宋麗君 馬雪嬌 吳曉月 蔡瑞娟 劉杰 林洪生
摘要 隨著靶向藥物在癌癥治療領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用日益廣泛,相應(yīng)的皮膚不良事件也越來越復(fù)雜多變,對患者的生命質(zhì)量造成不良影響。不同的靶向藥物因其作用靶點的不同,在皮膚毒性的表現(xiàn)形式、發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度上也各不相同。為了對這類皮膚毒性進(jìn)行更準(zhǔn)確的評估并加以適當(dāng)干預(yù),已經(jīng)開發(fā)了多種評估工具?,F(xiàn)對目前國內(nèi)已上市的多種靶向藥物皮膚毒性特點進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié),在此基礎(chǔ)上對相關(guān)臨床研究中使用的患者報告結(jié)局評價工具現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行綜述,重點介紹各種工具的基本特征、優(yōu)勢和不足,以期在臨床研究及醫(yī)療實踐過程中為腫瘤科醫(yī)護(hù)人員選擇適當(dāng)?shù)脑u估工具提供有價值的建議。
關(guān)鍵詞 靶向藥物;皮膚不良事件;患者報告結(jié)局;癥狀;量表;健康相關(guān)生命質(zhì)量
Abstract With the increasing application of targeted drugs in the field of cancer therapy,the corresponding dermatologic adverse events are becoming more and more complex and changeable,causing adverse effects on patients′ quality of life.Different targeted drugs have different manifestations,incidence and severity of skin toxicity due to their different targets.In order to conduct a more accurate assessment of this type of skin toxicity and make appropriate interventions,multiple evaluation tools have been developed.This paper summarizes the dermatologic toxicity characteristics of a variety of targeted drugs currently on the market in China.On this basis,it summarizes the current status of patient report outcome evaluation tools used in related clinical studies,focusing on the basic characteristics of various tools,advantages and disadvantages,in order to provide valuable suggestions for oncology medical staff to choose appropriate evaluation tools in the clinical research and medical practice environment.
Keywords Targeted drugs; Dermatologic adverse events; Patient-reported outcome; Symptom; Scale; Health related quality of life
中圖分類號:R273文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2021.13.001
經(jīng)過近20年的發(fā)展,抗癌治療已經(jīng)進(jìn)入靶向治療的時代。全球已開發(fā)出的多種靶向治療藥物,涉及50多個治療靶點,27種癌癥類型,目前中國已經(jīng)上市的靶向藥物(包括進(jìn)口和國產(chǎn))共涉及21種癌癥,45種藥物(截至發(fā)稿前)。靶向藥物應(yīng)用的日益廣泛在改善腫瘤應(yīng)答的同時也伴隨著多種多樣的皮膚不良事件(Dermatologic Adverse Events,dAEs)發(fā)生,癥狀負(fù)擔(dān)以及伴隨的癥狀干擾會嚴(yán)重影響患者的健康相關(guān)生命質(zhì)量(Health Related Quality of Life,HRQoL)[1]。