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游離齦移植術(shù)后移植瓣收縮效果對口腔黏膜瘢痕整體外觀評價的影響

2023-05-22 04:34張晶,林曉華
中國美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2023年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:疼痛

[摘要]目的:探討游離齦移植術(shù)后移植瓣收縮效果對口腔黏膜瘢痕整體外觀評價的影響。方法:選取2019年3月-2021年6月筆者醫(yī)院口腔科收治的牙齦退縮需行游離齦移植術(shù)患者64例,行游離齦移植術(shù)。觀察并比較患者手術(shù)前后角化齦寬度、齦瓣水平向?qū)挾取l瓣垂直向?qū)挾?、齦瓣表面積、溫哥華瘢痕量表(Vancouver scar scale,VSS)評分、菌斑指數(shù)及視覺模擬評分法(Visual analogue score,VAS)評分結(jié)果。結(jié)果:術(shù)后1個月和3個月角化齦寬度分別為(3.44±0.55)mm、(3.77±0.66)mm,均較術(shù)前明顯升高(P<0.05);術(shù)后1個月齦瓣垂直向?qū)挾?、水平向?qū)挾燃氨砻娣e分別為(8.88±1.45)mm、(3.12±0.32)mm、(32.88±8.12)mm2,均較術(shù)前降低(P<0.05);術(shù)后1個月和3個月VSS評分分別為(4.44±1.04)分、(2.75±0.67)分,均較術(shù)后即刻明顯降低(P<0.05);術(shù)后1個月和3個月牙菌斑指數(shù)分別為1.66±0.33、0.74±0.34,均較治療前明顯降低(P<0.05);術(shù)后3周、7周VAS評分分別為(2.39±1.11)分、(0.59±0.35)分,均較術(shù)前明顯降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:牙齦退縮患者行游離齦移植術(shù)后移植瓣收縮較小,可促進(jìn)口腔健康恢復(fù),減輕疼痛和口腔黏膜瘢痕,改善患者預(yù)后,提高口腔黏膜瘢痕整體美觀性。

[關(guān)鍵詞]游離齦移植術(shù);移植瓣收縮效果;口腔黏膜瘢痕整體外觀;口腔健康;疼痛

[中圖分類號]R781.41? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號]1008-6455(2023)04-0138-03

Effect of Graft Flap Contraction on the Overall Appearance of Oral Mucosal Scarring after Free Gingival Transplantation

ZHANG Jing,LIN Xiaohua

(Department of Stomatology,Qingdao Chengyang District People's Hospital,Qingdao 266109,

Shandong,China)

Abstract: Objective? To investigate the effect of graft flap contraction on the overall appearance of oral mucosal scarring after free gingival transplantation. Methods? Sixty four patients with gingival recession who needed free gingival transplantation in the author's hospital from March 2019 to June 2021 were selected. The patient was treated with free gingival transplantation. The width of keratinized gingiva, the horizontal width of gingival flap, the vertical width of gingival flap, the surface area of gingiva flap, Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) score, plaque index and vas score were observed and compared before and after surgery. Results? The width of keratinized gingiva 1 month and 3 months after operation were (3.44±0.55) mm and (3.77±0.66) mm respectively, which were significantly higher than that before operation (0.21±0.22) mm (P<0.05). One month after operation, the vertical width, horizontal width and surface area of gingival flap were (8.88±1.45) mm, (3.12±0.32) mm, (32.88±8.12) mm2, Compared with preoperative (9.57±1.34) mm, (4.08±0.46) mm, (40.22±11.38) mm2 (P<0.05). The VSS scores at 1 month and 3 months after operation were (4.44±1.04) points and (2.75±0.67) points respectively, which were significantly lower than immediately after operation(P<0.05). Plaque index at 1 month and 3 months after treatment were 1.66±0.33 and 0.74±0.34 respectively, which were significantly lower than that before treatment (P<0.05). The vas scores at 3 and 7 weeks after operation were 2.39±1.11 and 0.59±0.35 respectively, which were significantly lower than those before operation(P<0.05). Conclusion? After free gingival transplantation, the contraction of transplanted flap is reduced, which can promote the recovery of oral health, reduce pain and oral mucosal scarring, improve the prognosis and improve the overall beauty of oral mucosal scarring.

