趙丹 葉樺
【摘要】非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)已發(fā)展為慢性肝病的主要病因,嚴(yán)重影響著公眾健康。NAFLD通常與肥胖癥及其并發(fā)癥相關(guān),但近幾年發(fā)現(xiàn)非肥胖性NAFLD患病率逐漸增加,這可能表明,除了肥胖、糖尿病、血脂異常等代謝因素外,其他因素也可能在脂肪肝的發(fā)展及其向NASH的發(fā)展過程中起重要作用。最近有研究表明睡眠及晝夜節(jié)律紊亂可通過干擾脂質(zhì)代謝、影響胰島素抵抗及腸道菌群等,從而在NAFLD發(fā)病機制中發(fā)揮重要作用。本文是對睡眠及晝夜節(jié)律與NAFLD關(guān)系的研究進展進行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】非酒精性脂肪性肝病;睡眠;晝夜節(jié)律;代謝性疾病;生物鐘
基金項目:浙江省自然科學(xué)基金(LGF19H030006);寧波市自然科學(xué)基金(2019C50100)
1.NAFLD及其發(fā)病機制
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。╪on-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是指排除過量飲酒、病毒感染或其他肝臟疾病,以肝臟脂肪異常累積為特點的臨床病理綜合征。目前NAFLD全球發(fā)病率約為25%,亞洲地區(qū)則高達約29.6%。NAFLD涵蓋了從非酒精性單純性脂肪肝(NAFL)到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的廣泛范圍的肝損傷,部分NASH甚至更進一步發(fā)展為肝硬化乃至肝細胞癌(HCC),其在美國等發(fā)達國家日益成為肝移植的指標(biāo)。
NAFLD與胰島素抵抗和遺傳易感性十分相關(guān),但其確切致病機制目前尚不清楚。1998年Day和James首次提出NAFLD發(fā)病機制的“二次打擊”學(xué)說。該學(xué)說認為“初次打擊”是各種因素導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂,進而促進肝臟細胞脂肪變,其中心環(huán)節(jié)是胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)。其后的“二次打擊”是通過各類炎癥介質(zhì)造成肝損傷的過程。近年越來越多的研究更加支持“多重打擊”理論,即在具有遺傳傾向的個體中,炎癥的發(fā)生往往先于脂肪變性,炎癥可能與多種因素如氧化應(yīng)激、細胞因子的改變、游離脂肪酸(FFA)、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ERS)、肝臟脂毒性、鐵超載、腸道菌群失調(diào)、表觀遺傳、生活及飲食方式、睡眠與晝夜節(jié)律等共同促進NASH的發(fā)生。
2.睡眠
睡眠占據(jù)了我們?nèi)祟惣s1/3的時間,對于人類的生活、工作及身體健康的重要性不言而喻?!?020-2021年中國睡眠指數(shù)報告》調(diào)查顯示在社會變遷、城市化發(fā)展、信息大爆炸及其他越來越多的因素影響下,國人的睡眠質(zhì)量不斷下降,睡得晚、睡得短、睡得淺成為國人睡眠的現(xiàn)實寫照。
當(dāng)前睡眠不足與睡眠障礙已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代社會的常態(tài),且與2型糖尿病、心血管病、非酒精性脂肪性肝病及腫瘤等各類疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有密切的相關(guān)性。胰島素抵抗是公認的代謝性疾病的重要環(huán)節(jié),而睡眠不足與睡眠障礙都會誘發(fā)葡萄糖耐受異常和胰島素抵抗。一項系統(tǒng)性回顧11項研究的Meta分析顯示,2型糖尿病的患病風(fēng)險與睡眠時長呈U型關(guān)系,短睡眠時長與長睡眠時長都與2型糖尿病的患病風(fēng)險增加顯著相關(guān)。韓國的一項人群追蹤調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),與保持7小時睡眠的女性相比,睡眠時長不足的女性發(fā)生高血壓的風(fēng)險更高。