劉依帆 鄭紫迎 賴廷廷 陳鵬飛 朱奕涵 黃和平
[摘要]目的:討論在產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥的治療中使用改良腹壁整形技術(shù)的臨床效果。方法:將2017年4月-2020年11月筆者科室收治的17例產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥患者作為研究對象,于腹壁肌后、腹膜前間隙置入相對較窄補(bǔ)片,將腹直肌及前直肌筋膜以8字形間斷縫攏接近中線,以實(shí)現(xiàn)直接支撐性修復(fù);切除腹壁多余的皮膚及皮下組織并分層縫合,最低點(diǎn)放置引流條引流滲液,術(shù)區(qū)妥善加壓包扎。評估患者手術(shù)完成情況,手術(shù)時間,術(shù)后第1天疼痛視覺模擬評分,術(shù)后引流管拔除時間,痊愈情況。結(jié)果:2017年4月-2020年11月應(yīng)用該方法共計17例,手術(shù)均順利完成。無腸梗阻、補(bǔ)片感染、皮緣壞死、延遲愈合、補(bǔ)片感染及慢性疼痛等并發(fā)癥,隨訪期間未有復(fù)發(fā)病例。結(jié)論:本研究提出的改良腹壁整形技術(shù)在產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥的治療中能獲得更加持久可靠的療效同時很大程度減少并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn),具有良好的臨床效果。
[關(guān)鍵詞]產(chǎn)后康復(fù);腹直肌分離癥;腹壁整形術(shù);白線;腹直肌鞘
[中圖分類號]R713? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2022)03-0066-02
Clinical Application of Modified Abdominal Wall Plastic Surgery Technique in Postpartum Rectus Separation
LIU Yifan,ZHENG Ziying,LAI Tingting,CHEN Pengfei,ZHU Yihan,HUANG Heping
(Department of Medical Beauty,Affiliated Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 330000,Jiangxi,China)
Abstract: Objective The study discusses the application and clinical effect of a modified abdominal wall plastic surgery technique in postpartum rectus separation. Methods 17 patients with postpartum rectus abdominis separation treated in our department from April 2017 to November 2020 were taken as the research object. A relatively narrow mesh was placed behind the abdominal wall muscle and in the anterior peritoneal space. The mesh was fixed by suture near the midline, and the rectus abdominis muscle and the anterior rectus fascia were sutured to the midline in an intermittent figure of 8 to achieve direct supportive repair.Excess skin and subcutaneous tissue of abdominal wall were removed and stratified suture was performed. Drainage strips were placed at the lowest point to drain the exudate, and the surgical area was properly pressurized and bandaged. Results From April 2017 to November 2020, a total of 17 cases were applied with this method . All the operations were completed successfully, including 1 case with incision fat liquefaction, which was cured after non-surgical treatment.There were no complications such as ileus, mesh infection, skin edge necrosis, delayed healing, mesh infection and chronic pain. There were no recurrent cases during the follow-up period. Conclusion This modified abdominal wall plastic surgery can achieve a more lasting and reliable effect in the treatment of postpartum rectus separation and greatly reduce the occurrence of complications, with good clinical results.
Key words: postpartum rehabilitation; diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle; abdominoplasty; linea alba; rectus sheath
