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防水透濕膜在紡織上的應(yīng)用及研究進(jìn)展

2023-06-20 22:06仇慧麗楊群崔進(jìn)裴劉軍胡庚昊
現(xiàn)代紡織技術(shù) 2023年2期

仇慧麗 楊群 崔進(jìn) 裴劉軍 胡庚昊

摘要:防水透濕膜是一種兼具耐水滲透性和水汽透過性的功能膜材料,其與纖維面料復(fù)合,可制備具有獨(dú)特防護(hù)性和兼顧透氣、透濕于一體的舒適型功能性紡織品。目前,用于可穿戴紡織品的人體-環(huán)境交互領(lǐng)域的濕熱傳輸膜材料主要有聚四氟乙烯疏水膜、聚氨酯親水膜和靜電紡絲纖維膜。本文對(duì)這3種防水透濕膜的結(jié)構(gòu)、制備方法、防水透濕機(jī)理及應(yīng)用性等進(jìn)行綜述,總結(jié)防水透濕膜的研究進(jìn)展及其在紡織上的應(yīng)用趨勢(shì),并對(duì)未來智能防水透濕薄膜的研發(fā)重點(diǎn)做出展望。

關(guān)鍵詞:防水透濕性;功能膜材料;智能織物;靜電紡絲纖維膜;防護(hù)性

中圖分類號(hào):TB34,TQ028

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

文章編號(hào):1009-265X(2023)02-0244-12

防水透濕織物,是全球紡織業(yè)多年以來一直追求的兼顧防水、透氣、透濕于一體的紡織品。雖然防水性、透濕性這兩個(gè)看似矛盾的性能起初難以兼具于一塊織物上,但隨著研究的深入及技術(shù)的發(fā)展,具有獨(dú)特防護(hù)性和兼顧透氣、透濕于一體的功能性紡織品問世,并取得突破進(jìn)展,而隨環(huán)境溫濕度變化而自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)人體微氣候的智能防水透濕材料也正處于全面發(fā)展階段[1-2],應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的防水透濕膜材料也引起了廣泛關(guān)注。

防水透濕膜是一種兼具耐水滲透性和濕氣透過性的功能膜材料,其與纖維面料復(fù)合,可制造具有獨(dú)特防護(hù)性和舒適性的功能紡織品。目前,用于可穿戴紡織品的人體-環(huán)境交互領(lǐng)域的濕熱傳輸膜材料,主要有聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)疏水性微孔膜、聚氨酯親水性無(wú)孔膜和靜電紡絲纖維膜[3-4]。由于水分子在固體中的傳輸比在孔道中要慢,因此,PTFE疏水性微孔膜的防水透濕性主要源于其孔徑的調(diào)控。當(dāng)孔徑小于雨滴尺寸但大于水蒸氣分子時(shí),具有較好的防水透濕性,但由于膜材料疏水,會(huì)導(dǎo)致水滴在孔道中聚集堵塞。聚氨酯親水性膜則是通過吸濕-轉(zhuǎn)移-釋放過程將水汽分子排到外部的,因其無(wú)孔結(jié)構(gòu)而具有較高的耐水壓,但透氣性和透濕性相對(duì)較差,使穿著者產(chǎn)生不適感[5]。靜電紡絲纖維膜因纖維直徑小、孔隙率高,從而可有效提高其透氣透濕性,但其防水性、機(jī)械性能與透氣透濕性的兼顧需統(tǒng)籌考慮,且目前離大規(guī)模產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用還有一段距離[6-7]。因此,本文主要從目前用于紡織品防水透濕功能的角度出發(fā),介紹幾種膜材料的結(jié)構(gòu)、制備方法、防水透濕機(jī)理及應(yīng)用,并對(duì)未來智能防水透濕薄膜的研發(fā)重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行展望。

1聚四氟乙烯防水透濕膜

1.1聚四氟乙烯分子結(jié)構(gòu)

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)是一種高結(jié)晶的聚合物,其分子鏈?zhǔn)怯煞吞純煞N元素通過共價(jià)鍵結(jié)合而成。由于負(fù)電荷的作用,相鄰氟原子之間相互排斥,從而分子鏈在空間上呈螺旋構(gòu)象,并形成一個(gè)緊密“氟代”保護(hù)層[8],如圖1所示。由于PTFE分子間的堆砌密度大,各種試劑難以深入分子鏈中間,外加氟原子本身極高的化學(xué)惰性,PTFE幾乎能夠抵抗所有的強(qiáng)酸、強(qiáng)堿及有機(jī)溶劑,呈現(xiàn)出無(wú)可比擬的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性[9]。此外,由于PTFE分子結(jié)構(gòu)為四個(gè)氟原子包覆著一個(gè)碳原子,氟原子的化學(xué)惰性使PTFE呈現(xiàn)出較好的疏水性以及較小的吸水率和滲透性[10]。因此,可制備具有防水、防污性的功能型防護(hù)服,一度在紡織工業(yè)領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用[11]。

