王桂枝
同學們,在初中階段關(guān)于動詞的時態(tài)我們要學習到八種,至今我們已經(jīng)學習了現(xiàn)在進行時、一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時這四種時態(tài)的用法,今天我們就來認識一位新朋友——現(xiàn)在完成時。有人認為這個語法對初中生來說是最困難的語法,我們將利用三個單元的篇幅來探究這一難點。今天是這“三部曲”中的第一部。
一、現(xiàn)在完成時的定義
1. 表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
2. 表示從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會繼續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。
二、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成及基本句式
(一)現(xiàn)在完成時是由“助動詞have / has+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞說明該謂語是屬于現(xiàn)在時范圍,它和主語的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動詞,說明句子的意義。規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞與過去式的變化規(guī)則完全相同,不規(guī)則變化按照不規(guī)則動詞表記憶。
He has already finished his homework. 他已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。
Ive learned English for twelve years. 我已經(jīng)學了12年英語了。
(二)現(xiàn)在完成時的基本句式
1. 肯定句:主語+have / has+動詞的過去分詞+賓語+其他
We have seen that film before. 我們已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。
2. 否定句:主語+have / has+not+動詞的過去分詞+賓語+其他
She has not / hasnt finished reading the book. 她還沒有讀完那本書。
3. 一般疑問句:Have / Has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+賓語+其他
Has she finished her homework yet? 她已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了嗎?
肯定回答:Yes, she has. 是的,她完成了。
否定回答:No, she hasnt. 不,她還沒完成。
4. 特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+have / has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+賓語+其他
How long has your father worked in the factory? 你父親在這家工廠工作多長時間了?
三、現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法
現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法是表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。常和already, yet, never, ever, just, before等副詞連用。
I cant find my pen now. I think I have already lost it. 我現(xiàn)在找不到我的鋼筆了,我想我已經(jīng)把它弄丟了。(對現(xiàn)在的影響:現(xiàn)在沒有鋼筆了)
—Would you like some bread? 你想要一些面包嗎?
—No, thanks. I have had my breakfast. 不,謝謝,我已經(jīng)吃過早飯了。(對現(xiàn)在的影響:不餓)
—Why dont you drive to your office? 你為什么不開車去辦公室呢?
—Because my car has broken. 因為我的車壞了。(對現(xiàn)在的影響:車沒辦法開了)
現(xiàn)在完成時的另一用法表示從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會繼續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。該種用法下一單元我們重點學習,先看兩個例句:
He has studied English for six years. 他已經(jīng)學習英語六年了。
Mary has been busy since she came back from Hangzhou. 自從從杭州回來,瑪麗一直在忙。
四、already和yet的用法
副詞already和yet常常作為時間狀語和現(xiàn)在完成時連用。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。
We have already finished our homework. 我們已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了。
They havent finished their homework yet. 他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。
注意:already有時也用于疑問句中,表示一種驚訝的語氣。
Have they left already? 他們(居然)已經(jīng)走了?
五、一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別
1. 一般過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情;現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了這部電影。
I have seen this film. 這部電影我已經(jīng)看過了。
2. 一般過去時常與表示具體的過去時間的狀語(如yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1990等)連用;現(xiàn)在完成時不與表示明確的過去時間的狀語連用,但可以與in the past... years / weeks, so far等時間狀語連用。
Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 昨晚湯姆給他的父母寫了一封信。
The weather has been so hot so far this summer. 到目前為止,今年夏天天氣一直很熱。
【練一練】
一、單項選擇。
1. —Look! Somebody_____________the lights.
—Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.
A. turns off? ? B. is turning off? C. was turning off? ? D. has turned off
2. I ____________ an invitation to the concert. I cant wait to go.
A. receive? ? ? ? B. will receive? C. was receiving? ? ? ? D. have received
3. —What an exciting march!
—Yes, isnt it? I ____________ such a great one before!
A. never saw? ? B. had never seen? C. never see? ? ? D. have never seen
4. —I ____________my card. I want to report it.
—You can call the bank to report the loss. It would be faster.
A. lose? ? ? B. was losing? ? C. will lose? ? D. have lost
5. —When will you give the novel back to me?
—Sorry, I____________ it. How about Friday?
A. didnt finish? ? B. wont finish? ? C. havent finished? ? ? ?D. dont finish
二、根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子,每空一詞。
1. 我去過歷史博物館兩次,在那里我學到了很多東西。
I ___________ _____________the History Museum twice. Ive ____________ a lot there.
2. ——看,海倫辦公室的燈還亮著。
——也許她還沒完成她的工作。
—Look, the light ____________? ____________ on in Helens office.
—Maybe she ____________ ____________ her work ____________.
3. 保拉很高興她昨天找到了丟失的手表。
Paula ____________pleased that she ____________ her lost watch yesterday.
4. 我們已多年沒見了。
We ____________ ____________ for many years.
5. ——她做完作業(yè)了嗎?
——是的,她做完了。她十分鐘前就完成了。
—____________ she ____________her homework ____________?
—Yes, she ____________. She ____________ it ten minutes ago.