付延鑫 戴昂 董亮 寧康
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) R563.9;R974+.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1001-0408(2021)22-2778-07
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2021.22.16
摘 要 目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)祛痰/抗氧化藥物治療慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的療效與安全性,為臨床用藥提供循證參考。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane 圖書(shū)館、Web of Science、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)等,收集祛痰/抗氧化藥物(試驗(yàn)組)對(duì)比安慰劑(對(duì)照組)治療COPD的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT),檢索時(shí)限均為各數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)起至2021年5月。篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料后采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)員手冊(cè)5.1.0推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)工具對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),采用Gemtc 14.3軟件進(jìn)行一致性檢驗(yàn),采用Stata 15.1軟件進(jìn)行網(wǎng)狀Meta分析和聚類(lèi)分層排序,采用倒漏斗圖進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析。結(jié)果:共納入12項(xiàng)RCT,共計(jì)4 637例患者,共涉及低劑量N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)、高劑量NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦、安慰劑等5種干預(yù)措施。網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,在年急性加重率方面,試驗(yàn)組使用高劑量NAC[MD=-0.45,95%CI(-0.74,-0.17),P<0.05]、羧甲司坦[MD=-0.59,95%CI(-0.86,-0.32),P<0.05]、厄多司坦[MD=-0.26,95%CI(-0.51,-0.01),P<0.05]患者的年急性加重率均顯著低于對(duì)照組,試驗(yàn)組使用高劑量NAC[MD=-0.55,95%CI(-0.98,-0.11),P<0.05]、羧甲司坦[MD=-0.69,95%CI(-1.11,-0.26),P<0.05]患者的年急性加重率均顯著低于低劑量NAC,其余各組組間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);網(wǎng)狀Meta的概率累積排序結(jié)果(以曲線下面積計(jì))為羧甲司坦>高劑量NAC>厄多司坦>安慰劑>低劑量NAC。在不良事件發(fā)生率方面,各組組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);網(wǎng)狀Meta的概率累積排序結(jié)果(以曲線下面積計(jì))為厄多司坦>高劑量NAC>低劑量NAC>安慰劑>羧甲司坦。聚類(lèi)分層排序結(jié)果顯示,5種干預(yù)措施的療效與安全性可聚為3類(lèi),其中療效與安全性均較低的安慰劑和低劑量NAC為一類(lèi),療效好但安全性低的羧甲司坦為一類(lèi),療效與安全性均較好的高劑量NAC和厄多司坦為一類(lèi)。發(fā)表偏倚結(jié)果顯示,以年急性加重率為指標(biāo)時(shí),本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較大,以不良事件發(fā)生率為指標(biāo)時(shí),本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較小。結(jié)論:NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦均可降低COPD患者的年急性加重率,且不會(huì)增加不良事件發(fā)生率。在年急性加重率方面,以羧甲司坦的效果最優(yōu);在安全性方面,以厄多司坦最好。高劑量NAC、厄多司坦的療效與安全性均較好。
關(guān)鍵詞 祛痰/抗氧化藥物;慢性阻塞性肺疾病;療效;安全性;網(wǎng)狀Meta分析;聚類(lèi)分層排序
Efficacy and Safety of Expectorant/antioxidants in the Treatment of COPD: Network Meta-analysis
FU Yanxin1,DAI Ang2,DONG Liang3,NING Kang3(1. College of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Weifang 261053, China; 2. College of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Shandong Weifang 261053, China; 3. Dept. of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China)
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of expectorant/antioxidants in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical use. METHODS: Retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang database, etc., randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about expectorant/antioxidants (trial group) versus placebo (control group) in the treatment of COPD were collected during the inception to May 2021. After literature screening and data extraction, the quality of included literatures were