1.2聚四氟乙烯防水透濕膜的在紡織上應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

美國(guó)人Gore于1962年研制出了一種具有微孔結(jié)構(gòu)的PTFE防水透濕性薄膜,采用層壓復(fù)合技術(shù)將其與紡織面料相結(jié)合,制備出具有優(yōu)良的防水透濕性紡織品,并將其商業(yè)命名為Gore-Tex,于1976年推向市場(chǎng)[12]。此階段的制備工藝主要是將PTFE的細(xì)粉加熱熔融后形成薄膜,再進(jìn)行快速拉伸,隨后冷卻形成厚度約25 μm、孔隙率為82%的網(wǎng)狀微細(xì)多孔結(jié)構(gòu),其孔徑大小大約是水滴(平均直徑約為100 μm)的兩萬(wàn)分之一,但又比水蒸氣分子(平均直徑約為0.4 nm)大700倍[13]。因此,其防水透濕便是基于膜的孔徑小于雨滴尺寸但大于水蒸氣分子尺寸,水滴不通過而防水,水汽分子能通過而透濕[14],如圖2所示。采用黏合劑將所得PTFE微孔薄膜與織物復(fù)合,可得到透濕量約5 kg/(m2·d),耐靜水壓力大于9.8 kPa的防水透濕織物,并且此防水透濕織物兼具耐化學(xué)試劑腐蝕、耐熱、拒水、拒油、抗靜電性等性能[15]。

此外,以PTFE為原料,經(jīng)紡絲或制成薄膜后切割或原纖化等方式制得PTFE纖維。其強(qiáng)度高,延伸性好,化學(xué)穩(wěn)定、耐腐蝕等性能優(yōu)于其他合成纖維[16]。由于PTFE微納米纖維因直徑較細(xì),尺度效應(yīng)十分顯著,展現(xiàn)出優(yōu)異的性能。而且,纖維的細(xì)化增加了纖維膜表面的粗糙度,疏水性進(jìn)一步提高[17]。雖然PFTE膜材料具有如此優(yōu)異的防水性能,但其制備工藝復(fù)雜,生產(chǎn)條件嚴(yán)苛,需要特殊的制膜設(shè)備和原料,且工藝技術(shù)要求非常高[18],從而極大地制約了它的進(jìn)一步的應(yīng)用。此外,在制造過程通常會(huì)涉及全氟辛磺酸(PFOA)和全氟辛磺酸鹽(PFOS)兩種具有高生物積累、環(huán)境持久性和長(zhǎng)距離遷移的物質(zhì)[19-21],近年來,這些具有長(zhǎng)全氟烷基鏈(-CnF2n+1,n≥8)的含氟聚合物許多國(guó)家已禁止其廣泛應(yīng)用。

通過開發(fā)兼具高防護(hù)性和舒適性的環(huán)保型防水透濕膜材料是擴(kuò)大其應(yīng)用需解決的主要問題。雖然一些長(zhǎng)全氟烷基鏈的含氟聚合物具有極低的表面能,展示出出色的防水和防油性[22-25],但隨著其禁止廣泛使用,開發(fā)兼具高防護(hù)性和舒適性的環(huán)保型含氟類防水透濕膜材料是擴(kuò)大含氟類材料應(yīng)用的主要途徑,因此,設(shè)計(jì)具有短氟化的環(huán)保防水透濕材料已成為不可抗拒的趨勢(shì)[26-28]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的拒水性略低于PTFE,但其在制備工藝和成膜性能優(yōu)于PTFE,且不存在釋放PFOA、PFOS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,劉延波等[29]以PVDF和聚偏氟乙烯六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)為原料制備了PVDF/PVDF-HFP復(fù)合納米纖維薄膜,并對(duì)其防水透濕性進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)該復(fù)合薄膜具有良好的防水和透濕性。周穎等[30]以聚氨酯(PU)和PVDF進(jìn)行復(fù)合,制備PU/PVDF復(fù)合防水膜,并通過層壓工藝將其應(yīng)用于織物,對(duì)比了復(fù)合膜和整理織物的防水透濕性能,結(jié)果表明,PU/PVDF復(fù)合防水膜具有較高的防水透濕性能,但是通過層壓工藝與織物復(fù)合后,防水性能有所下降。

