張菁,王俊敏,馬麗瓊,李午麗
[摘要]目的:觀(guān)察外科手術(shù)聯(lián)合牽引矯治彎曲阻生年輕恒前牙的療效。方法:收集自2019年以來(lái)筆者醫(yī)院收治的30例彎曲阻生年輕恒前牙病例,患兒年齡7~10歲,運(yùn)用外科開(kāi)窗聯(lián)合牽引方法,將彎曲阻生年輕恒前牙恢復(fù)至正常牙列位置。患牙為觀(guān)察組,對(duì)側(cè)同名牙作為正常對(duì)照組,在雙側(cè)中切牙均受損的病例中,以同頜側(cè)切牙為對(duì)照組,術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng)24個(gè)月。CBCT測(cè)量治療后觀(guān)察組和對(duì)照組的唇側(cè)牙槽骨厚度、牙冠高度和牙根長(zhǎng)度,評(píng)估預(yù)后效果。結(jié)果:29例患者共30顆患牙,其中男15例,女14例,失訪(fǎng)3例,平均年齡(7.98±0.63)歲,成功率96.3%。利用CBCT測(cè)量分析結(jié)果,治療后,唇側(cè)牙槽骨厚度小于對(duì)照組,且牙根長(zhǎng)度低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),而牙冠高度未見(jiàn)明顯差異。結(jié)論:外科手術(shù)聯(lián)合正畸牽引適用于年輕彎曲恒前牙的治療,有利于牙根發(fā)育和唇側(cè)牙槽骨的改建。
[關(guān)鍵詞]彎曲牙;年輕恒牙;正畸牽引;牙牽引;成功率
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R783.5? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2023)04-0141-03
Clinical Analysis of 30 Cases of Dilaceration of Maxillary Immature Permanent Central Incisors Treated by Surgical Exposure and Orthodontic Treatment
ZHANG Jing,WANG Junmin,MA Liqiong,LI Wuli
(Department of Endodontics,Stomatological Hospital and College,Key Lab.of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230032,Anhui,China)
Abstract: Objective? To evaluate? the efficacy of 30 cases of dilaceration of maxillary central incisors treated by surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment. Methods? The children with dilaceration of maxillary central incisors were selected at AnHui Stomatological Hospital from 2019.The affected tooth was used as the observation group and the contralateral tooth of the same name was used as the normal control group, in cases where both central incisors were damaged, the lateral incisors in the same jaw were used as the control group. The post-operative follow-up periods are over 24 months. Evaluated the thickness of labial alveolar bone, the height of tooth crown and the length of the root in the observation and control groups after treatment by CBCT. Results? 29 children with 30 dilacerated teeth including 15 boys and 14 girls and 3 cases were lost to follow-up, aged 7-10 with an average age of (7.98±0.63) years. The success rate was 96.3%.Compared to the control group, the results of CBCT showed the thickness of labial alveolar bone and the length of the root were significantly lower in the treated group (P<0.001) Conclusion? Dilaceration of maxillary central incisors could be successfully treated by surgical exposure and orthodontic treatment. It benefits the root development and labial alveolar bone reconstruction.
