蔣琬姿,徐昳文,王依文,朱肖誠(chéng),龔穎蕓,周紅文,付真真
遺傳資源
一例基因復(fù)合雜合突變導(dǎo)致糖原累積癥V型的診斷和基因檢測(cè)分析
蔣琬姿,徐昳文,王依文,朱肖誠(chéng),龔穎蕓,周紅文,付真真
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌科,南京 210029
糖原累積癥V型是一種由肌糖原磷酸化酶(muscle glycogen phosphorylase,PYGM)缺陷引起的常染色體隱性遺傳疾病,其臨床特征為運(yùn)動(dòng)不耐受、再振作現(xiàn)象和血清肌酸激酶水平增高。本文報(bào)道了1例中國(guó)糖原累積癥V型年輕男性患者,運(yùn)動(dòng)后雙下肢無(wú)力、血肌酸激酶升高、肌肉磁共振可見(jiàn)下肢近端后群肌輕度脂肪浸潤(rùn),基因檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示先證者具有復(fù)合雜合型致病突變,分別為來(lái)自母親的c.308T>C (p.L103P)變異和來(lái)自父親的c.260_261delCT (p.S87Ffs*23)變異,其中前者為新發(fā)突變。本研究豐富了致病基因突變譜,有助于提高臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)糖原累積癥V型的認(rèn)識(shí),并為該疾病的進(jìn)一步遺傳學(xué)研究提供參考。
糖原累積癥V型;McArdle?。籔YGM;罕見(jiàn)病
糖原累積癥V型(glycogen storage disease type V, GSDV),又被稱為McArdle病,是一種常染色體隱性遺傳病[1],發(fā)病率約1/100,000~140,000[2]。1951年,英國(guó)McArdle醫(yī)生最早發(fā)現(xiàn)一位30歲男性患者,他在運(yùn)動(dòng)后(包括咀嚼時(shí))出現(xiàn)肌肉疼痛,劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)后還出現(xiàn)無(wú)力和僵硬,但運(yùn)動(dòng)后血液中的乳酸沒(méi)有增加,休息幾分鐘后癥狀可消失,McArdle醫(yī)生推測(cè)該病的病因可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)后肌糖原無(wú)法分解,導(dǎo)致乳酸生成受損[3]。糖原磷酸化酶(glycogen phos-phorylase,PYG)是催化糖原分解的限速酶,可促使細(xì)胞內(nèi)糖原生成1-磷酸葡萄糖(glucose-1-phosphate, G1P)單體[4]。Schmid和Mahler等[5]于1959年確定了GSDV是由位于人染色體11q13上的肌糖原磷酸化酶(muscle glycogen phos-phor-ylase,)基因突變引起該酶的功能缺失而導(dǎo)致的糖原分解障礙。
該病多發(fā)于15歲之前的兒童或青少年,也可在50歲后發(fā)病,男性多于女性[6]。患者表現(xiàn)為對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)不耐受、肌肉痙攣、疲勞和無(wú)力。在部分患者中,運(yùn)動(dòng)后可出現(xiàn)肌酸激酶急劇升高和橫紋肌溶解伴肌紅蛋白尿,嚴(yán)重的肌紅蛋白尿可導(dǎo)致急性腎功能衰竭。在許多McArdle病患者中觀察到以下現(xiàn)象[6~8]:在運(yùn)動(dòng)5 min左右患者出現(xiàn)肌痛、疲勞,經(jīng)過(guò)短暫休息幾分鐘或減慢運(yùn)動(dòng)后,癥狀突然消失且對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的耐受性有所提高,這種現(xiàn)象被定義為再振作現(xiàn)象(second wind phenomenon),又稱繼減現(xiàn)象。在患者成年后,隨著脂肪的替代,肌肉持續(xù)無(wú)力和萎縮[9]。McArdle病大部分患者病情較輕,不會(huì)影響患者壽命[10],但病情較重者可能因肌紅蛋白尿而導(dǎo)致腎功能衰竭、出現(xiàn)全身性肌無(wú)力甚至進(jìn)行性呼吸衰竭危及生命[10]。束臂運(yùn)動(dòng)試驗(yàn)比較患者運(yùn)動(dòng)前后血乳酸水平可輔助診斷GSDV,正常人運(yùn)動(dòng)后血乳酸水平往往增高,患者因?yàn)槿狈YGM,肌糖原不能分解,運(yùn)動(dòng)后血乳酸不升高。本文主要報(bào)道了1例McArdle病年輕男性患者,基因檢測(cè)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有基因復(fù)合雜合突變,分別為來(lái)自母親的c.308T>C (p.L103P)變異和來(lái)自父親的c.260_261delCT (p.S87Ffs*23)變異,其中前者為新發(fā)突變。本研究豐富了致病基因突變譜,為該疾病的遺傳學(xué)研究提供了新的臨床資源,同時(shí)也有助于糖原累積癥V型的早期診斷和加深臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)基因的了解。
患者,男,23歲,因“運(yùn)動(dòng)后雙下肢無(wú)力伴酸痛20年”于2019年至我院就診,收集患者的病史、體格檢查、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、影像學(xué)檢查等臨床資料。本研究獲得南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及其父母均知情同意。
