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1331例高職院校女生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)危險(xiǎn)因素分析

2023-04-10 18:34羅潔譚文英趙汝
醫(yī)學(xué)美學(xué)美容 2023年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)危險(xiǎn)因素

羅潔 譚文英 趙汝

【摘 要】目的 探究湖南省高職院校女生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的患病率及危險(xiǎn)因素。方法 回顧性分析2022年9月-10月高職院校1331例女生的相關(guān)信息,比較社會(huì)人口信息、月經(jīng)模式和生活習(xí)慣的高職院校女生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)發(fā)生率,分析原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的影響因素。結(jié)果 湖南省高職院校女生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患病率為76.11%,單因素分析顯示,不同月經(jīng)初潮年齡、母親痛經(jīng)史、喝含糖飲料的頻次、吃早餐的頻次的女大學(xué)生的痛經(jīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);Logistic回歸分析顯示,母親痛經(jīng)史是痛經(jīng)的危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=0.346,95%CI=0.261~0.459)。結(jié)論 湖南省高職院校女生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)多與母親有痛經(jīng)史有關(guān),且患病率較高。

【關(guān)鍵詞】原發(fā)性痛經(jīng);危險(xiǎn)因素;高職院校女生

中圖分類號(hào):R711.51 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1004-4949(2023)04-0131-04

Analysis of Risk Factors of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 1331 Female Students in Higher Vocational Colleges

LUO Jie, TAN Wen-ying, ZHAO Ru

(Xiangtan Medical Vocational and Technical College, Xiangtan 411104, Hunan, China)

【Abstract】Objective To explore the prevalence and risk factors of primary dysmenorrhea among female vocational college students in Hunan Province. Methods The relevant information of 1331 girls in higher vocational colleges from September to October 2022 was retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea among girls in higher vocational colleges with social demographic information, menstrual patterns and living habits was compared, and the influencing factors of primary dysmenorrhea were analyzed. Results The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea among female students in higher vocational colleges in Hunan Province was 76.11%. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the incidence of dysmenorrhea among female college students with different menarche age, mother’s dysmenorrhea history, frequency of drinking sugary drinks and frequency of eating breakfast (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal dysmenorrhea history was a risk factor for dysmenorrhea(OR=0.346,95%CI=0.261-0.459). Conclusion Primary dysmenorrhea of female students in higher vocational colleges in Hunan Province is mostly related to the mother’s history of dysmenorrhea, and the prevalence rate is high.

【Key words】Primary dysmenorrhea; Risk factors; Female students in vocational colleges

痛經(jīng)指行經(jīng)前后或月經(jīng)期出現(xiàn)下腹部疼痛、墜脹,伴有腰酸或其他不適,可分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性,原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)(primary dysmenorrhea)指生殖器官?zèng)]有器質(zhì)性病變的痛經(jīng)[1],是青春期、育齡期女性最常見(jiàn)的婦科問(wèn)題[2]。各國(guó)女大學(xué)生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的患病率為45%~95%[3],痛經(jīng)對(duì)生活質(zhì)量、日?;顒?dòng)、工作效率和學(xué)業(yè)都有負(fù)面影響[4,5]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示[6],痛經(jīng)可能與月經(jīng)初潮年齡較早、月經(jīng)量多、痛經(jīng)家族史、吸煙、飲酒等因素有關(guān),然而不同的研究之間經(jīng)常存在相互矛盾的結(jié)果。目前,對(duì)我國(guó)女大學(xué)生痛經(jīng)的患病率及危險(xiǎn)因素的研究多局限于一所學(xué)校或一個(gè)地區(qū),大規(guī)模的研究資料亟待補(bǔ)充?;诖耍狙芯坑?022年9月-10月對(duì)湖南省高職院校女生的痛經(jīng)情況進(jìn)行了抽樣調(diào)查,探討女大學(xué)生的原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)影響因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析2022年9月-10月湖南省職高院校1331例女大學(xué)生相關(guān)資料。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):資料填寫(xiě)不完整,有盆腔器質(zhì)性病變者。年齡16~23歲,平均年齡(18.93±1.08)歲,除6例不清楚月經(jīng)初潮年齡外,其余研究對(duì)象初潮平均年齡為(12.83±1.29)歲。本研究經(jīng)湘潭醫(yī)衛(wèi)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有研究對(duì)象均知情同意。