evaluated with risk bias evaluation tool recommended by Cochrane systematic evaluator manual 5.1.0. The consistency check was performed by using Gemtc 14.3 software; network Meta-analysis, clustering and hierarchical sorting were performed with Stata15.1 software. The publication bias was analyzed by inverted funnel plot. RESULTS: A total of 12 RCTs, involving 4 637 patients, were included. Five interventions measures were involved, such as low-dose N-acetylcysteine (NAC), high-dose NAC, carbo- cisteine, erdosteine and placebo. The results of network Meta-analysis showed that in terms of annual acute aggrava- tion rate, the patients receiving high-dose NAC [MD=-0.45, 95%CI(-0.74,-0.17), P<0.05], carbocisteine [MD=-0.59, 95%CI(-0.86,-0.32), P<0.05] and erdosteine [MD=-0.26, 95%CI(-0.51,-0.01), P<0.05] in trial group were significantly lower than those in control group; the annual acute aggravation rate of patients receiving high-dose NAC[MD=-0.55, 95%CI(-0.98,-0.11), P<0.05] and carbocisteine [MD=-0.69, 95%CI(-1.11,-0.26), P<0.05] in trial group were significantly lower than those receiving low-dose of NAC, there was no statistical significance among other groups (P>0.05); probability cumulative ranking results (calculated by the area under the curve) of its network Meta-analysis was carbocisteine>high-dose NAC>erdosteine>placebo>low-dose NAC. In terms of the incidence of ADR, there was no statistical significance among groups (P>0.05); probability cumulative ranking results (calculated by the area under the curve) of its network Meta-analysis was erdosteine>high-dose NAC>low-dose NAC>placebo>carbocisteine. The results of clustering and hierarchical ranking showed that the efficacy and safety of the five interventions could be grouped into three categories, including placebo and low-dose NAC with low efficacy and safety, carbocisteine with good efficacy but low safety, and high-dose NAC and erdosteine with good efficacy and safety. The results of publication bias showed that taking the annual acute exacerbation rate as the index, there was a greater possibility of publication bias in this study; taking the incidence of adverse event as index, there was little possibility of publication bias in this study. CONCLUSIONS: NAC, carbocisteine and erdosteine all can reduce the annual acute aggravation rate and have low incidence of ADR. Carbocisteine is the best in terms of annual acute aggravation rate, erdosteine is the best in terms of safety. High-dose NAC and erdosteine are both better in term of efficacy and safety.
KEYWORDS? ?Expectorant/antioxidants; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Efficacy; Safety; Network Meta-analysis; Clustering and hierarchical sorting
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)簡(jiǎn)稱“慢阻肺”,多發(fā)于中老年人群[1],是一種可以預(yù)防和治療的慢性氣道疾病,具有進(jìn)行性、不完全可逆性氣流受限等特點(diǎn)[2]。據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織最新預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,COPD的重癥率將在未來(lái)40年內(nèi)呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),預(yù)計(jì)至2060年,每年將有540多萬(wàn)人死于COPD及相關(guān)疾病[2-3]。COPD的病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)涉及多個(gè)方面,包括黏液高分泌、氧化應(yīng)激以及氣道、肺部炎癥等[4]?!堵宰枞苑渭膊≡\治指南(2021年修訂版)》推薦應(yīng)用祛痰/抗氧化藥物預(yù)防COPD急性加重,并提示具有溶解黏液和抗炎、抗氧化作用的活性藥物可以給該病的治療帶來(lái)希望[5]。