患者及其父母留取2 mL全血并委托北京金準(zhǔn)基因科技有限公司進(jìn)行DNA基因組提取,通過(guò)目標(biāo)區(qū)域捕獲技術(shù)對(duì)富集的基因利用高通量測(cè)序儀對(duì)患者進(jìn)行全外顯子測(cè)序分析,測(cè)序完成后利用BWA軟件將過(guò)濾后的序列比對(duì)到NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)人類基因組參考序列(hg19)上,隨后使用北京金準(zhǔn)基因科技有限公司自有的本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和分析軟件進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步注釋和篩選。對(duì)患者父母進(jìn)行了針對(duì)所檢出變異位點(diǎn)的Sanger測(cè)序以驗(yàn)證全外顯子測(cè)序所發(fā)現(xiàn)的基因變異并確認(rèn)變異位點(diǎn)的父母來(lái)源。
使用Polyphen2、SIFT、Mutation Taster等工具對(duì)位點(diǎn)的致病性進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè);利用DNAMAN軟件(Lynnon Biosoft)對(duì)不同物種的基因突變位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行保守性分析。使用AlphaFold(https://alphafold. ebi.ac.uk)和SWISSMODEL蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)建模工具(https://swissmodel.expasy.org)預(yù)測(cè)PYGM蛋白的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。同時(shí),根據(jù)美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)會(huì)(American College of Medical Genetics, ACMG)遺傳變異分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將檢測(cè)到的變異分類為“致病”、“可能致病”和“意義不明確”。
患者,男,23歲,因“運(yùn)動(dòng)后雙下肢無(wú)力伴酸痛20年”于2019年至我院就診,患者剖腹產(chǎn)出生,出生時(shí)體重及先天性反射正常,母乳喂養(yǎng),從小食欲一般,比女生跑步慢,體育成績(jī)不佳,跑步350 m后感雙下肢無(wú)力酸痛,休息3~5 min即癥狀消失,可繼續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng);起跳正常,立定跳遠(yuǎn)尚可,做仰臥起坐5個(gè)之后腹部酸脹抽痛明顯,休息后好轉(zhuǎn)。隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),患者癥狀未見(jiàn)明顯好轉(zhuǎn),病程中未出現(xiàn)醬油尿,父母非近親婚配,家族中無(wú)類似患者。查體:身高:161 cm,體重:70 kg,四肢無(wú)肌肉萎縮和肥大,肌力肌張力正常,Martinuzzi指數(shù)[11]分級(jí)為I級(jí)(表1)。生化全套分析:丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶70.0 ↑ U/L(正常參考值:9~50 U/L),天門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶61.6 ↑ U/L (正常參考值:15~40 U/L),乳酸脫氫酶236 U/L (正常參考值:140~271 U/L),肌酸激酶5036 ↑ U/L (正常參考值:0~171 U/L),尿酸503 ↑ μmol/L (正常參考值:208~428 U/L),血清肌鈣蛋白I陰性,高敏肌鈣蛋白T 32.96 ↑ ng/L(正常參考值:0~14 ng/L),肌酸激酶同工酶53.3 ↑ U/L (正常參考值:0~25 U/L),肌紅蛋白151 ↑ μg/L(正常參考值:0~46 μg/L),血常規(guī)、血脂、血糖、免疫五項(xiàng)、抗核抗體、抗ENA抗體、心電圖、超聲心動(dòng)圖、肝膽胰脾雙腎輸尿管及甲狀腺彩超、頭顱MRI平掃及肌電圖均未見(jiàn)明顯異常,下肢近端肌肉MRI可見(jiàn)大腿后群部分輕度脂肪浸潤(rùn)(圖1)。
表1 Martinuzzi指數(shù)評(píng)估McArdle病嚴(yán)重程度
全外顯子組測(cè)序報(bào)告顯示該患者為c.260_261delCT(p.S87Ffs*23)及c.308T>C(p.L103P)復(fù)合雜合突變,Sanger測(cè)序進(jìn)一步確認(rèn)了上述突變,前者為已知突變位點(diǎn)(來(lái)自父親),后者為新發(fā)突變位點(diǎn)(來(lái)自母親)(圖2A),可診斷為GSDV。