隨著研究的進(jìn)一步深入,以及綠色環(huán)保型功能助劑的開發(fā),不少無(wú)氟防水整理劑和纖維膜由于價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)和工藝優(yōu)勢(shì),逐漸受到重視。Gu等[6]將聚氨酯-聚(ε-己內(nèi)酯)纖維浸漬到聚二甲基硅氧烷溶液中,所得膜具有中等防水透氣性能(耐水壓為73.6 kPa,水蒸氣透過率為9.03 kg/(m2·d)。Sheng等[5]采用氨基-硅油和SiO2納米粒子對(duì)聚丙烯腈纖維膜進(jìn)行改性以制備防水透濕膜,所得纖維膜表現(xiàn)出相似的防水性(耐水壓為74.3 kPa)和良好的透濕性(11.4 kg/(m2·d)。Zhao等[7]通過逐步的浸鍍和熱固化技術(shù)來制造無(wú)氟、高效和可生物降解的防水透濕膜,含有長(zhǎng)烴鏈的超支化聚合物涂層提供了具有高疏水性的電紡絲醋酸纖維素(CA)纖維基質(zhì),封閉的異氰酸酯交聯(lián)劑涂層確保了碳?xì)浠衔锒卧贑A表面的強(qiáng)附著,所得到的膜的耐滲水壓為102.9 kPa,透氣性為12.3 kg/(m2·d),抗拉強(qiáng)度為16.0 MPa。

可持續(xù)發(fā)展刺激著生態(tài)環(huán)保產(chǎn)品的持續(xù)開發(fā),防水透濕面料的風(fēng)格也在不斷變化。在紡織服裝的應(yīng)用中,無(wú)氟類產(chǎn)品在慢慢取代含氟性產(chǎn)品,聚氨酯、三羧酸等親水性產(chǎn)品也被證明是普遍且有效地適用于的紡織產(chǎn)品的,不僅突出了材料的設(shè)計(jì)和制備,而且提供了環(huán)保和高性能的防水透濕膜。

2聚氨酯防水透濕膜

2.1聚氨酯分子結(jié)構(gòu)

聚氨酯是一種在預(yù)定溫度范圍內(nèi)感知和響應(yīng)外部熱刺激的功能材料,其具有相分離的為分段式結(jié)構(gòu),即熱可逆相(軟段)和固定相(硬段),如圖3所示。主要是聚氨酯分子在制備時(shí),大分子二元醇(或二元胺)和異氰酸酯連接形成長(zhǎng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu),因分子鏈長(zhǎng),表現(xiàn)出柔性,所以形成整個(gè)大分子鏈中的軟段結(jié)構(gòu);小分子多元醇和異氰酸酯連接形成短鏈結(jié)構(gòu),因分子鏈短,從而呈現(xiàn)剛性,形成大分子鏈結(jié)構(gòu)中的硬段結(jié)構(gòu)。軟段部分通常與剛性的硬段交替存在于聚氨酯分子鏈中,以共價(jià)鍵“尾—尾”連接[31]。由于聚氨酯硬段間的相互作用,所以它具有良好的機(jī)械性能。聚氨酯良好的回彈性得益于分子鏈的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),分子鏈的運(yùn)動(dòng)性能很大程度取決于軟段的化學(xué)性質(zhì)和鏈段長(zhǎng)度,軟段越是呈無(wú)定形狀態(tài),其柔順性就越好。

2.2聚氨酯防水透濕膜在紡織上的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

根據(jù)自由體積理論,膜材料中可用的自由體積孔的大小和形狀控制著氣體擴(kuò)散的速度和其滲透性[32]。在材料內(nèi)部有大量的親水性自由體積分子,這種親水性分子可以吸收人體散發(fā)的水蒸氣分子,水分子形式的水蒸氣再與聚氨酯材料中的親水性軟段以氫鍵結(jié)合,在紡織品內(nèi)外部溫濕壓力差下,通過吸濕-轉(zhuǎn)移-釋放過程將水分子排到外部,如圖4所示。