目前,臨床應(yīng)用的祛痰/抗氧化藥物包括N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)、厄多司坦、羧甲司坦、福多司坦、氨溴索等。有研究指出,高劑量的NAC可顯著降低COPD和慢性支氣管炎患者的急性加重率,且不會(huì)增加其不良事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6-7];厄多司坦可延長(zhǎng)COPD患者的首次加重時(shí)間,縮短急性加重持續(xù)時(shí)間并降低住院風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8];羧甲司坦可減少COPD患者的總加重次數(shù),改善生活質(zhì)量[9];福多司坦聯(lián)合噻托溴銨能改善COPD患者的6 min步行距離和肺功能,且安全性好[10];氨溴索能有效緩解老年COPD患者的臨床癥狀,改善肺功能,并能降低體內(nèi)炎癥因子水平[11]。由于目前缺乏藥物間頭對(duì)頭直接比較的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(randomized controlled trial,RCT),因此哪種藥物的療效與安全性最優(yōu)尚存在爭(zhēng)議,給臨床治療藥物的選擇造成了困擾。
網(wǎng)狀Meta分析是基于傳統(tǒng)Meta分析發(fā)展而來(lái)的一種分析方法,可同時(shí)進(jìn)行直接和間接比較,以評(píng)估多種干預(yù)措施的相對(duì)結(jié)果,從而篩選出最優(yōu)治療方案[12]?;诖耍狙芯坎捎镁W(wǎng)狀Meta分析的方法探討了祛痰/抗氧化藥物治療COPD的療效與安全性,旨在為臨床用藥提供循證參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1.1 研究類(lèi)型 本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)類(lèi)型為國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的RCT。語(yǔ)言限定為中文和英文。
1.1.2 研究對(duì)象 本研究納入文獻(xiàn)中的患者均符合《慢性阻塞性肺疾病診治指南(2013年修訂版)》中的相關(guān)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13];年齡≥40歲。
1.1.3 干預(yù)措施 試驗(yàn)組患者給予祛痰/抗氧化藥物,包括NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦、福多司坦、氨溴索等;對(duì)照患者給予安慰劑。兩組患者的用藥劑量、療程均不限。
1.1.4 結(jié)局指標(biāo) 本研究的結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括:①年急性加重率;②不良事件發(fā)生率。
1.1.5 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 本研究的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括:①重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);②結(jié)局指標(biāo)不一致或未提供充分原始數(shù)據(jù)且索取無(wú)果的文獻(xiàn);③社論、病例報(bào)告、綜述、指南和薈萃分析等。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane圖書(shū)館、Web of Science、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。中文檢索詞為“慢性阻塞性肺疾病”“N-乙酰半胱氨酸”“羧甲司坦”“厄多司坦”“福多司坦”“氨溴索”,中文檢索式為“主題詞=慢性阻塞性肺疾病AND(N-乙酰半胱氨酸OR羧甲司坦OR厄多司坦OR福多司坦OR氨溴索)”;英文檢索詞為 “COPD”“chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases”“acetylcysteine” “carbocysteine”“erdosteine”“fudosteine”“ambroxol”“randomized controlled trials”,英文檢索式為“pulmonary di- sease,chronic obstructive[MESH] AND(acetylcysteine
[MESH] OR carbocysteine[MESH] OR erdosteine[MESH] OR fudosteine[MESH] OR ambroxol[MESH])AND randomized controlled trials[MESH]”。檢索時(shí)限均為各數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)起至2021年5月。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選與資料提取
由2名評(píng)價(jià)者獨(dú)立按納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn),如遇分歧則由第3名評(píng)價(jià)者裁定。提取資料包括第一作者及發(fā)表年份、國(guó)家、患者例數(shù)、年齡、干預(yù)措施、隨訪時(shí)間、結(jié)局指標(biāo)等。
1.4 納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)員手冊(cè)5.1.0推薦的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚評(píng)價(jià)工具對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),具體包括:隨機(jī)方法、分配隱藏、對(duì)受試者和研究者施盲、結(jié)局評(píng)估的盲法、結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)完整性、選擇性報(bào)告結(jié)果、其他偏倚來(lái)源等方面,每個(gè)方面均分為低偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、高偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不清楚[14]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Stata 15.1軟件進(jìn)行網(wǎng)狀Meta分析并繪制網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系圖,以呈現(xiàn)不同干預(yù)措施間存在的直接比較和間接比較的關(guān)系。二分類(lèi)變量采用比值比(OR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(CI)表示,連續(xù)性變量采用均數(shù)差(MD)及其95%CI表示。