為了對dAEs進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的評估已經(jīng)開發(fā)了一系列工具,以美國國家癌癥研究所的不良事件通用術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NCI-CTCAE)為代表的臨床醫(yī)生報告結(jié)局(Clinician-report Outcome,CRO)工具能提供可靠的臨床數(shù)據(jù),而患者報告結(jié)局(Patient-Reported Outcome,PRO)也已經(jīng)被證實是一種有效的、可靠的、可行的和精準(zhǔn)的評價方法[2-3],可與CRO互相補(bǔ)充用于評估dAEs。本綜述基于不同靶點靶向藥物特征性的dAEs臨床表現(xiàn),旨在對此領(lǐng)域相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中使用的PRO工具進(jìn)行梳理總結(jié),比較量表內(nèi)容、量表結(jié)構(gòu)、心理計量學(xué)特性和應(yīng)答者負(fù)擔(dān)等參數(shù),為臨床和科研環(huán)境下評估工具的選擇提供合理建議。
1 靶向藥物所致dAEs的癥狀特點
1.1 皮疹 皮疹是應(yīng)用靶向藥物最常見的皮膚毒性,皮疹表現(xiàn)常描述為痤瘡樣皮疹,通常在初次使用藥物后7~10 d出現(xiàn),在4~6周內(nèi)達(dá)到最嚴(yán)重,并在停藥后12~16周內(nèi)緩解[4]。表皮生長因子受體(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor,EGFR)抑制劑導(dǎo)致的皮疹在不同的臨床試驗中發(fā)生率范圍是45%~100%[5],常見藥物如酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors,TKIs)吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、??颂婺岬龋魍孜魡慰沟钠ふ畎l(fā)生率與嚴(yán)重程度高于TKIs[6]。由于不可逆的抑制和廣泛的抑制作用,二代TKIs如阿法替尼,達(dá)可替尼等具有較一代TKIs更頻繁和嚴(yán)重的dAEs發(fā)生[7],三代TKIs如奧希替尼的皮疹發(fā)生率已經(jīng)大為降低。BRAF抑制劑如維莫非尼具有特征性的皮疹表現(xiàn),呈毛周角化病樣皮疹[8]。其余靶向藥物,例如多激酶抑制劑(Multi-kinase Inhibitors,MKIs)如舒尼替尼、索拉菲尼[9],間變性淋巴瘤激酶(Anadegenerative Lymphoma Kinase,ALK)抑制劑如阿來替尼和克唑替尼[10]的皮疹發(fā)生率均較EGFR抑制劑低,而靶向人表皮生長因子受體-2(Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2,Her-2)的曲妥珠單抗導(dǎo)致皮疹發(fā)生率只有1%[11]。
1.2 干燥和瘙癢 干燥和瘙癢可能與皮疹重疊,屬于大多數(shù)靶向藥物常見的皮膚毒性,如EGFR抑制劑,MEK抑制劑等。干燥和瘙癢不但發(fā)生率高于皮疹,并且對HRQoL的影響也高于皮疹,按順序為瘙癢(24.2%)、干燥癥(18.9%)、皮膚灼熱感(8.4%)和皮疹(6.3%)[12]。
1.3 手足皮膚反應(yīng) 手足皮膚反應(yīng)(Hand and Foot Skin Reaction,HFSR)典型影響手掌、腳底和任何摩擦增加的區(qū)域,患者可能會有麻木、刺痛等感覺異常[13],幾周后發(fā)生的疼痛和角化過度病變會進(jìn)一步限制日常生活活動。靶向血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,VEGF)信號通路的血管生成抑制劑,尤其是MKIs如舒尼替尼、索拉菲尼、瑞戈非尼、安羅替尼等最常引起HFSR,一項匯總分析表明與之相關(guān)的所有級別HFSR發(fā)生率為35.0%[14]。
1.4 黏膜異常 口腔黏膜炎是雷帕霉素靶蛋白(Mammalian Target of Rapamycin,mTOR)抑制劑依維莫司最常見的劑量限制性毒性病變,出現(xiàn)疼痛、口干、味覺改變、口腔灼熱感等癥狀,大部分發(fā)生在治療的前8周內(nèi);≥3級毒性發(fā)生率為5%[15]。伊馬替尼導(dǎo)致的口腔黏膜毒性相較EGFR抑制劑和mTOR抑制劑來說更具特異性,呈現(xiàn)類苔蘚反應(yīng),伴有癥狀性潰瘍、糜爛或萎縮性病變[16]。吡咯替尼是我國原研小分子靶向藥,目前報道最多的不良反應(yīng)是口腔潰瘍[17]。盡管這種不良反應(yīng)通常是自限性的,但病變引起的不適癥狀、進(jìn)食困難等導(dǎo)致患者非常痛苦。除了口腔黏膜改變外,亦有干眼癥的報道[18]。
