王艷萍
近幾年高考,對(duì)“主謂一致”這一內(nèi)容的考查主要涉及“語(yǔ)法一致”“意義一致”“就近一致”這幾方面。上期筆者已為大家介紹了“語(yǔ)法一致”的考查要點(diǎn),下面筆者繼續(xù)為大家介紹“意義一致”“就近一致”這兩方面的考查要點(diǎn)。
·意義一致·
“意義一致”即從詞意上處理主謂語(yǔ)一致的問(wèn)題。盡管主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù),但意義為復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用復(fù)數(shù)形式;有時(shí)候主語(yǔ)是以“s”結(jié)尾的詞,但意義上是單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。
表示時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),若把它看作一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
例:Five years ____ (pass) since they met last time, and for them, five years ____ (be) really a long time.
【解析】句子前半部分說(shuō)的是時(shí)間一年一年過(guò)去,一共過(guò)了5年,表示一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)概念,且根據(jù)“since”可知本句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故填“have passed”;句子后半部分的“five years”表示的是一個(gè)整體,故第二個(gè)空填“is”。
“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/all/some/the rest/the remaining/the majority等+ of +名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由of后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。
例:One third of the area _____ (affect) by the severe drought in the past two months.
【解析】根據(jù)“in the past two months”可知本句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,“of”后面的名詞“area”為單數(shù)形式,故填“has been affected”。
“the +形容詞或分詞(如the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded)”表示一類(lèi)人,其作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例:The rich are not always happy.
“the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”表示“某物的數(shù)量”,其作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式?!癮 number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”表示“許多”,其作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例:The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.
集體名詞(如group/family/class/government/team/public/enemy/crowd/audience/club)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如果被看作是一個(gè)整體,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;如果側(cè)重其中的成員,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,此時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多表示動(dòng)作。
例:Their class is much larger than ours and their class are fond of dancing and singing.(第一個(gè)“class”強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念,第二個(gè)“class”強(qiáng)調(diào)班級(jí)中的每位同學(xué)。)
注意:people、cattle、police、clothes、folk這幾個(gè)集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如,The police are looking for the missing child.
“population”表示“人口”,即一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的居民數(shù)目,它作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。當(dāng)“population”前面有分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí),則是指一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的全體居民,若作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例1:The population of Canada is about 37 million.
例2:Eighty percent of the population in that country are farmers.
“a/an +單數(shù)名詞+ or two”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式?!皁ne or two +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例1:A student or two has failed the exam.
例2:One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon.
某些以“ics”結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞(如mathematics/politics/physics)以及news、works和國(guó)名、書(shū)名等,形式上是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞。它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。
例:Bad news travels quickly.
代詞none、neither、all等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于所指代的內(nèi)容。
例1:All is silent.? 萬(wàn)籟俱寂。(“All”指代事物或現(xiàn)象)
例2:All are silent.? 人人都沉默不語(yǔ)。(“All”指代人)
主語(yǔ)是單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞(如deer/sheep/fish/series/ means/works/aircraft)時(shí),視其表達(dá)的意義而判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例1:Every means has been tried, but none proved successful.
例2:Many means have not come into effect.
·就近一致(就近原則)·
“就近一致”是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式與其最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致,也叫就近原則。
由“either...or... , neither...nor... , not...but... , not only...but (also)...”等并列連詞連接的并列成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要與其最靠近的主語(yǔ)一致。
例:So far, neither the teacher nor his students ______ (see) the film.
【解析】根據(jù)“so far”可知,本句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),離空格最近的主語(yǔ)是“his students”,故填“have seen”。
在“there be”“here be”結(jié)構(gòu)中,若有幾個(gè)并列成分作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由其最靠近的主語(yǔ)決定。
例:In the last thirty years, there _____ (be) great changes in every walk of life in our country.
【解析】根據(jù)“In the last thirty years”可知,本句時(shí)態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),主語(yǔ)“changes”是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故填“have been”。