當(dāng)存在閉合環(huán)時(shí),以節(jié)點(diǎn)分析法進(jìn)行一致性檢驗(yàn),若P>0.05,表明一致性好,采用一致性模型分析,反之則采用不一致性模型分析;當(dāng)無(wú)閉合環(huán)時(shí),采用Gemtc 14.3軟件進(jìn)行一致性檢驗(yàn),若結(jié)局指標(biāo)在一致和不一致效應(yīng)模型檢驗(yàn)中的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)結(jié)果偏差接近,表明數(shù)據(jù)一致性好,采用一致性模型分析,反之則采用不一致性模型分析。采用Stata 15.1軟件進(jìn)行概率累積排序,曲線下面積(SUCRA)越大,表明干預(yù)措施效果越優(yōu)的可能性就越大[15]。采用Stata 15.1軟件進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分層排序以篩選療效與安全性最優(yōu)的藥物;采用倒漏斗圖進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)篩選結(jié)果與納入研究基本信息
初檢共獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)558篇,經(jīng)閱讀摘要、題目及全文后,最終納入文獻(xiàn)12篇[16-27],共計(jì)4 637例患者,其中試驗(yàn)組2 296例、對(duì)照組2 341例。有3項(xiàng)研究比較了低劑量NAC和安慰劑[16-18],3項(xiàng)研究比較了高劑量NAC和安慰劑[19-21],3項(xiàng)研究比較了羧甲司坦和安慰劑[22-24],3項(xiàng)研究比較了厄多司坦和安慰劑[25-27]。本研究共涉及5種干預(yù)措施,包括低劑量NAC、高劑量NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦、安慰劑(因未檢索到福多司坦的相關(guān)RCT,僅有1項(xiàng)關(guān)于氨溴索的RCT,但結(jié)局指標(biāo)不一致,故本研究未納入福多司坦和氨溴索這兩種干預(yù)措施)。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見(jiàn)圖1,納入研究基本信息見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果
所有研究均為RCT[16-27]。有7項(xiàng)研究提及了具體隨機(jī)方法[17-19,22-24,26],7項(xiàng)研究使用了恰當(dāng)?shù)姆峙潆[藏[17-19,22-24,26],10項(xiàng)研究對(duì)受試者和研究者施盲[17-22,24-27],9項(xiàng)研究提及了對(duì)結(jié)局評(píng)估者施盲[17-21,23-26],4項(xiàng)研究均對(duì)結(jié)局資料的完整性做了詳細(xì)描述和解釋[21-22,26-27]。所有研究均未選擇性報(bào)道研究結(jié)果,均不清楚是否存在其他偏倚來(lái)源。結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2、圖3。
2.3 網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 納入研究的證據(jù)關(guān)系 本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)均為直接比較,所有結(jié)局指標(biāo)的證據(jù)關(guān)系圖見(jiàn)圖4(圖中,圓點(diǎn)表示干預(yù)措施,圓點(diǎn)越大表示接受該干預(yù)措施的患者越多;直線表示兩種干預(yù)措施之間存在直接比較證據(jù),直線越粗表示兩種干預(yù)措施進(jìn)行直接比較的研究數(shù)量越多[15])。
2.3.2 納入研究的不一致性檢驗(yàn) 從圖4可知,各干預(yù)措施間不存在閉合環(huán),故采用Gemtc 14.3軟件分別對(duì)兩個(gè)結(jié)局指標(biāo)進(jìn)行一致性檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果顯示,年急性加重率在一致和不一致效應(yīng)模型檢驗(yàn)中的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)結(jié)果偏差分別為0.22(0.04,0.57)、0.23(0.05,0.58),不良事件發(fā)生率的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)結(jié)果偏差分別為0.21(0.02,0.42)、0.21(0.01,0.41),兩者的結(jié)果均接近,表明數(shù)據(jù)一致性好,故均采用一致性模型進(jìn)行網(wǎng)狀Meta分析。
2.3.3 年急性加重率 11項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道了年急性加重率,共涉及5種干預(yù)措施,包括低劑量NAC、高劑量NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦和安慰劑[17-27]。
網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組使用高劑量NAC[MD=-0.45,95%CI(-0.74,-0.17),P<0.05]、羧甲司坦[MD=-0.59,95%CI(-0.86,-0.32),P<0.05]、厄多司坦[MD=-0.26,95%CI(-0.51,-0.01),P<0.05]患者的年急性加重率均顯著低于對(duì)照組,試驗(yàn)組使用高劑量NAC[MD=-0.55,95%CI(-0.98,-0.11),P<0.05]、羧甲司坦[MD=-0.69,95%CI(-1.11, -0.26),P<0.05]患者的年急性加重率均顯著低于低劑量NAC,其余各組組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)果見(jiàn)表2。
網(wǎng)狀Meta的概率累積排序結(jié)果顯示,SUCRA由高到低依次為羧甲司坦(93.3%)>高劑量NAC(76.7%)>厄多司坦(53.2%)>安慰劑(18.6%)>低劑量NAC(8.2%)。結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖5。
2.3.4 不良事件發(fā)生率 6項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道了不良事件發(fā)生率。共涉及5種干預(yù)措施,包括低劑量NAC、高劑量NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦和安慰劑[16,19-20,23-25]。
網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,各組患者不良事件發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。