Yazdanpanah 等在伊朗進行的一項橫斷面研究,通過Framingham風(fēng)險評分來預(yù)測心血管事件,發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠少于6小時的受試者患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險增加,且睡眠為8-8.9小時的受試者心肌梗死患病率最低。一項關(guān)于睡眠時間與癌癥特異性死亡率和全因死亡率的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠時間過長會增加所有癌癥的特異性死亡率,同時乳腺癌患者的全因死亡率也會增加。睡眠改變在許多常見的消化系統(tǒng)疾病中也發(fā)揮重要作用,例如非酒精性脂肪肝、胃食管反流病、腸易激綜合征和炎癥性腸病等。
3.睡眠與NAFLD
3.1睡眠不足
睡眠不足主要是由睡眠時間短和睡眠質(zhì)量不佳二者造成。Kim等人通過評估69463名中年工人及其配偶的睡眠時間,并通過收集生化、BMI等數(shù)據(jù),及通過B超判斷脂肪肝的存在,在控制相關(guān)混雜因素后發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠時間短與NAFLD風(fēng)險增加顯著相關(guān)。近年的幾項大數(shù)據(jù)人群研究也同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠時間短與NAFLD發(fā)病風(fēng)險之間呈負相關(guān)性。日本的一項對12306名參與者進行為期7年左右的隨訪研究,將參與者按睡眠時間分為4組:>7、6-7、5-6、≤5,發(fā)現(xiàn)與睡眠時間>7小時的人群相比,睡眠時間≤5小時是發(fā)生NAFLD的顯著風(fēng)險因素。一項系統(tǒng)性回顧16項研究的Meta分析顯示,短睡眠時間(≤6h)不僅可增加NAFLD的發(fā)病風(fēng)險,且睡眠時間越短NAFLD的患病率越高。然而也有其他研究顯示了不同結(jié)果,Chou等的研究認為睡眠時間與NAFLD無獨立關(guān)系,甚至有研究認為睡眠時間短可降低男性NAFLD發(fā)病的風(fēng)險。
睡眠質(zhì)量不佳與NAFLD之間的相關(guān)性也已被證實。中國臺灣的一項隊列研究表明,在男性中睡眠質(zhì)量差與患NAFLD的風(fēng)險增強有關(guān)。Takahashi等采用匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(PSOI)對4828名受試者的睡眠情況進行評價,該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠質(zhì)量與NAFLD相關(guān),且存在性別差異。系統(tǒng)性回顧研究的一項Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,在女性中睡眠質(zhì)量差可能增加NAFLD發(fā)病風(fēng)險。
基于這些研究,我們推斷睡眠不足導(dǎo)致NAFLD的發(fā)病機制有以下幾個可能。首先,白細胞介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎性細胞因子的參與是NAFLD發(fā)病機制的重要一環(huán),而已有研究證實睡眠不足會引起多個炎性細胞因子的改變。其次,睡眠不足會促使部分激素變化,進而增加食欲,如胃饑餓素(ghrelin)水平升高和瘦素(leptin)水平降低。同時睡眠不足的人往往也會因為繁忙的生活節(jié)奏或身體疲勞而減少日常鍛煉。第三,研究表明慢性睡眠不足會激動下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸,升高血漿中皮質(zhì)類固醇的水平,進而造成胰島素抵抗。此外,已知皮質(zhì)醇和其他糖皮質(zhì)激素可促進外周脂肪組織的脂質(zhì)動員,并促進肝臟中的脂肪形成。
3.2過長睡眠