1.2 方法 課題組通過(guò)查閱文獻(xiàn),經(jīng)多次專家咨詢,自行設(shè)計(jì)編制調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,并經(jīng)過(guò)預(yù)調(diào)查檢驗(yàn)后設(shè)計(jì)成《高職院校女生月經(jīng)現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查問(wèn)卷》。所有研究對(duì)象以匿名自填方式完成問(wèn)卷,問(wèn)卷由經(jīng)培訓(xùn)的調(diào)查員同意發(fā)放,并進(jìn)行質(zhì)量控制。問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容包括3個(gè)部分:①收集社會(huì)人口信息:年齡、學(xué)校所在地、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、家庭所在地及母親痛經(jīng)病史;②月經(jīng)模式:月經(jīng)初潮年齡、月經(jīng)周期、經(jīng)期、經(jīng)量和痛經(jīng)情況;③生活方式習(xí)慣:食用含糖飲料、甜點(diǎn)、牛奶、水果、早餐的頻次、飲食葷素搭配、飲食口味、節(jié)食減肥、入睡時(shí)間、睡眠時(shí)長(zhǎng)、體力活動(dòng)水平、吸煙、喝酒和食用外賣的頻次。本研究對(duì)問(wèn)卷中的部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行分析,具體包括痛經(jīng)情況和生活方式習(xí)慣。其中體力活動(dòng)水平:通過(guò)詢問(wèn)體力活動(dòng)的頻率、強(qiáng)度和時(shí)間,依據(jù)公式計(jì)算體力活動(dòng)水平,某種強(qiáng)度體力活動(dòng)水平=該體力活動(dòng)對(duì)應(yīng)的代謝當(dāng)量賦值×每周頻率(d/周)×每天時(shí)間(min/d),再計(jì)算3種強(qiáng)度體力活動(dòng)總和,劃分為低水平組、中水平組和高水平組[7];②飲酒:最近30 d至少喝一杯酒,包括飲1杯酒的量,相當(dāng)于半瓶/1聽(tīng)啤酒、1小杯白酒、1玻璃杯葡萄酒或者黃酒[8];③吸煙:每周至少吸煙1次,且時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)3個(gè)月以上者[9];④BMI:根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的分類,低體重:<18.5 kg/m2,正常體重:18.5~24.9 kg/m2,超重:25~29.9 kg/m2,肥胖:≥30 kg/m2。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用 SPSS 25.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x-±s)表示,組間比較行t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較行χ2檢驗(yàn);采用多因素Logistic回歸分析痛經(jīng)的發(fā)生因素;P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2.1 痛經(jīng)發(fā)病率 1331例研究對(duì)象中,1013名學(xué)生有痛經(jīng)史,原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的患病率為76.11%。

2.2 引發(fā)痛經(jīng)的單因素分析 不同月經(jīng)初潮年齡、母親痛經(jīng)史、喝含糖飲料的頻次、吃早餐的頻次的女大學(xué)生的痛經(jīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1;不同家庭所在地、食用甜點(diǎn)的頻次、飲食搭配、飲食規(guī)律性、喝牛奶的頻率、吃水果的頻率、飲食口味、節(jié)食減肥、體力活動(dòng)水平、入睡時(shí)間、睡眠時(shí)長(zhǎng)、飲酒、吸煙、點(diǎn)外賣的頻率的女大學(xué)生的痛經(jīng)發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),數(shù)據(jù)已省略。

2.3 引發(fā)痛經(jīng)的多因素分析 多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,母親痛經(jīng)史是痛經(jīng)的影響因素(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。