Key words: free gingival transplantation; contraction effect of transplanted valve; overall appearance of oral mucosal scarring; oral health; pain

近年來隨著飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣化,牙周病患者的數(shù)量也隨之增加,患者牙齒周圍軟組織(牙周膜、牙齦)或硬組織(牙骨質(zhì)、牙槽骨)發(fā)生不可逆性炎癥疾病,易發(fā)為牙周病。牙齦退縮和角化齦缺失是牙周病的主要臨床癥狀[1-2],患者可出現(xiàn)牙齦邊緣退至釉牙骨質(zhì)界面,導(dǎo)致牙齦附著喪失或牙根表面暴露的現(xiàn)象即牙齦退縮,易并發(fā)牙齒敏感、牙周附著喪失甚至牙齒脫落、根面齲等[3]。臨床常用的治療牙齦退縮的方法有游離齦移植術(shù)、上皮下結(jié)締組織移植及脫細(xì)胞真皮基質(zhì)移植等,由于缺損部位、遠(yuǎn)期療效、創(chuàng)傷大小的不同,其療效不同。本研究旨在探討牙齦退縮患者游離齦移植術(shù)后移植瓣收縮效果對口腔黏膜瘢痕整體外觀評價的影響,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報道如下。

1? 資料和方法

1.1 一般資料:選取筆者醫(yī)院2019年3月-2021年6月收治的牙齦退縮需行游離齦移植術(shù)患者64例,其中男33例,女31例,年齡34~58歲,平均(46.38±4.25)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①非凝血功能障礙者;②角化齦寬度小于或等于0.5 mm;③患者口腔衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣良好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①嚴(yán)重肝、腎功能不全者;②合并精神障礙者;③長期飲酒、吸煙者;④合并血液系統(tǒng)疾病、糖尿病等可能造成組織愈合不良者。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),患者及其家屬均知情同意并簽訂同意書。

1.2 方法:手術(shù)前先進(jìn)行個性化牙齦壓板、腭護(hù)板制作。對患者上、下頜取模。根據(jù)上頜模型制作壓模保持器,并對其進(jìn)行修剪,保持在腭側(cè)齦緣以上3 mm,對腭側(cè)部分保留,修正拋光邊緣。在第一磨牙至腭護(hù)板尖牙的間隙處預(yù)留固定孔,受區(qū)準(zhǔn)備。使用15號刀片在受植區(qū)齦膜聯(lián)合處做4~6 mm水平切口,預(yù)備半厚膜。銳性分離黏膜,兩邊各超出受植區(qū)半個牙位,將骨面少量結(jié)締組織和骨膜保留,同時將半厚膜推向頰側(cè)根方,在供區(qū)取齦瓣。行局部麻醉,在上頜第一磨牙至前磨牙齦緣2~3 mm處的腭側(cè)切取一塊半厚瓣,厚度以1.0~1.5 mm為宜,切取的大小與受植區(qū)長寬相符,用生理鹽水清洗,修剪半厚瓣,去除腺體、脂肪組織。對齦瓣進(jìn)行移植和縫合,清理受區(qū)并止血,采用4-0縫線對游離齦瓣進(jìn)行縫合,壓迫止血,將空氣和下方瘀血排凈。另外,采用凡士林仿紗條對腭部傷口進(jìn)行縫合固定。術(shù)后2周內(nèi),患者需使用0.12%氯己定含漱,2次/天,每次1 min,控制牙菌斑。術(shù)后2周內(nèi)患者不可進(jìn)行沖牙器、刷牙、牙縫刷等機械性菌斑控制操作,治療2周后即可拆線。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