雖然目前大多數(shù)研究都支持短睡眠時間與NAFLD患病率增加有相關(guān)性,但近幾年也有不少人群研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過長睡眠才是導(dǎo)致NAFLD發(fā)生發(fā)展的又一因素。一項在韓國中年人中進行的隊列研究(n=8841)發(fā)現(xiàn),在調(diào)整其他基本因素后,睡眠時間較長組的NAFLD得分高于睡眠時間較短組的,這表明睡眠時間越長,NAFLD的發(fā)病率越高。在武漢進行的一項研究,通過比較8965名不同睡眠時間的健康受試者在5年隨訪期間內(nèi)NAFLD的患病率,發(fā)現(xiàn)夜間睡眠時間短(<7小時/天)與NAFLD無明顯關(guān)聯(lián),而長時間的夜間睡眠反而與NAFLD風(fēng)險的適度增加有關(guān)。此外,也有相關(guān)的假說支持這一結(jié)果??偰芰肯陌o息代謝率、體力活動和飲食誘導(dǎo)的產(chǎn)熱,而已知睡眠時比清醒時消耗更少的能量,因此更有可能促進NAFLD的形成。
3.3其他睡眠
白天午睡在亞洲地區(qū)是一種常見的社會現(xiàn)象,但在西方文化中卻很少見。迄今為止,人們對午睡與健康之間的影響知之甚少,尤其是對代謝性疾病。Ghazizadeh等在中東進行的一項人群研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)午睡與代謝綜合征存在著顯著的關(guān)聯(lián)。Peng等在上海市嘉定區(qū)進行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在中老年人中白天午睡時間長與患NAFLD的風(fēng)險增加呈正相關(guān)。隨著快節(jié)奏的社會生活,工作日減少睡眠時間,而周末補覺越來越成為年輕人中的一種常態(tài)。Son等的研究表明,每天保持充足的睡眠時間有利于預(yù)防代謝性疾病,并發(fā)現(xiàn)在每天睡眠少于6小時的韓國成年人中,周末補覺與降低代謝綜合征患病率相關(guān)。
3.4阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(OSAHS)與NAFLD
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征(obsctructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是指在睡眠過程中由多種病因引起上呼吸道狹窄或阻塞塌陷,引起反復(fù)發(fā)生呼吸暫停及間歇低氧血癥,出現(xiàn)低氧血癥、高碳酸血癥、睡眠結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂及多系統(tǒng)損害的臨床綜合征。慢性間歇性低氧(intermittenthypoxia,IH)是OSAHS引發(fā)多器官病理改變的基礎(chǔ),長期IH可導(dǎo)致慢性肝臟損害、炎癥反應(yīng)和纖維化的發(fā)生,從而導(dǎo)致NAFLD及NASH的發(fā)生發(fā)展。臨床上OSAHS患者與NAFLD常合并存在。肥胖與OSAHS密切相關(guān),肥胖人群中OSAHS患病率高達40%-60%,而在肥胖癥患者中NAFLD患病率為60%-90%。Ding等研究表明,單純鼾癥和輕、中、重度OSA組患者并發(fā)NAFLD的比例分別為37.21%、69.09%、68.34%、78.08%,且脂肪肝的程度與OSAHS的嚴(yán)重程度正相關(guān)。盡管現(xiàn)有的研究表明OSAHS對NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展是有影響的,但目前仍缺乏足夠高質(zhì)量的臨床及動物研究證明兩者之間相互作用的多重機制。
4.晝夜節(jié)律與NAFLD
地球繞太陽進行公轉(zhuǎn)形成光(晝)和暗(夜)之間的周期性改變,為了適應(yīng)這種環(huán)境變量,包括哺乳動物在內(nèi)的大多數(shù)物種已經(jīng)進化出一種稱為生物鐘(Circadian clock,CC)的近24小時內(nèi)源性計時裝置,是一種細胞自主的分子機制,在分子水平上也是有層次的運行,細胞節(jié)律振蕩使大量時鐘基因有節(jié)律的表達,導(dǎo)致機體生理和行為的明顯改變。
4.1 晝夜節(jié)律調(diào)節(jié)機制