產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離不僅減弱了患者核心肌群力量,影響其心理健康,嚴(yán)重者可出現(xiàn)腹壁松弛膨隆、腰背及骨盆疼痛、盆腔器官脫垂、腹疝等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[1]。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)方式不能提供持久的修復(fù),同時也可能帶來更多的異物反應(yīng)及較高的并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險[2-3]。2017年4月-2020年11月筆者在產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥患者中應(yīng)用一種改良腹壁整形術(shù)式對分離的腹直肌進(jìn)行復(fù)位及修補(bǔ)共計17例,效果滿意。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:2017年4月-2020年11月南昌大學(xué)附屬婦幼保健院醫(yī)學(xué)美容科收治17例產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥患者。所有患者年齡28~45歲,產(chǎn)后1年以上,體重指數(shù)(BMI)<30 kg/㎡,其中經(jīng)歷1次橫行切口剖宮產(chǎn)患者10例,2次橫行切口剖宮產(chǎn)者4例,順產(chǎn)者3例。所有患者需經(jīng)術(shù)前B超檢查,分別在仰臥狀態(tài)下評估白線的寬度,于劍突起始處、臍上3 cm、臍下2 cm三個參照點(diǎn)分別進(jìn)行測量取最大值,測得兩側(cè)腹直肌間距為3.7~5.9 cm,平均4.7 cm。術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查是否患有有嚴(yán)重心血管、肝腎功能等嚴(yán)重疾病。根據(jù)腹壁皮膚狀況評估表對所有患者進(jìn)行腹壁皮膚松弛等級評估(S0:沒有腹壁皮膚松弛及皮膚褶皺;S1:輕微的腹壁皮膚松弛,很少的皮膚褶皺;S2:嚴(yán)重的腹壁皮膚松弛及皮膚褶皺),本研究中評估等級為S0及S1的患者選擇傳統(tǒng)腹壁整形弧形切口入路,共計8例;S2的患者加作豎形垂直切口線,共計4例。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
1.2.1 術(shù)前設(shè)計:囑患者取立位與恥骨聯(lián)合上設(shè)計弧形切口,根據(jù)腹壁皮瓣的血供特點(diǎn),設(shè)計切口及向上腹壁剝離范圍的寬度不超過兩側(cè)髂前上棘位置。對于有橫行切口剖宮產(chǎn)史者,切口盡量選擇原水平或偏下使得瘢痕包含于所需切除的冗余組織內(nèi)。腹壁皮膚嚴(yán)重松弛,評估等級達(dá)S2者加作豎形垂直切口線。
1.2.2 手術(shù)步驟:沿術(shù)前設(shè)計線切開皮膚及皮下組織,于腹肌筋膜表面廣泛分離,但應(yīng)避免向兩側(cè)腹壁下過分分離損傷主要血管,腹直肌深筋膜表面盡量保留少量脂肪組織并暴露出白線和兩側(cè)至少3 cm的腹直肌前筋膜。通過沿內(nèi)側(cè)肌緣切開前直肌筋膜形成腹直肌后間隙,選擇橫徑6~8 cm的大孔聚丙烯無涂層補(bǔ)片,于接近中線處間斷縫合緊密固定補(bǔ)片。間斷8字縫合腹直肌及前直肌筋膜縫攏接近中線,以實(shí)現(xiàn)直接支撐性修復(fù),重建正常生理腹直肌間距離,并以慶大霉素沖洗創(chuàng)面。切除多余的皮膚及皮下組織,并對上下腹脂肪明顯堆積的位置予以修飾、重布和切除。分層縫合切口,于最低點(diǎn)放置橡皮引流條引流滲液,術(shù)區(qū)妥善加壓包扎,防止腹部皮瓣下積液,確保腹壁動脈暢通保持血供。腹部切口縫線視情況一周時間斷拆除,12~14 d可完全拆除。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 手術(shù)完成情況,手術(shù)時間,術(shù)后第1天疼痛視覺模擬評分(Pain visual analogue scale,Pain VAS),術(shù)后引流管拔除時間。
1.3.2 分別于術(shù)后1、3、6個月聯(lián)系患者至門診復(fù)診進(jìn)行常規(guī)體格檢查,之后每年隨訪1次術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥及腹直肌分離癥復(fù)發(fā)情況。
1.3.3 治愈標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)后12個月B超檢查腹直肌間距,最大不超過2.5cm,臍部不超過2 cm;②術(shù)后12個月患者自覺功能量表(PSFS,Patient specific functional scale)評估項(xiàng)中,“可以輕易從座椅上抱起孩子”、“可以輕易懷抱嬰兒30 min”、“可以輕易站立或步行1 h”均在8分以上;③術(shù)后12個月患者每日正常工作活動時Pain VAS為0。
2? 結(jié)果
本組17例手術(shù)均順利完成,平均手術(shù)時間(93.4±27.2)min,平均補(bǔ)片橫徑大小7.2 cm。術(shù)后引流條拔除時間平均(3.4±0.8)d,術(shù)后第1天疼痛視覺模擬評分(3.5±0.6)分,均未使用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物。17例患者均受到術(shù)后隨訪,平均隨訪時間15個月,均未出現(xiàn)腸梗阻、補(bǔ)片感染、皮緣壞死、延遲愈合及慢性疼痛等并發(fā)癥,達(dá)治愈標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?;颊咝g(shù)后均得到腹部外觀形態(tài)改善,體態(tài)及腰背疼痛癥狀均得到不同程度改善,隨訪期間未有復(fù)發(fā)病例。典型病例見圖1。
3? 討論
有研究表明,傳統(tǒng)單純腹直肌關(guān)閉或白線折疊矯正不能提供持久修復(fù)的主要原因可能是縫線在較大張力下對組織的切割作用導(dǎo)致腹直肌重新拉開[4-5]。因此有些學(xué)者傾向于應(yīng)用補(bǔ)片增強(qiáng)修補(bǔ)力量從而降低復(fù)發(fā)幾率,但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的補(bǔ)片修補(bǔ)手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥不容忽視,如創(chuàng)口感染、網(wǎng)片暴露、神經(jīng)損傷、血腫、皮膚壞死甚至內(nèi)臟損傷;全腔鏡下行補(bǔ)片修補(bǔ)術(shù)一定程度上降低了術(shù)中創(chuàng)傷及風(fēng)險,但其術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥如腸管損傷、腹腔黏連梗阻、補(bǔ)片侵蝕等風(fēng)險更高[6-7]。