Kim等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn),以異佛爾酮二異氰酸酯(IPDI)和聚酯型多元醇(PTAd)/聚醚多元醇(PPG)制備聚氨酯,其中PTAd含量越高,聚氨酯的力學(xué)性能越好,分子鏈的運(yùn)動(dòng)性越強(qiáng)。Yen等[34]研究了聚己內(nèi)酯(PCL)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、PCL/PEG等不同軟鏈段共混和三嵌段PCL-PEG-PCL對(duì)聚氨酯性能的影響。由于構(gòu)象和分子間氫鍵的作用[35],單酯型聚氨酯的性能最好,其次是PCL-PEG-PCL型聚氨酯。在這些體系中,聚醚聚氨酯的水蒸氣滲透率最高。由于聚氨酯軟硬鏈段之間的相分離,聚乙二醇含量越高,水蒸氣滲透率也越高。Yen等[36]提出了通過修改PCL-PEG-PCL三嵌段聚氨酯多元醇的軟段組成,增加軟鏈段中的乙二醇的比例,可以獲得更高的水蒸氣滲透率、更低的機(jī)械性能和更明顯的宏觀相分離。此外,隨著2, 2-雙(羥基甲基)丙酸(DMPA)和NCO-to-OH比例的增加,水蒸氣滲透率也增加[37]。Jeong等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)PEG和DMPA形成的聚氨酯具有較低的機(jī)械性能,并且可以從較低的玻璃化溫度值(Tg)中獲得較高的水蒸氣滲透率。Cho等[39]則發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著聚氨酯硬段百分比的增加,或使用濃縮的聚氨酯溶液,水蒸氣滲透率降低。

基于以上研究,Lin等[40]利用聚乙二醇/聚酯多元醇PBA體系制備的聚氨酯薄膜比采用單純的PBA體系制備的聚氨酯薄膜具有更好的水蒸氣滲透性能。且當(dāng)溫度低于18 ℃時(shí),聚氨酯膜的水蒸氣滲透率較低,直到溫度高于18 ℃,水蒸氣滲透率開始明顯上升。聚氨酯膜的水蒸氣滲透率會(huì)隨著硬段比、溫度及異氰酸酯指數(shù)的增加而增加,但隨著溫度下降到Tg以下而降低。為了更好地監(jiān)測(cè)水蒸氣透過率,Zhou等[41]制備了一種具有功能門的分段聚氨酯膜,并將其應(yīng)用于水蒸氣滲透。當(dāng)溫度從-10 ℃變化到10 ℃時(shí),該聚合物中自由體積孔的平均半徑從0.23 nm變化到0.467 nm。因此,隨著對(duì)此膜的感知和回應(yīng)外部熱刺激功能的改進(jìn),聚氨酯膜的自由體積孔洞尺寸增大,對(duì)熱刺激的敏感性增強(qiáng),其水蒸氣滲透率顯著增加。因此,聚氨酯無(wú)孔膜因無(wú)孔結(jié)構(gòu)而具有較高的耐水壓,但其透氣性和透濕性相對(duì)較差,使穿著者產(chǎn)生不適感。

為提高紡織服裝的舒適性,許多研究致力于智能濕熱管理材料,即:紡織服裝更加強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)周圍復(fù)雜多變環(huán)境的全天候適應(yīng)能力,隨著環(huán)境溫度、濕度的變化自動(dòng)調(diào)整自身水分、熱量的傳導(dǎo),使人體表面始終保持最佳狀態(tài),達(dá)到全天候舒適的狀態(tài)。隨環(huán)境溫度和濕度的變化能動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)濕熱的材料中,美國(guó)Baughman團(tuán)隊(duì)[42-43]曾提出對(duì)纖維加捻可以發(fā)熱,解捻可獲得一定程度的降溫,這種“扭熱制冷”是基于螺旋收縮過程中螺旋內(nèi)部捻度降低導(dǎo)致能量的變化,但該變化在于溫度的改變,且屬于高溫形變,不適用于紡織服裝對(duì)濕熱的智能調(diào)控。東華大學(xué)王宏志教授團(tuán)隊(duì)和佐治亞理工大學(xué)Elsa Reichmanis教授團(tuán)隊(duì)[44]提出了基于納米通道機(jī)理的全氟磺酸樹脂的氣體響應(yīng)致動(dòng)材料,在體表濕熱發(fā)生變化時(shí),利用水分蒸發(fā)可向外卷曲打開孔道,進(jìn)而對(duì)體表濕熱進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),提高人體體表舒適感,這為智能濕熱管理材料的設(shè)計(jì)和制備提供了新的思路,但全氟磺酸鈉與纖維和織物的結(jié)合仍是一個(gè)問題。

