宋璐雯 劉樹林
摘要:研究電極移動(dòng)速度對低壓火花放電特性的影響是揭示本質(zhì)安全型電容短路火花放電機(jī)理的關(guān)鍵方法,對推廣本安型電氣設(shè)備在煤礦、化工等危險(xiǎn)性環(huán)境下的應(yīng)用具有重要意義。以IEC安全火花試驗(yàn)裝置的移動(dòng)電極為研究對象。基于Fowler-Nordheim理論,推導(dǎo)分析電極移動(dòng)速度對微間隙場致發(fā)射電場強(qiáng)度及電流密度的影響變化,并通過電極不同移動(dòng)速度下的火花試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。根據(jù)一次放電火花電壓變化特性,建立放電電壓指數(shù)模型,推導(dǎo)火花功率與初始電壓、放電電阻、放電時(shí)間的函數(shù)關(guān)系。考慮在定參量條件下,放電時(shí)間是關(guān)于電極移動(dòng)速度的函數(shù),通過所建模型分析獲得電極移動(dòng)速度對火花功率的影響規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:隨著電極移動(dòng)速度增加,極間場強(qiáng)、放電電流、火花功率增大,放電時(shí)間減小,且移動(dòng)速度越快在越短的時(shí)間內(nèi)越易達(dá)到較高功率。此外,由火花功率對時(shí)間的積分推導(dǎo)出火花能量的表達(dá)式,進(jìn)而得到火花能量極值,為進(jìn)一步研究火花放電對引燃能力的影響提供理論參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:移動(dòng)速度;電容短路;火花放電;場致發(fā)射;放電模型;火花功率
中圖分類號:TN 136文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1672-9315(2022)04-0826-07
DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2022.0423
Effect of electrode? moving speed on the spark discharge
characteristics of capacitor short circuitSONG Luwen,LIU Shulin
(College of Electrical and Control Engineering,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China)
Abstract:To explore the effects of electrode moving speed on the characteristics of low-voltage spark discharge is a key method to reveal the mechanism of spark discharge of intrinsically safe capacitive short-circuit,which is of great significance to promote the application of intrinsically safe electrical equipment in hazardous environments such as coal mines and chemicals.In this paper,the moving electrode of IEC safety spark apparatus is used as a research object.Based on the Fowler-Nordheim theory,the influence of the electrode moving speed on the electric field and current density of the micro-gap field emission is examined by spark test under different moving speeds.According to the discharge voltage characteristics of the first spark,the discharge voltage index model is established to derive the spark power as a function of the initial voltage,discharge resistance and discharge time.Considering that the discharge time is a function of the electrode moving speed under the condition of constant parameters,the effect of the moving speed on the spark power is analyzed by the proposed model.The results show that the electric field,discharge current,spark power increase and the discharge time decreases as the electrode moving speed increases,and the faster the moving speed is,the easier it is to reach the higher power in a comparatively shorter time.In addition,the expression of spark energy is derived from the integration of spark power over time,and then the extreme value of spark energy is obtained,which can provide a theoretical reference for the further research of the effect of spark discharge on ignition capacity.
Key words:moving speed;capacitor short circuit;spark discharge;field emission;discharge model;spark power
0引言