Key words: dilaceration; immature tooth; orthodontics; traction of teeth; success rate
彎曲牙是一種牙齒畸形,其特征是牙冠和牙根之間的軸向角突然改變,這可能出現(xiàn)在乳牙和恒牙中。治療的目標(biāo)是在不損害鄰近牙齒和牙周組織的情況下恢復(fù)面部美觀(guān),對(duì)臨床治療來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。Tomes[1]將牙齒的冠和根之間的縱軸形成的角度≥90°的偏轉(zhuǎn)定義為彎曲牙。本研究收集自2019年以來(lái)在筆者醫(yī)院牙體牙髓兒童牙病科收治的30顆在混合牙列中出現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重彎曲的水平上頜中切牙(29例患兒)進(jìn)行研究。采用外科手術(shù)開(kāi)窗,然后進(jìn)行正畸牽引治療。彎曲年輕恒牙被成功地移至牙弓內(nèi)正常位置,牙齦輪廓良好,牙根繼續(xù)發(fā)育。其中1例因彎曲角度過(guò)大,根尖暴露于唇側(cè)黏膜,3例失訪(fǎng)?,F(xiàn)對(duì)彎曲阻生年輕恒前牙外科手術(shù)治療的時(shí)機(jī)和預(yù)后進(jìn)行分析討論。
1? 資料和方法
1.1 臨床資料:選擇2019年至今在安徽省口腔醫(yī)院牙體牙髓兒童牙病科就診的29例患兒(共30顆彎曲牙,其中1例患兒雙側(cè)中切牙均為彎曲牙),年齡7~10周歲,彎曲牙均為上中切牙。將對(duì)側(cè)同名牙作為正常對(duì)照組,在雙側(cè)中切牙均受損的病例中,以同頜側(cè)切牙為對(duì)照組。病例均為重度牙彎曲(牙冠長(zhǎng)軸與牙根長(zhǎng)軸角度≥90°且牙冠朝向鼻前棘)。術(shù)前拍攝CBCT均顯示患牙牙根彎曲,根尖孔未閉合。
1.2 治療方法:選擇手術(shù)開(kāi)窗和正畸牽引治療。術(shù)前與患兒家長(zhǎng)溝通,告知家長(zhǎng)治療方案、失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及并發(fā)癥的可能,并簽署知情同意書(shū)(安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)倫理委員會(huì):20190703)。在局部麻醉下制備全層三角形黏骨膜瓣,暴露彎曲牙腭側(cè)。使用30%磷酸酸蝕彎曲牙的腭面,粘接含鏈狀皮圈的托槽,閉合式牽引患牙。6~8個(gè)月后,當(dāng)切緣通過(guò)牙槽黏膜透明后,行第2次手術(shù)。再次于局麻下做全厚度皮瓣,在冠唇面粘扣固定彈力鏈,將彈性鏈固定在上頜弓上。6~8個(gè)月后,使用0.014英寸鎳鈦絲進(jìn)行固定正畸治療,并定期復(fù)查牙髓活力和牙根發(fā)育情況,維持至少6個(gè)月。
1.3 觀(guān)察指標(biāo):CBCT測(cè)量治療后患牙和對(duì)照牙的唇側(cè)牙槽骨厚度,牙冠高度(切緣至釉牙骨質(zhì)界點(diǎn)距離)和牙根長(zhǎng)度。彎曲牙牙根長(zhǎng)度測(cè)量方法參照相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[2],治療前牙根長(zhǎng)度為唇腭向釉牙本質(zhì)界連線(xiàn)中點(diǎn)A與根尖孔連線(xiàn)中點(diǎn)B的距離AB。治療后根尖孔連線(xiàn)中點(diǎn)為C,測(cè)量治療后牙根總長(zhǎng)度為AB+BC(見(jiàn)圖1)。
1.4 療效評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]:術(shù)后觀(guān)察24個(gè)月,成功為牙冠暴露術(shù)和正畸牽引后牙齒外觀(guān)美觀(guān)良好,成功將上頜切牙引導(dǎo)至牙列的正確位置,咬合關(guān)系正常,牙周健康,待牙根發(fā)育完全后測(cè)牙髓活力正常,無(wú)牙根吸收。X線(xiàn)影像顯示上頜中切牙排列整齊,根尖孔閉合,牙周韌帶連續(xù),牙根長(zhǎng)度與側(cè)切牙相似,根尖閉合,未出現(xiàn)骨粘連現(xiàn)象。失敗為牙齒彎曲度過(guò)大,埋伏牙未能牽引至相應(yīng)牙槽窩內(nèi),出現(xiàn)骨粘連或骨喪失超過(guò)2 mm,牙齦退縮超過(guò)2 mm,或牙根內(nèi)外吸收,牙髓壞死。
2? 結(jié)果
經(jīng)過(guò)治療,25例患兒共26顆彎曲的阻生年輕恒前牙牽引萌出至牙列正常位置,牙根繼續(xù)發(fā)育至根尖孔閉合,牙髓活力正常,牙周健康,成功率96.3%;1例因牙根彎曲角度過(guò)大,造成根尖暴露于唇側(cè)黏膜,矯治失敗。3例失訪(fǎng)。
2.1 典型病例:成功病例見(jiàn)圖2~3;失敗病例見(jiàn)圖4。
2.2 兩組測(cè)量指標(biāo)比較:治療后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組(彎曲牙)與對(duì)照組正常牙各臨床檢測(cè)指標(biāo)比較,唇側(cè)牙槽骨厚度、牙根長(zhǎng)度比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。見(jiàn)表1。
3? 討論