網(wǎng)狀Meta的概率累積排序結(jié)果顯示,SUCRA由高到低依次為厄多司坦(77.4%)>高劑量NAC(58.6%)>低劑量NAC(44.8%)>安慰劑(35.7%)>羧甲司坦(33.6%)。結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖6。
2.3.5 聚類(lèi)分層排序 對(duì)年急性加重率和不良事件發(fā)生率的SUCRA進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分層排序。結(jié)果顯示,5種干預(yù)措施的療效與安全性可聚為3類(lèi),其中療效與安全性均較低的安慰劑和低劑量NAC為一類(lèi),療效好但安全性低的羧甲司坦為一類(lèi),療效與安全性均較好的高劑量NAC和厄多司坦為一類(lèi)。結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖7。
2.4發(fā)表偏倚分析
分別以年急性加重率、不良事件發(fā)生率為指標(biāo)繪制倒漏斗圖,結(jié)果顯示,以年急性加重率為指標(biāo)時(shí),有一散點(diǎn)在倒漏斗圖范圍外,左右對(duì)稱性差,表明本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較大;以不良事件發(fā)生率為指標(biāo)時(shí),各研究散點(diǎn)基本在倒漏斗圖的范圍內(nèi),左右較對(duì)稱,表明本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較小。結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖8。
3 討論
COPD是一種常見(jiàn)的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,患者通常伴有氣道黏液高分泌等癥狀,清除黏液是肺部用于保護(hù)自身免受空氣中病原體和有害顆粒侵害的主要防御機(jī)制[28]。COPD患者由于氣道分泌物增多,黏液清除能力減弱,呼吸困難加重,從而導(dǎo)致病情急性加重[29]。香煙、煙霧誘導(dǎo)的氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)與COPD的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),個(gè)體間抗氧化能力的不同可能是造成吸煙患者COPD易感性差異的原因之一[30]。因此,應(yīng)用祛痰/抗氧化藥物可促進(jìn)COPD患者黏液排出,改善氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài),減輕氣道炎癥,可能是一種有效的治療方法。
NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦均為具有黏液溶解活性的硫醇抗氧化藥物,其祛痰機(jī)制如下:一方面,上述藥物可通過(guò)破壞黏液糖蛋白的二硫鍵,影響?zhàn)ひ旱奈锢硇再|(zhì),從而加快黏液的清除;另一方面,其可通過(guò)加快氣道纖毛的清除速率來(lái)促進(jìn)痰液的排出[31]。這3種藥物的抗氧化機(jī)制并不相同,羧甲司坦可通過(guò)有效保持α1抗胰蛋白酶活性以及直接清除活性氧來(lái)減緩氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[32];厄多司坦通過(guò)在肝臟中代謝為開(kāi)環(huán)化合物來(lái)有效清除過(guò)氧化氫和次氯酸,對(duì)中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞均具有抗氧化作用[33];NAC在細(xì)胞內(nèi)脫乙?;蒐-半胱氨酸,進(jìn)而增加胞內(nèi)谷胱甘肽的含量,從而增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的抗氧化能力[34]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,在年急性加重率方面,高劑量NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦的效果均優(yōu)于安慰劑,且高劑量NAC、羧甲司坦的效果均優(yōu)于低劑量NAC。網(wǎng)狀Meta的概率累積排序結(jié)果顯示,羧甲司坦>高劑量NAC>厄多司坦>安慰劑>低劑量NAC。這提示對(duì)于急性加重患者,可優(yōu)先考慮使用羧甲司坦,這與Cazzola等[6]的研究結(jié)果一致。在不良事件發(fā)生率方面,各組組間比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。網(wǎng)狀Meta的概率累積排序結(jié)果顯示,厄多司坦>高劑量NAC>低劑量NAC>安慰劑>羧甲司坦。這提示對(duì)于藥物不良反應(yīng)耐受較差的患者,可優(yōu)先考慮使用厄多司坦。聚類(lèi)分層排序結(jié)果顯示,高劑量NAC、厄多司坦均具有良好的療效與安全性,COPD患者可優(yōu)先考慮這兩種方案。Rogliani等[35]的一項(xiàng)納入7篇文獻(xiàn)共計(jì)2 756例COPD患者的網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,在療效方面厄多司坦>羧甲司坦>NAC。該結(jié)果與本研究結(jié)果不一致,其原因可能與上述研究未根據(jù)NAC劑量進(jìn)行分層研究有關(guān)。發(fā)表偏倚結(jié)果顯示,以年急性加重率為指標(biāo)時(shí),本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較大,以不良事件發(fā)生率為指標(biāo)時(shí),本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較小。
綜上所述,NAC、羧甲司坦、厄多司坦均可降低COPD患者的年急性加重率,且不會(huì)增加不良事件發(fā)生率。在年急性加重率方面,以羧甲司坦的效果最優(yōu);在安全性方面,以厄多司坦最好。聚類(lèi)分層排序提示高劑量NAC、厄多司坦的療效與安全性均較好。本研究的局限性為:(1)所有研究的對(duì)照措施均為安慰劑,未形成完整的閉環(huán),可能造成一定的偏倚;(2)部分研究未說(shuō)明具體隨機(jī)分組和分配隱藏的方法,可能造成一定的選擇偏倚;(3)由于各RCT的結(jié)局指標(biāo)較為分散,本研究?jī)H納入2項(xiàng)結(jié)局指標(biāo)。因此,受證據(jù)間接性和納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量的影響,本研究所得結(jié)論仍需更多高質(zhì)量、大樣本的RCT予以驗(yàn)證。
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(收稿日期:2021-06-09 修回日期:2021-09-23)
(編輯:陳 宏)