1.3.1 角化齦寬度:記錄并比較患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月的角化齦寬度。

1.3.2 齦瓣水平向?qū)挾?、垂直向?qū)挾燃氨砻娣e:記錄并比較患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個月齦瓣水平向?qū)挾?、垂直向?qū)挾燃氨砻娣e的變化。

1.3.3 VSS評分[4]:分別于術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月通過溫哥華瘢痕量表(VSS)對患者術(shù)區(qū)瘢痕進(jìn)行評價,包括4個維度,包括色澤、厚度、柔軟度、血管分布,總分0~15分,評分越低,瘢痕程度越輕。

1.3.4 菌斑指數(shù):記錄并比較患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月菌斑指數(shù),分為0~3級,0級為沒有牙菌斑,3級為有明顯牙菌斑沉積。

1.3.5 VAS評分[5]:記錄并對比患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后3周、術(shù)后7周VAS評分,總分為0~10分,輕度疼痛為≤3分,患者尚可忍受;中度疼痛為4~6分,影響患者睡眠;強烈疼痛為≥7分,患者需要藥物進(jìn)行干預(yù),緩解疼痛。

1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析:應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料以“x?±s”表示,采用單因素方差分析、獨立樣本t檢驗,配對t檢驗,P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2? 結(jié)果

2.1 角化齦寬度:術(shù)后1個月、3個月角化齦寬度均較術(shù)前明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);術(shù)前患者齦瓣垂直向?qū)挾?、水平向?qū)挾燃氨砻娣e分別為(9.57±1.34)mm、(4.08±0.46)mm、(40.22±11.38)mm2,術(shù)后1個月均較術(shù)前降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.2 VSS評分:術(shù)后即刻患者VSS評分為(8.42±1.33)分,術(shù)后1個月為(4.44±1.04)分,術(shù)后3個月為(2.75±0.67)分,術(shù)后VSS評分均較術(shù)前明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

2.3 菌斑指數(shù):患者術(shù)前菌斑指數(shù)為3.31±0.61,術(shù)后1個月為1.66±0.33,術(shù)后3個月為0.74±0.34,術(shù)后牙菌斑指數(shù)均較治療前明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

2.4 VAS評分:患者術(shù)前VAS評分為(5.41±1.66)分,術(shù)后3周為(2.39±1.11)分,術(shù)后7周為(0.59±0.35)分,術(shù)后VAS評分均較術(shù)前明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

2.5 典型病例:見圖1~4。

3? 討論

齦瓣收縮是游離齦移植術(shù)后常見現(xiàn)象,多由于受植區(qū)手術(shù)創(chuàng)口愈合或周圍肌肉纖維長入使前庭溝變淺,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致移植瓣收縮,收縮嚴(yán)重時角化齦寬度增量效果也會大打折扣[6-7]。因此,需采用合適的手術(shù)方式對其進(jìn)行干預(yù),適量增加角化齦寬度,減輕齦瓣收縮。游離齦移植術(shù)是將自體角化齦組織移植到缺失區(qū),加深前庭溝,并使附著齦寬度增加[8]。附著齦可以降低機械刺激對牙周組織的損傷,保持齦緣穩(wěn)定,若角化齦缺失,牙面黏膜發(fā)生退縮,會使附著齦的附著性喪失,最終導(dǎo)致部分牙區(qū)炎癥發(fā)生,在一定程度上增加角化齦寬度有利于患者保持牙周健康,并且可以使受植區(qū)軟組織具有良好的質(zhì)地和顏色[9-10]。角化齦寬度、齦瓣垂直向?qū)挾燃褒l瓣水平向?qū)挾取l瓣表面積是移植瓣收縮效果的相關(guān)指標(biāo)[11-12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,患者術(shù)后1個月、3個月角化齦寬度和術(shù)后1個月齦瓣垂直向?qū)挾?、水平向?qū)挾燃氨砻娣e均降低,VSS評分顯著降低,提示游離齦移植術(shù)后患者移植瓣收縮減小,瘢痕減輕,口腔黏膜瘢痕外觀得到改善。