本研究組結(jié)合國內(nèi)外常見術(shù)式的優(yōu)劣,提出一種新穎的腹壁整形技術(shù)。切口選擇方面,伴有腹壁脂肪堆積過多,腹部皮膚松弛,下腹剖腹產(chǎn)遺留的瘢痕或瘢痕攣縮形成的凹陷者均可借由傳統(tǒng)腹壁整形開放切口入路,嚴(yán)重者可加作豎形垂直切口線。補(bǔ)片置入的層次筆者選擇腹壁肌后、腹膜前間隙,由于肌后位置補(bǔ)片放置的穩(wěn)定性以及補(bǔ)片本身不與腹部內(nèi)容物接觸,該方式不僅復(fù)發(fā)率低且在常見并發(fā)癥方面遠(yuǎn)期效果較好[8]。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)補(bǔ)片修補(bǔ)術(shù)式較大的補(bǔ)片相當(dāng)于引入了更多的異物且造成了更多的瘢痕,遠(yuǎn)離中線且較為寬松的錨定也增大了術(shù)后長期神經(jīng)痛的風(fēng)險[9]。因此筆者選擇較窄的大孔聚丙烯無涂層補(bǔ)片(橫徑6~8 cm),并于接近中線處間斷縫合緊密固定,縫線張力被均勻分布在補(bǔ)片網(wǎng)格上,從而避免了縫合線在腹直肌及筋膜上的拉開切割,降低了復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險,同時有利于組織長入和補(bǔ)片融合,在保證療效持久可靠的基礎(chǔ)上最大程度減少并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)。值得注意的是,應(yīng)避免過于密集的縫合導(dǎo)致腹直肌損傷甚至部分壞死缺損、線結(jié)異物反應(yīng)、可觸及的縫合線結(jié)節(jié)等危險的增加。間斷8字縫合腹直肌及前直肌筋膜縫攏接近中線,以實(shí)現(xiàn)直接支撐性修復(fù)。但要注意完全關(guān)閉全關(guān)閉加強(qiáng)直肌或完全折疊白線可能導(dǎo)致更多的潛在的并發(fā)癥諸如疼痛加劇,女性活動困難,以及縫合材料造成的瘺管和可觸及的縫合線結(jié)節(jié)的危險,因此手術(shù)醫(yī)生應(yīng)盡可能重建正常生理腹直肌間距離[10]。
綜上所述,本研究提出的改良腹壁整形技術(shù)治療產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥療效安全可靠,相較傳統(tǒng)術(shù)式較大程度減少并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險的同時盡可能恢復(fù)婦女產(chǎn)后腹壁外形的美觀,但其遠(yuǎn)期療效尚需更長時間的隨訪結(jié)果及更大樣本研究提供的臨床證據(jù)驗(yàn)證。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Strig?rd K,Clay L,Stark B,et al.Predictive factors in the outcome of surgical repair of abdominal rectus diastasis[J].Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open,2016,4(5):e702.
[2]Takaya K,Aramaki-Hattori N,Yabuki H,et al.Correction of diastasis rectus abdominis with tacking the rectus sheath and resection of excess skin for cosmesis[J].Case Rep Med,2020,2020:7635801.
[3]Yurasov A V,Rakintsev V S,Matveev N L,et al.Methods of correction of the isolated diastasis recti abdominis and its combination with primary median hernias[J].Endoskopicheskaya Khirurgiya,2020,26(1):49.
[4]Costa T N,Abdalla R Z,Santo M A,et al.Transabdominal midline reconstruction by minimally invasive surgery:technique and results[J].Hernia,2016,20(2):257-265.
[5]Carrara A,Lauro E,F(xiàn)abris L,et al.Endo-laparoscopic reconstruction of the abdominal wall midline with linear stapler,the THT technique.Early results of the first case series[J].Ann Med Surg (Lond),2018,38:1-7.
[6]Mommers E H H,Ponten J E H,A l Omar A K,et al.The general surgeon's perspective of rectus diastasis.a systematic review of treatment options[J].Surg Endosc,2017,31(12):4934-4949.
[7]Beamish N,Green N,Nieuwold E,et al.Differences in linea alba stiffness and linea alba distortion between women with and without diastasis recti abdominis:the impact of measurement site and task[J].J Orthop Sports Phys Ther,2019,49(9):656-665.
[8]Liang M K,Holihan J L,Itani K,et al.Ventral hernia management:expert consensus guided by systematic review[J].Ann Surg,2017,265(1):80-89.
[9]Nahabedian M Y,Nahabedian A G.Closing the gap for patients with rectus abdominis diastasis[J].Nursing,2018,48(1):49-52.
[10]Coratti F,Barbato G,Maggioni C,et al.Laparoscopic diastasis recti repair and umbilicus reconstruction - a video vignette[J].Colorectal Dis,2020,22(6):725-726.
[收稿日期]2020-12-22
本文引用格式:劉依帆,鄭紫迎,賴廷廷,等.改良腹壁整形技術(shù)在產(chǎn)后腹直肌分離癥中的臨床應(yīng)用[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2022,31(3):66-68.