由于在大多數(shù)情況下,熱可逆相的相變溫度(結(jié)晶熔融轉(zhuǎn)變溫度或玻璃轉(zhuǎn)變溫度)可作為可控水蒸氣滲透性的開關(guān)溫度[45]。當(dāng)人體體溫上升時(shí),它不存在微孔,所以該膜材料的防水及其排汗透濕性能比常規(guī)的防水透濕膜更好。一類研究較為深入的智能透濕材料是形狀記憶聚氨酯(溫敏性聚氨酯)防水透濕膜。在轉(zhuǎn)變溫度范圍內(nèi),形狀記憶聚氨酯具有相應(yīng)的相態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變過程和溫度。當(dāng)溫度高于臨界轉(zhuǎn)變溫度時(shí),聚合物的自由體積孔隙尺寸會(huì)明顯增大,使水蒸氣通過聚合物薄膜的通道增大,提高水蒸氣的透過率[45]。

由于形狀記憶聚氨酯的溫敏透濕機(jī)理和水分子的傳輸分別基于分子鏈運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的相變過程和溶解-擴(kuò)散機(jī)制[40]?;诖死碚?,對(duì)聚氨酯軟、硬段分子結(jié)構(gòu)、分子量進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),使其自由體積和孔隙尺寸在一定的溫度變化范圍內(nèi)發(fā)生急劇的改變,從而可智能化地控制聚氨酯膜的透氣性和透濕性,如圖5所示[46]。但有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然其透濕量在12~45 ℃內(nèi)隨溫度的升高,可從455 g/(m2·d)增加到2625 g/(m2·d)(增加4.77倍),但由于過膜阻力大,該過程經(jīng)歷了近33 ℃的升溫變化,在環(huán)境溫度和濕度快速變化時(shí)難以滿足實(shí)際使用要求[47]。課題組在前期研究中也遇到類似問題,使用傳統(tǒng)膜結(jié)構(gòu)不能有效解決。在智能防水透濕膜研究領(lǐng)域中,高過膜阻力導(dǎo)致的低通量和響應(yīng)靈敏度不足的問題仍是研究者需面對(duì)的挑戰(zhàn)。

為降低溫敏性聚氨酯膜的水蒸氣過膜阻力,提高透濕通量,課題組[48]以不同濃度的N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和水為凝固浴,采用濕法成膜的方法制備了多級(jí)孔聚氨酯膜,并重點(diǎn)研究了在凝固浴中加入氯化鈉(NaCl)對(duì)多級(jí)聚氨酯膜結(jié)構(gòu)和性能的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NaCl的含量對(duì)大孔的影響比較大,隨著凝固浴中NaCl的含量加大,大孔孔徑逐漸減小,且位置從皮膜向底膜過渡;而DMF用量的增加,會(huì)減緩鑄膜液中的DMF向凝固浴中擴(kuò)散的速度,影響DMF與凝固浴中H2O的雙向擴(kuò)散速度,從而影響膜中小孔的分布狀態(tài)。而透濕性數(shù)據(jù)與膜結(jié)構(gòu)表明孔的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺度不同,濕熱過膜阻力不一樣,最終影響濕熱過膜通量。Zhou等[41]在通過原位納米混合工藝將納米TiO2顆粒引入形狀記憶聚氨酯基體,制備了一種新型溫敏性聚氨酯/TiO2納米復(fù)合膜,并用于可控水蒸氣滲透。與純溫敏性聚氨酯膜相比,溫敏性聚氨酯/TiO2納米復(fù)合膜具有良好的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和相變溫度(Ts),且能有效提高膜的水蒸氣透過率。特別是當(dāng)溫度高于Ts時(shí),如在50~60 ℃范圍內(nèi),溫敏性聚氨酯/TiO2納米復(fù)合膜的水蒸氣透過率值提高了114%。而當(dāng)TiO2質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為5.0%時(shí),納米復(fù)合膜的水蒸氣透過率能提高145%,且表現(xiàn)出更高的水蒸氣透過率變化和對(duì)熱刺激更敏感的性能。