1.5 其他dAEs 如指甲異常、毛發(fā)改變、光敏性、色素改變、皮膚繼發(fā)腫瘤等。指甲改變主要是指甲溝炎、指尖開裂,以及指(趾)甲變脆、甲裂、甲板生長減緩等,伴有疼痛,發(fā)生于治療2~4個月后,對患者日常生活活動影響較大。毛發(fā)異常表現(xiàn)為脫發(fā)、多毛、睫毛卷曲、毛發(fā)變脆、易斷和變色等改變,脫發(fā)通常在EGFR抑制劑治療開始后2~4個月出現(xiàn),而在治療1~2個月后可能會出現(xiàn)多毛癥[19]。靶向藥物誘導(dǎo)的光敏性特征在于紫外線誘導(dǎo)引起的紅斑、灼熱感,伴或不伴疼痛,并可見輕度至重度脫皮[8,20]。一些靶向藥物能導(dǎo)致色素沉著過度或不足,如伊馬替尼[21],舒尼替尼[22]等。據(jù)報道接受維莫非尼、曲美替尼治療的患者會發(fā)展成繼發(fā)性皮膚腫瘤和其他過度增殖性病變,例如鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(Squamous Cell Carcinoma,SCC)和角化棘皮瘤(Keratinoacanthoma,KA)[8],繼發(fā)性皮膚腫瘤具有低轉(zhuǎn)移潛能,通常自發(fā)性消退,并且容易治愈。伊馬替尼的使用常導(dǎo)致水腫,以眶周水腫尤其明顯[23]。伊布替尼臨床使用中也會觀察到皮膚相關(guān)損傷如瘀點、青腫的發(fā)生,據(jù)報道發(fā)生率2%~27%[24]。我國自主研發(fā)的新一代BTK抑制劑澤布替尼不良反應(yīng)顯示有32.5%的青腫和13.0%的瘀點發(fā)生率[25]。
2 評估靶向治療dAEs的PRO工具
2.1 特定于皮膚病學(xué)的工具(適用于所有皮膚疾?。?/p>
2.1.1 Skindex系列量表(Skindex-29,Skindex-16,Skindex-17) 在皮膚病學(xué)專用的HRQoL工具中,Skindex-29一度被認(rèn)為是最佳工具[26]。該量表詢問患者各項目描述狀況所發(fā)生的頻率。每個項目均按5項量表進(jìn)行評分(從不、很少、有時、經(jīng)常、總是)。Skindex-29是有效、可靠且響應(yīng)迅速的量表[27]。Skindex-16由Skindex-29發(fā)展而來,具有2個新功能:1)更少的問題;2)測量由疾病引起的困擾大小,而不是發(fā)作頻率。在臨床中,Skindex-16簡潔可行,具有高度的內(nèi)部一致性,可解釋性強(qiáng),能夠?qū)ζつw疾病的臨床變化做出響應(yīng)[28]。國內(nèi)學(xué)者已經(jīng)對其進(jìn)行了漢化并評估了信效度[29],中文版本同樣具有較高的內(nèi)部一致性(Cronbach′s α 0.86~0.96)。Skindex-17使用Rasch分析從Skindex-29衍生而來[30],以3點量表(“從不”“很少/有時”和“經(jīng)常/總是”)給出答案。Skindex系列問卷均為皮膚病學(xué)通用HRQoL量表,并且已經(jīng)在靶向治療dAEs領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用,以Skindex-16應(yīng)用最多。Skindex-16和Skindex-17具備量表較短的實際優(yōu)勢,缺點在于它們未涵蓋毛發(fā)改變、指甲病變及黏膜損傷等相關(guān)癥狀項目,會造成重要信息丟失。見表1。
2.1.2 皮膚病生命質(zhì)量指數(shù) 皮膚病生命質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Dermatology Life Quality Index,DLQI)是一個10項簡短問卷,用于評估皮膚疾病對生命質(zhì)量的影響[31]。中文版本經(jīng)評估具有良好的心理計量學(xué)特性[32],按4分制評分(非常嚴(yán)重、嚴(yán)重、少許、無)[33]。DLQI是第一個,也是應(yīng)用最廣泛的皮膚病特異性HRQoL工具,但仍有局限性,它專注于患者在日?;顒又械墓δ?,不能完全捕捉情緒和心理健康,這表明,DLQI在皮膚病輕微的患者或主要影響情緒的癥狀(如瘙癢和脫發(fā))中可能缺乏概念上的有效性。該量表提供不同的管理表格,包括插圖版,家庭版和兒童版。見表1。
2.1.3 PRO不良事件通用術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 是不良事件通用術(shù)語標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events,CTCAE)的PRO版本,以直接從患者那里收集主觀癥狀[34]。PRO-CTCAE是通用的評估工具,可以根據(jù)研究目的挑選適合的項目,我們梳理了有關(guān)靶向治療導(dǎo)致dAEs的癥狀項,結(jié)果顯示有10項(痤瘡樣皮疹、皮疹、皮膚干燥、皮膚瘙癢、脫發(fā)、HFSR、光敏感、皮膚色素沉著、蕁麻疹和口腔黏膜炎)。該項目庫中對指甲項目的描述更適合評估化學(xué)藥物治療導(dǎo)致的指甲損傷(指甲板或指甲基質(zhì)病變),并不符合靶向藥物所致指甲損傷的特點(甲溝炎和甲周化膿性肉芽腫)。此外,缺乏對結(jié)膜受損癥狀(如干眼癥)評估的問題。PRO-CTCAE以評價癥狀性不良事件為主,并非HRQoL工具,因此欠缺對生命質(zhì)量干擾的評估,另外,使用選定的癥狀性AE可以減輕患者負(fù)擔(dān),但也可能導(dǎo)致報告不完整[35]。見表1。