應(yīng)用在煤礦、化工等危險(xiǎn)性環(huán)境下的電氣設(shè)備必須具有防爆性能。國際電工委員會規(guī)定采用IEC 60079-11:2006標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的安全火花試驗(yàn)裝置驗(yàn)證電路是否為本質(zhì)安全型的電氣設(shè)備[1-2]。而隨著微控制器、傳感器的發(fā)展,低壓設(shè)備在危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境下的防爆性受到了格外關(guān)注[3-4]。根據(jù)爆炸性混合氣體的臨界點(diǎn)燃電壓和電流曲線[5],通過試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)低壓電路發(fā)生火花放電并能夠引燃爆炸性氣體混合物[6-7],這與傳統(tǒng)的高壓火花放電及引燃機(jī)理不同。為探究基于IEC安全火花試驗(yàn)裝置的低壓火花放電及引燃機(jī)理,需迫切研究電極移動(dòng)速度、電氣參量等不同因素對火花放電特性的影響。
為此,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者展開許多研究。鐘久明等通過分析不同氣氛條件下的火花放電特性[8]揭示容性電路的火花放電是以場致發(fā)射為主導(dǎo)的,且在此基礎(chǔ)上研究微間隙強(qiáng)場的形成與場增強(qiáng)因子有關(guān),并推出金屬表面微凸起引起的場增強(qiáng)因子解析表達(dá)式[9]。UBER等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IEC的兩旋轉(zhuǎn)電極在經(jīng)過不同次數(shù)的火花放電后陰極表面形貌發(fā)生改變,形成更多的微凸起,且火花放電時(shí)間會更長[10]。由此可見,移動(dòng)電極的放電過程是非常復(fù)雜的,移動(dòng)電極在火花試驗(yàn)過程中受到磨損與燒蝕,從而改變電極觸點(diǎn)形貌,使得各次的火花放電不同。電極間隙距離、材料、形狀、接觸方式和運(yùn)動(dòng)速度均會不同程度影響放電特性[11-14]。而火花的引燃能力與火花放電特性又密切相關(guān)。在引燃分析中,火花需要一定的功率和能量才能引燃爆炸性氣體混合物[15]。那么分析計(jì)算不同條件下的電參量與火花功率和火花能量的函數(shù)關(guān)系,是揭示低壓火花放電及引燃機(jī)理的關(guān)鍵方法之一。
由于容性電路火花放電時(shí)存在殘余能量和電路損耗,所以可通過積分算法得到火花放電的有效點(diǎn)火能量[16]。在針對IEC低壓火花放電點(diǎn)火研究時(shí),通過建立指數(shù)函數(shù)放電模型[17],并結(jié)合積分算法得到火花能量的表達(dá)式。但是該模型的建模分析僅體現(xiàn)移動(dòng)電極一次完全放電的特性。
因此,文中以IEC安全火花試驗(yàn)裝置的移動(dòng)電極為研究對象,基于Fowler-Nordheim理論,推導(dǎo)分析電極移動(dòng)速度對微間隙場致發(fā)射電場強(qiáng)度及電流密度的影響變化,并通過電極不同移動(dòng)速度下的火花試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證;依據(jù)火花放電電壓特性,建立放電數(shù)學(xué)模型,推導(dǎo)分析電極移動(dòng)速度對火花功率的影響規(guī)律,以及火花放電的能量極值。
1移動(dòng)速度對場致發(fā)射的影響
在強(qiáng)場作用下金屬勢壘高度變低,寬度變窄,依據(jù)隧道效應(yīng),電子克服金屬束縛從表面逸出,于是產(chǎn)生場致電子發(fā)射。
3實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證及分析
為分析火花功率與電極移動(dòng)速度的關(guān)系并驗(yàn)證所建模型的正確性,文中通過調(diào)節(jié)IEC安全火花試驗(yàn)裝置的電極軸轉(zhuǎn)速,以測試移動(dòng)電極在速度為0.21,0.25,0.28 μm/μs,電壓18 V,電容22 μf,電阻0.26 Ω條件下的火花功率大小。通過示波器(型號為RIGOL DS4024)可以測得移動(dòng)電極火花電壓、電流曲線,即可得到火花試驗(yàn)條件下的火花功率大小。把電極的不同移動(dòng)速度代入式(8),即得到對應(yīng)的火花放電時(shí)間,將該值代入式(15),即得到不同移動(dòng)速度下火花功率的模型計(jì)算值。
通過對比發(fā)現(xiàn)模型計(jì)算功率反應(yīng)火花試驗(yàn)功率的變化趨勢。從圖6可以看出:隨著電極移動(dòng)速度增加,火花放電的瞬時(shí)功率增大。且電極移動(dòng)速度越快,在越短的時(shí)間內(nèi)越易達(dá)到較高功率。這一方面是由于單位時(shí)間內(nèi)場致發(fā)射電流密度增大,所引起的放電電流增大,從而使得放電功率增大。另一方面是因?yàn)殡S著電極移動(dòng)速度加快,根據(jù)Bernoulli方程和流體的連續(xù)性方程分析可知放電間隙內(nèi)的壓強(qiáng)會減小[24-26],即導(dǎo)致間隙內(nèi)粒子的平均自由程增大,粒子經(jīng)過少量的碰撞就可到達(dá)陽極,所以火花電流的上升速率加快,這也會引起單位時(shí)間內(nèi)火花功率增大。
該能量會引發(fā)放電間隙溫度場變化,改變電極間隙的放電情況,增加放電粒子能量。帶電粒子與爆炸性氣體相互作用會產(chǎn)生自由基等活性物質(zhì),從而加速爆炸性氣體的化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程。這可為下一步分析火花引燃過程提供參考。
4結(jié)論
1)隨著電極移動(dòng)速度增加,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)電場強(qiáng)度增大,電流密度增大,從而一次放電的火花電流增大。
2)在定電參量條件下,一次放電時(shí)間隨電極移動(dòng)速度增加而減小。
3)隨著電極移動(dòng)速度增加,火花功率增大,且在越短的時(shí)間內(nèi)越易達(dá)到較高功率?;鸹芰颗c放電時(shí)間是非線性的關(guān)系,且存在火花能量極值。
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