若患者缺乏穩(wěn)定的角化齦組織或牙周軟組織薄弱,則會降低牙周組織對細(xì)菌菌斑的抵抗力,引發(fā)炎癥。游離齦移植術(shù)可使缺損的角化齦得到修復(fù),將附著齦固定于牙面,緩解牙齦膜退縮,減少細(xì)菌入侵,從而減少牙菌斑[13-14]。游離齦移植術(shù)應(yīng)用范圍廣,可進(jìn)行自體移植,避免醫(yī)源性根面暴露,防止附著齦附著喪失,符合美觀要求[15]。本研究中,術(shù)后菌斑指數(shù)、VAS評分均呈降低趨勢,表示游離齦移植術(shù)可有效減少患者牙菌斑,減輕疼痛。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[2]Pereira A G,Teixeira D N,Soares M P,et al.Periodontal and restorative treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesions: case study[J].J Int Acad Periodontol,2016,18(1):16-22.

[3]戴安娜,丁佩惠,唐琪,等.牙周根面覆蓋術(shù)治療牙齦退縮的長期療效觀察[J].中華口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2019,54(2):124-129.

[4]歐琳琳,周迎端,蔣明芝.自體濃縮生長因子膜用于口腔黏膜組織缺損對疼痛度及瘢痕的影響[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2019,28(9):107-110.

[5]胡琳馳,黃溫棉,王仁飛.改良游離牙齦移植技術(shù)臨床效果評價[J].上??谇会t(yī)學(xué),2019,28(1):76-80.

[6]Deo S D,Shetty S K,Kulloli A,et al.Efficacy of free gingival graft in the treatment of Miller Class I and Class II localized gingival recessions: A systematic review[J].J Indian Soc Periodontol,2019,23(2):93-99.

[7]Tavelli L,Barootchi S,Avila-Ortiz G,et al.Peri-implant soft tissue phenotype modification and its impact on peri-implant health: A systematic review and network meta-analysis[J].J Periodontol.2021,92(1):21-44.

[8]Cevallos C R,de Resende D,Damante C A,et al.Free gingival graft and acellular dermal matrix for gingival augmentation: a 15-year clinical study[J].Clin Oral Investig,2020,24(3):1197-1203.

[9]于文鳳,于蘭,呂敏敏,等.血小板濃縮生長因子聯(lián)合冠向復(fù)位瓣修復(fù)對牙齦退縮患者根面覆蓋效果及美學(xué)評價的影響[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2019,28(10):117-120.

[10]Dias J J,Panwar M,Kosala M.Management of inadequate keratinized gingiva and millers class III or IV gingival recession using two-stage free gingival graft procedure[J].J Indian Soc Periodontol,2020,24(6):554-559.

[11]Kang J,Yi M,Chen J,et al.Comparative assessment between bio-adhesive material and silk suture in regard to healing, clinical attachment level and width of keratinized gingiva in gingival recession defects cases[J].Sci Prog,2021,104(2):368504211011868.

[12]喬敏,張凱,董靜,等.游離齦瓣移植術(shù)和根向復(fù)位瓣增加種植區(qū)域角化齦效果的臨床觀察[J].中華口腔醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2016,51(10):605-609.

[13]Zheng C,Wang S,Ye H,et al.Effect of free gingival graft before implant placement on peri-implant health and soft tissue changes: a randomized controlled trial[J].BMC Oral Health,2021,21(1):492.

[14]Sriwil M,F(xiàn)akher M A,Hasan K,et al.Comparison of free gingival graft and gingival unit graft for treatment of gingival recession: a randomized controlled trial[J].Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent,2020,40(3):e103-e110.

[15]Lim A C,Cho S C,de la Torre E G,et al.Improving free gingival graft success around implants using a completed implant restoration[J].Compend Contin Educ Dent,2021,42(8):452-458.

[收稿日期]2021-11-18

本文引用格式:張晶,林曉華.游離齦移植術(shù)后移植瓣收縮效果對口腔黏膜瘢痕整體外觀評價的影響[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2023,32(4):138-140.

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