當(dāng)形狀記憶聚氨酯被用于戶外服裝時(shí),需要考慮一些重要因素,如可控的水蒸氣滲透性、高機(jī)械性能和高熱、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性等。在過去的幾年里,為了改善高分子材料的機(jī)械和熱性能,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者不斷地通過各種途徑對(duì)聚氨酯進(jìn)行改性,以達(dá)到既有防水又有透濕功能的目的,也采用不同的工藝改變聚氨酯膜的結(jié)構(gòu),以適應(yīng)環(huán)境溫度和濕度的變化,以快速調(diào)控體表微氣候。

3靜電紡絲防水透濕膜

靜電紡絲技術(shù)是一種方便、有效的制備微/納米纖維的途徑,其制備的纖維膜易于功能化改性,可用于制備防護(hù)性高、舒適性好的高性能防水透濕膜,近年來發(fā)展迅速。它的技術(shù)關(guān)鍵是在高壓靜電力的作用下,聚合物溶液或熔體會(huì)帶電并變形,在噴嘴的末端形成一個(gè)錐形的懸浮液滴,當(dāng)液滴表面的靜電斥力超過它的表面張力時(shí),液滴的表面會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)高速的射流,然后通過電場(chǎng)力拉伸、溶劑揮發(fā),聚合物會(huì)固化形成纖維[49]。

3.1靜電紡絲防水透濕膜的結(jié)構(gòu)

靜電紡絲制成的納米纖維膜,纖維直徑小,孔隙率高,孔道連通性好、多孔結(jié)構(gòu)可控、易于表面改性、輕且柔等特點(diǎn),適合于制造具有優(yōu)異防水透濕性能的微孔膜,在功能性紡織服裝面料、屏蔽材料等領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出巨大的市場(chǎng)潛力[50-51]。目前,已經(jīng)有各種防水透濕纖維膜被開發(fā),如聚氨酯纖維膜[52]、聚丙烯腈纖維膜[24]、聚丙烯纖維膜[53-54]等。辛東坡等[55]采用靜電紡絲技術(shù),將聚丙烯腈(PAN)聚合物制成納米纖維薄膜,并對(duì)其防水透濕性進(jìn)行了研究,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明PAN纖維膜具有較好的透濕性。Miao等[56]采用簡(jiǎn)單、可控的靜電紡絲技術(shù)和堿處理,展示了一種基于聚氨酯/聚氨酯-聚丙烯腈/聚丙烯腈的三層纖維膜的功能性吸濕排汗織物,如圖6所示,其具有優(yōu)越的防水滲透性和定向吸濕排汗特性。在轉(zhuǎn)移層誘導(dǎo)的遞進(jìn)潤(rùn)濕性下,所制備的纖維膜表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)越的抗靜水壓和較高的單向遷移指數(shù)R,均遠(yuǎn)高于雙層的聚氨酯/聚丙烯腈纖維膜。該研究表明,以聚氨酯膜作為內(nèi)層,可使水滲透,同時(shí)不沿表面擴(kuò)散,而聚氨酯-聚丙烯腈纖維膜作為中間轉(zhuǎn)移層,可促使水汽從內(nèi)層滲透到外層,并能阻止其反向滲透,從而促進(jìn)了水的運(yùn)輸和蒸發(fā)。

3.2靜電防水透濕膜在紡織上的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

2007年,韓國(guó)首爾國(guó)立大學(xué)的Kang等[57]首次將靜電紡絲技術(shù)引入到紡織服裝領(lǐng)域,其將聚氨酯(PU)直接電紡在襯底織物上制成多功能織物,并與涂布聚氨酯樹脂的織物進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn),在PU紡絲溶液在質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為12%、電壓為13 kV、接收距離為10 cm的制備條件下,所得到的靜電紡絲纖維能夠有效地覆蓋面料,在相同厚度下,靜電紡絲纖維織物的重量比樹脂涂層織物輕,透氣性能好,透濕率高,可達(dá)9.1 kg/(m2·d),但其耐水壓極低(3.6 kPa),必須進(jìn)行改進(jìn),才能適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求。東華大學(xué)的Ge等[58]通過引入含有全氟烷烴段(—C8F17)的合成氟化聚氨酯摻雜改性方法制備出聚氨酯/含氟聚氨酯(PU/FPU)靜電防水透濕膜,氟聚氨酯的引入大幅度地提高了纖維膜的耐水性,其耐水壓增加到39.3 kPa,提高了約10倍,同時(shí)該材料具有較好的透濕性,水蒸氣透過率仍高達(dá)9.2 kg/(m2·d)。隨后,Zhang等[59]通過將氯化鋰引入聚氨酯氟化聚氨酯溶液,降低纖維膜的孔徑,制備的纖維膜具有良好的防水性和透濕性,靜水壓力達(dá)到82.1 kPa,水蒸氣透過率為10.9 kg/(m2·d)。然而,此類防水透濕纖維膜材料所使用的是長(zhǎng)鏈氟碳聚合物(Rfn,n≥8),因此,開發(fā)環(huán)保的氟化聚合物來取代傳統(tǒng)的氟化物是材料科學(xué)家的重點(diǎn)。

