李建高
一、現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞have / has + 動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。have not??s寫為haven’t,has not常縮寫為hasn’t?,F(xiàn)在完成時的肯定句、否定句和一般疑問句及答語分別為:
肯定句:主語 + have / has + 動詞過去分詞 + 其他。如:
I have already finished all the work. 我已經(jīng)完成了所有的工作。
否定句:主語 + haven’t / hasn’t + 動詞過去分詞 + 其他。如:
It’s time for class, but Linda hasn’t come yet. 上課時間到了,但琳達還沒有來。
一般疑問句:Have / Has + 主語 + 動詞過去分詞 + 其他?肯定回答為:Yes, 主語 + have / has。否定回答為:No, 主語 + haven’t / hasn’t。如:
—Have you visited the history museum yet? 你已經(jīng)參觀過歷史博物館了嗎?
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 是的,我參觀過了。/ 不,我沒有參觀過。
[助動詞have和has可以和前面的主語縮略為’ve和’s,如:they’ve, she’s, it’s等。][注意]
二、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
1. 表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,常和just、already、yet、ever、never、so far等連用。如:
So far, we have already learned ten English songs. 到目前為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了10首英文歌曲。
—Have you found him yet? 你已經(jīng)找到他了嗎?
—No, he has probably gone home. 沒有,他或許已經(jīng)回家了。
2. 表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),常和for或since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時間的時間狀語連用,即“現(xiàn)在完成時 + for + 時間段”或“現(xiàn)在完成時 + since + 過去的時間點 / 從句”。如:
The Greens have owned the building for over ten years. 格林一家擁有這幢樓房已經(jīng)10多年了。
Paul has had a headache since yesterday. 保羅從昨天開始就頭疼。
Since he got to Beijing, he has worked there. 自從他到了北京就一直在那兒工作。
現(xiàn)在完成時中,如果有since / for...出現(xiàn),其主句的謂語動詞通常用延續(xù)性動詞。如果是短暫性動詞,常常把它轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞。常見的轉(zhuǎn)化方式有:
(1) 轉(zhuǎn)化為其他動詞:buy→ have、borrow→ keep、become→ be等。
(2) 轉(zhuǎn)化為“be + 形容詞 / 副詞 / 介詞短語”:begin / start→ be on、close→ be closed、die→ be dead、finish→ be over、marry→ be married、sleep→ be asleep、return→ be back、arrive→ be here、leave / go→ be away等。
[短暫性動詞的否定形式可以和since / for ...搭配使用。如:
I haven’t seen Susan for months. 我好幾個月沒有看到蘇珊了。][注意]
三、have been to、have gone to和have been in的含義
have been to表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”,但現(xiàn)在人已經(jīng)不在那里了;have gone to表示“已經(jīng)去某地了”,說話時人已不在現(xiàn)場,可能在去某地的途中也可能已經(jīng)到達目的地;have been in常與表示一段時間的狀語連用,表示“在某地待了多長時間”。如:
I have never been to South Africa. 我從來沒有去過南非。
Mrs. Green isn’t in the office. She has gone to the library. 格林夫人不在辦公室,她已經(jīng)去圖書館了。
They have been in Shandong for ten years. 他們已經(jīng)在山東10年了。
[當have been to和have gone to后接home、here、there等地點副詞時,to要省略。][注意]
四、現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以它不能直接和表示過去某一時間的時間狀語連用,如:yesterday、last night、three weeks ago、in 2007等。而一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,強調(diào)的是過去的情況,它可以和表示過去某一時間的時間狀語連用。如:
I have been to Beijing. 我去過北京。(我對北京有所了解)
I went to Beijing last year. 我去年去過北京。(只說我去年去過北京,不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況)
She has lived here since 2008. 2008年以來她一直住在這里。(她現(xiàn)在還住在這里)
She lived here in 2008. 2008年她住在這里。(不涉及現(xiàn)在她是否還住在這里)
[真題回放]
1. (2020 ·北京) We_________________each other since I came to Beijing, but we send emails very often.
A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. won’t see D. haven’t seen
【答案與解析】D. 由時間狀語since I came to Being可判斷,句中的謂語動詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時,其否定句是在have或has后加not,故選D。
2. (2020·天津)—The book is popular. _____________you_____________it yet?
—Yes, I have.
A. Are; reading B. Were; reading C. Have; read D. Will; read
【答案與解析】C. 由完成時標志詞yet可判斷,句中的謂語動詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時,其一般疑問句是將have或has提至句首,故選C。
3. (2020·甘肅·天水) —The Whites have_____________Hong Kong.
—Oh, really? I have never ______ there before.
A. been to; gone B. gone to; been C. been to; gone to D. gone to; been to
【答案與解析】B. have gone to意為“已經(jīng)去某地了”,have been to意為“曾經(jīng)到過某地”。當兩者后接地點副詞時,to要省略。根據(jù)語境,可確定答案選B。
[即時演練]
一、單項選擇。
1. (2020·四川·涼山) —It’s 20 years since we came back to Liangshan.
—How time flies! We_____________in our hometown for such a long time.
A. work B. worked C. has worked D. have worked
2. (2020·遼寧·丹東) —Mum, where is dad?
—He_____________the supermarket.
A. was going to B. has gone to C. has been to D. is going to
3. (2020·江蘇·南通) Mr. Jiang_____________the company to develop the 5G network for years. Now he works as the chief engineer in it.
A. joined B. was a member of
C. has joined D. has been a member of
4. (2020·江蘇·宿遷) —Do you know Sunshine Town very well, Mr. Chen?
—Sure. I_____________here since I was born.
A. has lived B. lived C. have lived D. lives
5. (2020·遼寧·營口) Not only Jim but also Lucy_____________a few cities since they came to China.
A. will visit B. visited C. have visited D. has visited
二、按要求改寫下列句子,每空一詞。
1. Bob borrowed the book two days ago. (改為同義句)
Bob_______________________________________the book__________________________two days.
2. My father has already made a toy car for me. (改為否定句)
My father__________________________a toy car for me__________________________.
3. I have communicated with that new student. (改為一般疑問句)
____________________________________________________with that new student?
4. The boy has been to Qingdao once. (對畫線部分提問)
____________________________________________________has the boy been to Qingdao?
5. It has been half a year since Alan came to Beijing. (改為同義句)
Alan_______________________________________Beijing for half a year.
參考答案:
一、1~5 DBDCD
二、1. has kept; for 2. hasn’t made; yet 3. Have you communicated 4. How many times 5. has been in
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·提升版2021年3期