彎曲牙的病因尚不完全清楚,最廣泛接受的病因是學(xué)齡前兒童急性創(chuàng)傷。在6歲之前的兒童中,上前牙外傷的發(fā)生率約22.7%[4]。上頜乳切牙與繼承恒牙之間的纖維結(jié)締組織厚度小于3 mm[5],當(dāng)乳牙發(fā)生軸向撞擊時(shí),沖擊力可以垂直向上傳遞到未萌出的年輕恒牙上,引起繼承恒牙牙冠縱向傾斜方向的改變,上皮根鞘繼續(xù)發(fā)育導(dǎo)致繼承恒牙切緣向鼻部方向移位[6]。最后,恒切牙的牙冠和牙根縱軸之間會(huì)形成一個(gè)角度,稱(chēng)其為彎曲牙。彎曲的嚴(yán)重程度取決于兒童遭受創(chuàng)傷的年齡、牙齒發(fā)育的階段、牙根吸收的范圍等。然而,一些研究人員認(rèn)為,后牙中也存在彎曲牙現(xiàn)象,這并不支持創(chuàng)傷是主要病因的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。檢測(cè)所拔除的4 655顆患牙中,下頜第三磨牙患病率較高,而前牙患病率則較低。Tan等[7]研究了320例彎曲切牙病例,只有22%有損傷史。Topouzelis等[8-9]認(rèn)為彎曲牙的病因除外傷史外,還可能與局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的變異、發(fā)育障礙、鄰近囊腫的存在、面部裂傷、腫瘤、乳牙的拔除、多生牙的發(fā)育和遺傳因素等有關(guān)。一些研究報(bào)道彎曲牙的發(fā)生無(wú)性別偏好,但也有研究者[10]認(rèn)為彎曲牙患者男女比例為6:1。
對(duì)于彎曲牙的治療需要多學(xué)科的綜合治療,如果計(jì)劃拔除阻生彎曲恒切牙,主要有以下幾種治療方法:①使用正畸治療和假體修復(fù)封閉間隙;②手術(shù)重新定位彎曲的中切牙;③在牙弓中使用前磨牙代替被拔除的切牙進(jìn)行自體牙移植;④使用假體橋或種植體進(jìn)行替換[11-12]。然而,拔除彎曲恒切牙可能會(huì)造成患兒的心理問(wèn)題,通常會(huì)被家長(zhǎng)拒絕,患兒及家長(zhǎng)更希望保存治療,因此在臨床上可采用外科手術(shù)結(jié)合正畸牽引的治療方法。通過(guò)外科手術(shù)暴露患牙舌側(cè)面并粘接托槽,閉合式牽引患牙;當(dāng)患牙牙冠接近牙槽黏膜,去除舌側(cè)托槽,并在彎曲牙的唇面粘接托槽,直至牙冠暴露達(dá)到正常高度;最終通過(guò)正畸排齊前牙達(dá)到理想的美觀(guān)效果。Chaushu等[13]報(bào)道64例阻生彎曲切牙,正畸牽引的成功率為90%。本研究中隨訪(fǎng)的27顆患牙,僅1例失敗,成功率為96.3%。Clauser等[14]利用外科手術(shù)和正畸牽引的方法治療1例8歲女孩彎曲恒切牙,隨訪(fǎng)2年發(fā)現(xiàn)治療后患牙的牙根連續(xù)發(fā)育,根長(zhǎng)、根尖大小與對(duì)側(cè)正常切牙相同。因此,Clauser等建議早期正畸介入治療,為年輕恒牙牙根的繼續(xù)發(fā)育創(chuàng)造更多的空間,既有利于牙周組織健康,又能保持骨高度。雖然本研究中患牙取得了良好的美觀(guān)效果,但唇側(cè)牙槽骨厚度和患牙牙根長(zhǎng)度與對(duì)照牙相比尚存在差異,需要更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的隨訪(fǎng)觀(guān)察。
彎曲牙的預(yù)后主要取決于牙根的成熟度、矯治程度、矯治牙的位置和空間,這些都是決定手術(shù)-正畸聯(lián)合治療的預(yù)后因素[15]。學(xué)者們普遍認(rèn)為矯治彎曲牙的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡不應(yīng)超過(guò)90°,否則,彎曲牙可能會(huì)刺穿唇側(cè)皮質(zhì)或破壞到相鄰牙的牙根部,影響鄰近的側(cè)切牙或中切牙。在本研究中,1例患牙因彎曲角度過(guò)大,出現(xiàn)患牙根尖破壞牙周組織暴露于唇側(cè)黏膜。因此,在術(shù)前應(yīng)通過(guò)CBCT仔細(xì)評(píng)估患牙彎曲角度及可能出現(xiàn)的預(yù)后。彎曲牙治療時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮到前庭深度、牙周條件、上皮根鞘等方面的因素,彎曲牙的牙根是否能繼續(xù)發(fā)育依賴(lài)于上皮根鞘的完整性[16]。Chaushu等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)彎曲牙若位于上頜較高位置則對(duì)預(yù)后有負(fù)面影響,彎曲牙位置越高,牙冠下移至咬合水平所需的距離越長(zhǎng),預(yù)后越差,因?yàn)榛佳姥拦谠陬a側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)需要更多的空間,不利于周?chē)啦酃堑闹厮堋?/p>
綜上,對(duì)于外傷造成的彎曲阻生年輕恒切牙,采用外科手術(shù)和正畸牽引的方法,使彎曲牙旋轉(zhuǎn)至牙列正常位置,可兼顧美學(xué)和功能要求,能取得良好療效。在制定治療計(jì)劃前,有必要進(jìn)行彎曲角度和解剖位置的術(shù)前評(píng)估,以確保最佳的治療效果,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
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[收稿日期]2022-08-17
本文引用格式:張菁,王俊敏,馬麗瓊,等.外科手術(shù)聯(lián)合牽引矯治30例彎曲上頜年輕恒中切牙療效分析[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2023,32(4):141-143.