2.2 特定于某種皮膚病學(xué)的工具(特定于評估靶向藥物dAEs)
2.2.1 癌癥治療功能評價-表皮生長因子受體抑制劑-18量表 癌癥治療功能評價-表皮生長因子受體抑制劑-18(FACT EGFRI-18)旨在評估EGFR抑制劑相關(guān)dAEs對HRQoL的影響[36]。問卷中17個問題圍繞皮膚不良事件,只有一個問題針對黏膜不良事件(干眼癥)。量表回應(yīng)分?jǐn)?shù)介于0~4之間,回應(yīng)類別包括“一點也不”“一點”“有點”“相當(dāng)多”和“非常多”。由于FACT EGFRI-18是針對EGFR抑制劑而開發(fā),所以涵蓋了頭發(fā)、指甲和黏膜的相關(guān)評估項目,在荷蘭FACT-EGFRI-18被確定為與靶向dAEs癥狀負(fù)擔(dān)相關(guān)的生命質(zhì)量的適當(dāng)測量工具[37],但參與研究的患者多數(shù)反映并非所有想要報告的dAEs都包含在問卷中,例如,關(guān)于眼睛敏感,口干,皮膚和頭皮的刺痛感和壓痛感,其他口腔問題如牙齒敏感、口味變化,口腔灼熱感等。FACT EGFRI-18仍然是一個比較新的工具,尚未得到充分驗證。見表1。
2.2.2 手足綜合征-14量表 如前所述,一些抗血管生成MKIs與HFSR相關(guān)。手足綜合征-14(Hand Foot Syndrome-14,HFS-14)工具是一種簡單易用的手足綜合征特異性患者自我評估QoL量表[38]。14個項目側(cè)重于評估患者功能受損程度,另外有2個單獨的問題涉及評估癥狀負(fù)擔(dān):一個用于測量肢體受累(手、腳或二者皆有),另一個用于測量疼痛有無。該量表作為一個生命質(zhì)量量表,并未評估其他HFSR常見癥狀負(fù)擔(dān),且沒有設(shè)置明確的回憶期。見表1。
2.2.3 HFSR生命質(zhì)量量表 盡管已經(jīng)存在HFS-14工具,但其缺乏與病情相關(guān)的更廣泛的癥狀負(fù)擔(dān)評估;2015年,Anderson等[39]開發(fā)了HFSR生命質(zhì)量量表(HF-QoL),HF-QoL工具包括20項的癥狀子量表和18項的日常活動子量表。癥狀子量表中根據(jù)“足”“手和手指”區(qū)分了不同病位,仔細(xì)詢問了皮膚顏色、指甲變化、疼痛、腫脹、麻木、角化過度等HFSR癥狀體驗,較HFS-14能夠評估更廣泛的癥狀負(fù)擔(dān);日?;顒幼恿勘戆?個子域(身體、自我護(hù)理、社交和心理),用于評估癥狀負(fù)擔(dān)對QoL的影響程度。經(jīng)測試,2個子量表均具有出色的心理測量特性,研究認(rèn)為HF-QoL量表是評估HFSR的適合工具[39]。見表1。
3 結(jié)語
鑒于靶向藥物所致dAEs影響抗癌治療方案的實施并影響患者的生命質(zhì)量,在臨床中多采取預(yù)防性干預(yù)措施?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)常規(guī)多采用抗生素類、類固醇類藥物,中醫(yī)藥根據(jù)辨證、辨病結(jié)合的優(yōu)勢在降低皮膚毒性方面發(fā)揮了獨特的作用[40-41]。但最佳治療方案的產(chǎn)生依賴于對療效做出準(zhǔn)確評估。實踐證明PRO能夠更好地反映患者的體驗和感知,有利于改善dAEs的報告和治療。要選擇合適的PRO工具,應(yīng)權(quán)衡工具的心理測量學(xué)特征、預(yù)期的研究目的、干預(yù)措施的作用特點等綜合而定。
為滿足臨床研究評估方法的一致性,減少防治靶向藥物dAEs臨床研究的異質(zhì)性,考慮到現(xiàn)有PRO工具未滿足的臨床和研究需求,可以開展如下探索性研究:1)研發(fā)適于各類靶向藥物dAEs評估的通用量表,可以全面評估各類靶向藥物皮膚毒性所致的共性癥狀負(fù)擔(dān)和功能影響;2)不同靶點靶向藥物特征性的癥狀性dAEs可作為特異性附加條目,在通用量表基礎(chǔ)上形成適于評估某類靶向藥物dAEs的專用量表;3)增加現(xiàn)有量表在應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn)的未滿足臨床患者需求的重要條目。此外,結(jié)合中醫(yī)整體觀念和辨證論治的診療特點,一方面在局部皮膚表現(xiàn)評估的同時,注重全身系統(tǒng)癥狀的評估,另一方面可探索開發(fā)適合中醫(yī)藥療效特點的集全身系統(tǒng)癥狀、局部皮膚癥狀、舌象等條目在內(nèi)的復(fù)合評估工具,有助于探索靶向治療階段不同中醫(yī)辨證分型的臨床研究,推動中醫(yī)藥優(yōu)勢作用的科學(xué)評價。
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(2021-04-23收稿 責(zé)任編輯:王明)