目前,防水性能優(yōu)異且環(huán)保的氟化聚合物是含有4個(gè)全氟原子(Rfn,n=4)的水性含氟化學(xué)品,可通過整理使織物或膜材料具有優(yōu)異的防水性。然而,該產(chǎn)品的缺點(diǎn)是疏水涂層的不均勻性和耐久性差,以及處理工藝復(fù)雜[27]。于是,在纖維中摻入環(huán)保的氟化聚合物(Rfn,n=4)制備防水透氣膜具有重要意義,但也極具挑戰(zhàn)性。Zhao等[60]通過靜電紡絲技術(shù)合成了一種具有雙端短鏈全氟丁基(—C4F9)鏈的新型氟化聚氨酯彈性體,并將其摻雜進(jìn)聚氨酯纖維基體中,通過靜電紡絲制得復(fù)合纖維膜,該纖維膜具有強(qiáng)大而持久的疏水性。此外,加入硝酸銀可大大降低其最大孔徑,從而顯著提高了其防水性,靜水壓力高達(dá)102.8 kPa,水蒸氣透過率為12.9 kg/(m2·d),且具有較高的力學(xué)性能(9.8 MPa)。

受自然界的啟發(fā),在結(jié)構(gòu)或性質(zhì)進(jìn)行的仿生制備超疏水人工表面的仿生技術(shù)取得了很大的進(jìn)展。Muthiah等[61]和Lin等[62]通過引入環(huán)境友好型的有機(jī)硅疏水劑和疏水性的二氧化硅(SiO2)納米顆粒,通過靜電紡絲制備了仿生超疏水纖維膜,其表現(xiàn)出納米突起和眾多凹槽組合的結(jié)構(gòu),達(dá)到類似荷葉的超疏水結(jié)構(gòu),大大提升了其防水性和耐水壓。通過靜電紡絲制備出具有多孔微球和納米纖維的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的荷葉狀超疏水表面,多孔微球在其超疏水性中起著主導(dǎo)作用,與此同時(shí)納米纖維將單個(gè)的微球連接在一起,增強(qiáng)了復(fù)合材料薄膜的防水性能[63]。同樣,根據(jù)Murray定律可知,自然界中的動(dòng)植物體所具有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),例如葉子的葉脈、植物的根莖系統(tǒng)、人體的血管系統(tǒng)等,可以確保生命體在新陳代謝與物質(zhì)能量傳遞過程中所受阻力最小、運(yùn)輸效率最高[64]。Wang等[65]通過靜電紡絲技術(shù)構(gòu)筑了仿生樹狀多級(jí)分叉網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu),并利用纖維的毛細(xì)管效應(yīng)成功制備了單向?qū)裥岳w維薄膜,如圖7所示。這種仿生樹狀多級(jí)分叉網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)由大孔-微米孔-亞微米孔的多級(jí)連通孔道組成,具有類似于植物蒸騰作用的多級(jí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀結(jié)構(gòu),遵循Murray定律最大化物質(zhì)輸運(yùn)原則,具有快速定向?qū)裥?,水分蒸發(fā)速率高達(dá)0.67 g/h。

除此之外,靜電紡絲可以開發(fā)具有潤(rùn)濕性好、孔徑小、比表面積大等特點(diǎn)的纖維膜??赏ㄟ^設(shè)計(jì)制備多層梯度孔結(jié)構(gòu)的纖維膜,實(shí)現(xiàn)漸潤(rùn)性,這就是Janus潤(rùn)濕性和潤(rùn)濕性梯度的結(jié)合[66-68]。只不過,早期關(guān)于通過電紡纖維膜定向輸送水汽的研究主要在控制每一層厚度和潤(rùn)濕性的雙層結(jié)構(gòu)上[69],導(dǎo)致在提高輸水能力和防止反向滲透的協(xié)同作用下取得的成效有限,阻礙了水分從體表向環(huán)境轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。

