùn)練了學(xué)生的理解性技能又帶出chemical 和organic 兩個(gè)主題詞匯。
Step II Skim the passage to find its main idea.
Chemical fertilizers can cause many problems,so organic farming is becoming more popular.
Step III Scanning for the topic sentences in each paragraph
Contents Roles Para.1 topic Chemical fertilizers cause damage to the land and more dangerous to people’s health illustration Para.2 problems Problems caused by chemical fertilizers comparison Para.3 advantages With these discoveries, some farmers are beginning to turn to organic farming.Para.4 methods Organic farmers use many other methods to keep the soil fertile.conclusion
Step IV Detailed reading —true or false statement
1.Chemical fertilizers kill the helpful bacteria and pests as well.( )
2.Organic fertilizers increase(build up)in people’s body ( )
3.Chemical fertilizers lead to cancer or other illnesses.( )
4.Organic food contains less nutrition and vitamins and more minerals. ( )
5.Organic farming keeps the soil rich,fertile and free of bacteria.( )
6.Organic farming keep the crops free from chemicals. ( )
這幾項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)與文章的主線結(jié)合緊密,幫助學(xué)生更好地理解議論文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)中論證觀點(diǎn)與論據(jù)之間的關(guān)系。與此同時(shí),學(xué)生在尋找答案的過(guò)程中也注意到了目標(biāo)詞匯的詞塊搭配和使用語(yǔ)境。
Step V Post Reading:Complete each blank with a word below.Be sure to change the form,if necessary.
Today we use____in almost every part of our lives, hoping to make life faster, more convenient or just better. At home we use them to kill flies and other disease-carrying____.Doctors give them to us in medicine to fight harmful_____in our bodies.Factory workers use them in industrial____to make everything from toys to shoes to toothbrushes.Farmers also use them in the_____to help their plants grow fast and become strong.However,the____of new ways to use___have brought difficulties as well as benefits. For example, too much use in farming leads to food that is low in____and other things that we need for good.What is the____of the problem?
Some people think it is from a wrong_____on money and speed,while others say it is just from a lack(缺乏)of education about the problems.Who knows?Maybe it is both.
本活動(dòng)基于詞匯目標(biāo),對(duì)閱讀主題進(jìn)行有益拓展,整合教材workbook 部分,加深學(xué)生對(duì)于主題語(yǔ)境“健康生活方式、人與環(huán)境”的理解,同時(shí)復(fù)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)詞匯并要求學(xué)生對(duì)對(duì)標(biāo)詞匯進(jìn)行必要的變形。
Step VI Dialogue
Students have a conversation in pairs, with one student as the farmer and the other as the customer. The farmer is persuading the customer to buy his/her“green food”
Target language:chemical fertilizers health tasty nutrition minerals fertile rich …
本活動(dòng)屬于整合任務(wù),鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生思考綠色食物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)以及有機(jī)種植的好處。幫助學(xué)生回顧課文內(nèi)容,回憶前幾項(xiàng)閱讀活動(dòng)中出現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)詞匯,學(xué)生聯(lián)系已有知識(shí)分享觀點(diǎn)。閱讀活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)要有層次,由淺入深,先保證目標(biāo)詞匯的簡(jiǎn)單呈現(xiàn)與適度復(fù)現(xiàn),然后在相關(guān)語(yǔ)境下進(jìn)行必要的變形,最后上升到相關(guān)話題的討論與交流,層層遞進(jìn),符合學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的認(rèn)知規(guī)律。
詞匯的教學(xué)不能脫離語(yǔ)篇閱讀,合理的閱讀活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)能夠有效提高詞匯教學(xué)效率。教師可以在閱讀課堂中依附閱讀主線借助多種形式、多模態(tài)的閱讀活動(dòng)提高詞匯在主題語(yǔ)境中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率,優(yōu)化詞匯教學(xué)效果。