在本研究中,納入研究對(duì)象中原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的患病率為76.11%,與梁雪迪等[10]在山東高校的調(diào)查結(jié)果相一致,高于Zhao H等[11]報(bào)道的長(zhǎng)沙市女大學(xué)生的原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)患病率(41.7%),低于埃及(93%)、伊朗女大學(xué)生(89.1%)痛經(jīng)患病率[12],這可能與對(duì)原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的定義和評(píng)估不同,以及各地區(qū)的氣候、環(huán)境、文化差異有關(guān)。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[10,11,13],痛經(jīng)會(huì)引起疲勞、易怒、惡心、頭痛等癥狀,會(huì)影響學(xué)業(yè),甚至導(dǎo)致睡眠障礙、抑郁,影響生活質(zhì)量。因此,如何降低女大學(xué)生痛經(jīng)的患病率,促進(jìn)女大學(xué)生的生殖健康仍然值得探討。

本研究表明,母親有痛經(jīng)史是女大學(xué)生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的危險(xiǎn)因素,與相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[4,10],其中一個(gè)原因可能與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、相似的生活模式和行為習(xí)慣有關(guān)[11],另一原因可能與遺傳因素有關(guān)。Wu D等[14]研究了細(xì)胞色素P450 2D6和谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶Mu多態(tài)性與痛經(jīng)的關(guān)系,并得出結(jié)論,兩種基因型變異的女性發(fā)生痛經(jīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高。此外,有研究稱[15,16],原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)還與CYP1A1-Hinc和GSTT1基因遺傳多態(tài)性、PON1和PON2基因遺傳多態(tài)性有關(guān)。

單因素分析中,月經(jīng)初潮年齡、喝含糖飲料的頻次、吃早餐的頻次與原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的患病率有差異,經(jīng)Logistic回歸分析,它們與原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)。但相關(guān)研究表明[17],月經(jīng)初潮較早的女性痛經(jīng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了54%。也有研究表明[18],月經(jīng)初潮年齡較大的女性痛經(jīng)的患病率較高。這些關(guān)聯(lián)的機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能與排卵效率、月經(jīng)期間較高水平的子宮活動(dòng)和前列腺素的產(chǎn)生增加有關(guān)[19,20]。研究顯示[21,22],不吃早餐的學(xué)生往往比經(jīng)常吃早餐的學(xué)生經(jīng)歷更強(qiáng)烈的痛經(jīng),這可能與某些食物的攝入量不足有關(guān),導(dǎo)致早晨出現(xiàn)一定程度的營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺陷,如含纖維的食物和乳制品攝入量少被發(fā)現(xiàn)與痛經(jīng)成負(fù)相關(guān)。在有痛經(jīng)史的女性中,日常食用甜食的頻率更高,可能是由于糖會(huì)影響肌肉收縮所涉及的礦物質(zhì)和維生素的吸收,因此會(huì)導(dǎo)致痛經(jīng)[24,25],此外,本研究對(duì)引發(fā)痛經(jīng)的因素未得出一致結(jié)論,可能與把食用含糖飲料、甜點(diǎn)的頻次分開(kāi)統(tǒng)計(jì)有關(guān)。本研究還存在一定的局限性,由于疼痛體驗(yàn)是一種個(gè)體的感知,具有較大的主觀性,所以難以準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估。

原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)困擾著很多女大學(xué)生,應(yīng)將其視為預(yù)防、診斷和治療的目標(biāo)群體,要加強(qiáng)家庭中尤其是母親對(duì)生理健康的認(rèn)知,從女生月經(jīng)初潮開(kāi)始,對(duì)其進(jìn)行相關(guān)生理知識(shí)的健康宣教以預(yù)防痛經(jīng)的發(fā)生,并進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的隊(duì)列研究和縱向研究,找到更多的的影響因素,以期降低女大學(xué)生原發(fā)性痛經(jīng)的發(fā)病情況。

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