該患者為復(fù)合雜合突變,第一個(gè)來(lái)源于父親的突變位點(diǎn)為c.260_261delCT(p.S87Ffs*23),260~261位CT堿基缺失突變導(dǎo)致氨基酸移碼突變并在23位后終止,僅有1例病例報(bào)道;第二個(gè)來(lái)源于母親的突變位點(diǎn)為c.308T>C(p.L103P),308位T堿基突變?yōu)镃堿基導(dǎo)致編碼氨基酸由亮氨酸變?yōu)楦彼幔贑linvar(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar),LOVD數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes),gnomAD (http://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/about),1000 Genomes(http://browser.1000genomes.org/)檢索中均未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。經(jīng)過(guò)生物信息學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)c.260_ 261delCT (p.S87Ffs*23)能夠改變PYGM蛋白的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),但c.308T>C (p.L103P)似乎對(duì)PYGM蛋白的二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)影響不大(圖2B)。該患者基因兩個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)氨基酸在不同物種中高度保守(圖2C)。根據(jù)美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)會(huì)(American College of Medical Genetics, ACMG)制定的序列變異解讀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和指南判定c.260_261delCT (p.S87Ffs*23)變異為可能致病突變,c.308T>C (p.L103P)變異為意義不明確突變,但依據(jù)SIFT (http://sift.jcvi.org/)、Polyphen2 (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph2)及Mutation Taster (http://www.mutationtaster.org/)等蛋白損傷預(yù)測(cè)軟件評(píng)估c.308T>C (p.L103P)突變極有可能致病(表2)。
圖1 患者下肢肌肉可見(jiàn)近端后群肌肉輕度脂肪浸潤(rùn)
A:肌肉磁共振T1序列圖;B:肌肉磁共振T1-FS序列圖。
圖2 患者及患者父母的基因檢測(cè)結(jié)果分析
A:基因復(fù)合雜合突變,c.260_261delCT (p.S87Ffs*23),c.308T>C (p.L103P),前者來(lái)自父親,后者來(lái)自母親。B:PYGM蛋白二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)。黑色箭頭指向的紅色位置表示PYGM p.L103P 氨基酸突變位置。C:基因p.S87位點(diǎn)及p.L103位點(diǎn)基因突變位點(diǎn)保守性分析。
該患者從小存在運(yùn)動(dòng)不耐受,包括跑步慢、肌肉疲勞、肌痛等,但當(dāng)患者休息幾分鐘或減少運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度后,便會(huì)出現(xiàn)再振作現(xiàn)象,能夠在癥狀改善的情況下繼續(xù)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng),但目前未出現(xiàn)“醬油色尿”(肌紅蛋白尿)發(fā)作。患者運(yùn)動(dòng)后血清肌酸激酶急劇升高,肌酸激酶同工酶、肌紅蛋白及尿酸均升高,符合典型GSDV臨床表現(xiàn),同時(shí)在基因檢測(cè)上明確了基因突變,因此該患者可明確診斷為GSDV。
GSDV也稱為McArdle病,是肌糖原病中最常見(jiàn)的一類疾病[12]。McArdle病可以通過(guò)基因檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)最常見(jiàn)的突變或肌肉活檢或分子遺傳學(xué)檢測(cè)做出診斷[13]。在Clinvar檢索共有802個(gè)已知突變位點(diǎn),在西班牙等歐美國(guó)家人群中最普遍的突變是p.R50X、p.W798R和p.G205S,約占所有突變的61%,其中p.R50X是最普遍的[14]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基因單核苷酸多態(tài)位點(diǎn)突變也與肌肉有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力有關(guān)。rs490980位點(diǎn)不同基因型的運(yùn)動(dòng)員有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能力差異明顯,CC型顯著低于TT型和TC型,由此推測(cè)rs490980位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可能對(duì)mRNA的表達(dá)有一定影響,從而影響了代謝過(guò)程[15]。而我國(guó)GSDV病例報(bào)道很少,已有的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道見(jiàn)表3。