晝夜節(jié)律主要是由視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGC)檢測到的光引起的,由下丘腦視交叉上核的中央鐘驅(qū)動。晝夜節(jié)律不局限于大腦,也存在于外周組織中,如脂肪組織、肝臟、腸道、免疫系統(tǒng)等。晝夜節(jié)律鐘的關(guān)鍵機制是轉(zhuǎn)錄-翻譯負反饋環(huán)路(transcription-translationfeedbackloops,TTFL),目前比較明確的反饋環(huán)路主要有兩條。其一,時鐘基因(Period,Per)和隱花色素基因(Cryptochrome,Cry)由CLOCK/BMAL1和NPAS2/BMAL1異二聚體激活并轉(zhuǎn)錄,其翻譯的PER和CRY蛋白進入細胞核并抑制其自身的轉(zhuǎn)錄,然后新的晝夜節(jié)律周期再次開始。其二,由核受體亞家族1D(nuclearreceptorsubfamily 1 group D member,NR1D,亦稱為REV-ERBα)與RAR相關(guān)的孤兒受體(RAR relatedorphanreceptor,RORα)家族組成,CLOCK/BMAL1異二聚體激活Rev-erbα和Rorα的轉(zhuǎn)錄,同時競爭性與ROR反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合位點(RORE)結(jié)合,以調(diào)控BMAL1基因的節(jié)律性表達。REV-ERBα蛋白屬于負調(diào)控因子,與Bmal1啟動子結(jié)合并抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄,而RORα蛋白與啟動子區(qū)域結(jié)合可促進Bmal1的轉(zhuǎn)錄。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的第三條自主反饋環(huán)路——DECs,其表達發(fā)揮了時鐘基因的功能,并且DECs可以通過與BMAL1結(jié)合或與CLOCK/BMAL1競爭結(jié)合E-box位點來抑制其自身轉(zhuǎn)錄。通過以上這些各種分子構(gòu)成了完整的轉(zhuǎn)錄-翻譯負反饋環(huán)路,使生物體內(nèi)部環(huán)境與外部環(huán)境得以同步,維持正常的節(jié)律與功能。
4.2 晝夜節(jié)律與NAFLD
Turek等人首次發(fā)現(xiàn)晝夜節(jié)律基因突變的小鼠出現(xiàn)晝夜攝食節(jié)律紊亂,同時有高脂血癥、高瘦素血癥、肝脂肪變性、高血糖等改變。晝夜節(jié)律基因的缺失與肝臟脂肪變性的關(guān)系在多種小鼠模型中已得到證實。關(guān)于小鼠體內(nèi)CLOCK、BMAL1基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其可以影響肝臟脂肪的合成、分解、儲存及利用。另外,REV-ERBα或HDAC3的缺失同樣也會導(dǎo)致高甘油三酯血癥和肝臟脂肪變性。在黑暗期,低濃度的REV-ERBα使HDAC3與肝臟代謝基因的關(guān)聯(lián)性降低,進而更利于脂質(zhì)的生物合成和儲存;在光照期,高濃度的REV-ERBα增加了HDAC3與肝臟代謝基因的關(guān)聯(lián),從而減少了脂質(zhì)的生物合成。高脂飲食喂養(yǎng)下Cry基因缺乏小鼠相與正常小鼠相比更快且更容易出現(xiàn)肥胖,并且其脂質(zhì)代謝相關(guān)基因的表達上調(diào)。從上述的這些研究中不難發(fā)現(xiàn),晝夜節(jié)律基因是肝臟脂質(zhì)代謝的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)劑。因此機體一旦晝夜節(jié)律紊亂,必然導(dǎo)致肝臟脂質(zhì)代謝失調(diào),進而加速NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
5.總結(jié)
睡眠及晝夜節(jié)律改變可干擾脂質(zhì)代謝、影響胰島素抵抗及腸道菌群微生態(tài)等環(huán)節(jié),因此睡眠及晝夜節(jié)律紊亂在NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中扮演了重要的角色,但目前兩者之間確切的分子機制并不明確,仍需要更進一步地探索??傊钊胩骄克呒皶円构?jié)律將為臨床充分認識、診斷和治療NAFLD等代謝性疾病提供新的治療手段及思路。
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