表2 PYGM基因未報(bào)道新突變位點(diǎn)致病性預(yù)測(cè)
肌肉收縮所需的能量由三磷酸腺苷(ATP)提供,而糖酵解是肌肉產(chǎn)生ATP的必需來(lái)源。但是,在McArdle病中,肌糖原磷酸化酶缺乏會(huì)導(dǎo)致糖原分解受阻,并導(dǎo)致ATP生成減少同時(shí)抑制三羧酸循環(huán)。因此,用于骨骼肌收縮的ATP不足,導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)不耐受、運(yùn)動(dòng)中肌肉疼痛、痙攣、乏力和肌酸激酶升高[25]。在McArdle病中,高尿酸血癥及痛風(fēng)的報(bào)道較少[26],而該患者出現(xiàn)了高尿酸血癥,有研究認(rèn)為,由于糖原分解代謝障礙,患者加劇了ATP消耗,兩個(gè)二磷酸二腺苷(ADP)分子可以結(jié)合,通過(guò)腺苷酸激酶再生ATP以嘗試跟上ATP需求,反應(yīng)中將產(chǎn)生副產(chǎn)物單磷酸腺苷(AMP),并通過(guò)AMP脫氨酶代謝產(chǎn)生肌苷單磷酸酯(IMP)和氨(NH3)。IMP通過(guò)黃嘌呤氧化酶代謝為肌苷,然后代謝為次黃嘌呤及黃嘌呤,經(jīng)黃嘌呤氧化酶催化將次黃嘌呤和黃嘌呤還原為尿酸,因此McArdle病中出現(xiàn)高尿酸血癥可能為肌源性高尿酸血癥(圖3)[27]。
GSDV尚無(wú)特定的治療方法,目前該疾病的主要治療方案是對(duì)癥支持治療并避免劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng),因此早期診斷對(duì)促進(jìn)生活方式的改變很重要。
飲食上,有研究表明GSDV患者運(yùn)動(dòng)前攝入葡萄糖可提高運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力,并可預(yù)防運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的橫紋肌溶解[28]。Andersen等[29]在隨機(jī)交叉研究設(shè)計(jì)中比較了富含碳水化合物(20%脂肪、15%蛋白質(zhì)和65%碳水化合物)和富含蛋白質(zhì)(55%蛋白質(zhì),30%碳水化合物和15%脂肪)組成的飲食,通過(guò)進(jìn)行自行車騎行試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)富含碳水化合物的飲食使患者平均最大攝氧量、心率顯著下降。2017年,第211屆ENMC國(guó)際研討會(huì)對(duì)McArdle病建議患者每日攝入10%~15%的蛋白質(zhì),<35%的脂肪和>50%的碳水化合物[14]。
圖3 GSDV發(fā)病機(jī)制及其導(dǎo)致高尿酸血癥表型的可能機(jī)制
Fig. 3 The pathogenesis of GSDV and its possible mechanism leading to hyperuricemia
定期的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)(結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)前的碳水化合物攝入)有助于葡萄糖氧化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)的替代能源(例如脂肪酸),從而提高運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力。Haller等[30]連續(xù)14周對(duì)8例患者使用自行車測(cè)功機(jī)(每周4次,運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度相當(dāng)于其最大心率的60%~70%,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間為30~40 min/次)訓(xùn)練,Matez-Munoz等[31]對(duì)9名GSDV患者實(shí)施8個(gè)月訓(xùn)練(每周步行5次或自行車測(cè)功機(jī)訓(xùn)練5次,強(qiáng)度和療程持續(xù)時(shí)間與Haller研究類似),研究結(jié)果均顯示有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)峰值工作能力、最大有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)量、心輸出量的顯著改善。因此適當(dāng)?shù)挠醒踹\(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)改善GSDV患者運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力是有效的。
維生素B6是參與氨基酸代謝和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)生物合成的眾多酶的輔因子。肌糖原磷酸化酶也需要維生素B6作為輔因子[32],對(duì)癥應(yīng)用維生素B6(60~ 90 mg/天)可以改善突變型磷酸化酶的活性和骨骼肌的無(wú)氧酵解并增強(qiáng)其在患者骨骼肌中的殘留活性[33,34]。在先前McArdle病患者的報(bào)告中,補(bǔ)充維生素B6數(shù)周后肌肉疲勞顯著降低[32]。也有研究認(rèn)為,運(yùn)動(dòng)后磷酸肌酸會(huì)迅速消耗,補(bǔ)充低劑量肌酸(每天60 mg/kg)可能也是有益的[35]。
綜上所述,本文報(bào)道了1例基因突變導(dǎo)致McArdle病以及基因1個(gè)新發(fā)突變位點(diǎn)。對(duì)于McArdle病等罕見(jiàn)病,臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,很多癥狀難以與其他疾病鑒別,基因檢查能明確診斷,并分析病變基因的來(lái)源。本研究豐富了基因突變譜,有助于提高臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)McArdle疾病的臨床診治和致病機(jī)制的掌握。
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Diagnosis and genetic analysis of a case with glycogen storage disease type V caused by compound heterozygous mutations in thegene
Wanzi Jiang, Yiwen Xu, Yiwen Wang, Xiaocheng Zhu, Yingyun Gong, Hongwen Zhou, Zhenzhen Fu
Glycogen storage disease type V is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) deficiency, which is characterized by exercise intolerance, second wind phenomena and high level of serum creatine kinase. In this study, we reported a Chinese young man with glycogen storage disease type V, with lower extremity weakness after exercise, increased creatine kinase, and slight fat infiltration in the posterior group of thigh muscle by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The proband had complex heterozygousdisease-causing mutations, including c.308T>C (p.L103P) variant transmitted from the mother and c.260_261delCT (p.S87Ffs*23) from the father, of which the former was a novelmutation. This study enriched thepathogenic gene mutation spectrum, contributed to improve clinicians' understanding of glycogen storage disease type V and provided a reference for further genetic study of the disease.
glycogen storage disease type V; McArdle disease; PYGM; rare disease
2022-06-30;
2022-09-07;
2022-09-16
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(編號(hào):2019YFA0802701,2018YFA0506904),國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):82170882)和國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金重大研究計(jì)劃培育項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):91854122)資助?[Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2019YFA0802701, 2018YFA0506904), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82170882) and the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91854122)]
蔣琬姿,在讀博士研究生,專業(yè)方向:肥胖、脂代謝和罕見(jiàn)代謝病。E-mail: 1995jwz@sina.com
付真真,博士,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:肥胖、脂代謝和罕見(jiàn)代謝病。E-mail: zhenzhen1127@foxmail.com
10.16288/j.yczz.22-223
(責(zé)任編委: 孟卓賢)