通過對(duì)靜電紡絲纖維膜的表面和內(nèi)部的改性,以提高防水透濕膜的相關(guān)性能。Xu等[70]采用靜電紡絲法和二步刮刀涂層方法結(jié)合制備PAN/PU/TiO2薄膜,該復(fù)合薄膜具有94.3°的前進(jìn)接觸角,不能滿足防水要求。然后,采用2-羥基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮與氟化丙烯酸共聚物進(jìn)行改性,可獲得了多功能超疏水膜。Sheng等[28]利用后處理技術(shù),采用聚二甲基硅氧烷和疏水性的二氧化硅(SiO2)納米顆粒對(duì)聚丙烯腈(PAN)納米纖維膜進(jìn)行涂層改性,聚二甲基硅氧烷在PAN纖維膜表面形成疏水功能層的同時(shí)還構(gòu)筑了黏合結(jié)構(gòu),從而有效地改善了纖維的機(jī)械性能和透濕性,整理后的纖維膜具有較好的防水性(耐水壓為74.3 kPa)和透濕性(透濕量為11.4 kg/(m2·d))。但隨著改性劑用量的繼續(xù)增加,纖維膜的透濕量出現(xiàn)降低的趨勢(shì),可能是因?yàn)楦男詣┯昧康脑黾?,纖維膜的孔隙率下降所致。通過后整理想進(jìn)一步提升纖維膜材料的透濕性仍存在一定的局限性。

因此,可以通過功能性吸濕紡織品的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),獲得防水透濕維膜能夠自發(fā)地將汗液從皮膚表面帶走,為人體提供一個(gè)極其干燥和舒適的體表環(huán)境。

4結(jié)語(yǔ)

防水透濕膜是一種兼具耐水滲透性和濕氣透過性的功能膜材料,其是制造具有獨(dú)特防護(hù)性和兼顧防水、透氣、透濕于一體的功能性紡織品的關(guān)鍵材料之一。在全球公共安全應(yīng)急產(chǎn)業(yè)被廣泛關(guān)注的大背景下,安全防護(hù)用紡織材料在快速發(fā)展,也面臨著良好的市場(chǎng)機(jī)遇,但同時(shí),日益復(fù)雜的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)、生活環(huán)境也對(duì)其提出了更高要求。用于可穿戴紡織品的人體-環(huán)境交互領(lǐng)域的含氟性疏水性膜、聚氨酯親水膜和靜電紡絲纖維膜的結(jié)構(gòu)、制備方法、防水透濕機(jī)理及其應(yīng)用性各不相同,也有著各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。如何將防護(hù)阻隔性與透氣透濕性這一矛盾性能有機(jī)統(tǒng)一,提升安全防護(hù)紡織材料的舒適性問題是勢(shì)必要攻克的難關(guān)。通過對(duì)防水透濕纖維膜結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與水蒸氣傳遞的機(jī)理相結(jié)合,使防水透濕織物越來越趨向于智能化、舒適化和環(huán)?;?,從而以高性能纖維,產(chǎn)業(yè)用紡織品,智能化織物能夠在各種環(huán)境中時(shí)刻調(diào)節(jié)體表最佳溫度和濕度,這必將使人們的未來生活更加健康、美好。

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Research progress and application of waterproof and moisture permeable membranes on textiles

QIU Huili1a,YANG Qun1a,1b, CUI Jin2, PEI Liujun1a,1b, HU Genghao1a

(1a.School of Textiles and Fashion; 1b.Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Clean Production of Textile Chemistry, Shanghai

University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; 2. Shanghai Evershine Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201600, China)

Abstract:

Waterproof and moisture permeable membranes are a kind of functional membrane material with both water permeability and water vapor permeability. Combined with fiber fabric, they can prepare functional textiles with unique protective properties, waterproofness, breathabilityand moisture permeability. Currently, the moisture and heat transfer membranes used in human-environment interaction of wearable textiles mainly include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hydrophobic membranes, polyurethane hydrophilic membranes and electrospun fiber membranes. At present, protective materials have become an urgent need to improve the comfort and wearability of long-term use while improving the barrier property. Functional and intelligently breathable and moisture permeable materials have also been studied, accelerating their application in medical, garment and military protective materials.

Since water molecules transport more slowly in solids than in pores, the waterproof and moisture permeability of the PTFE hydrophobic microporous membrane mainly comes from the regulation of its pore size. When the pore size is smaller than the raindrop but larger than the water vapor molecule, it has better waterproof and moisture permeability, but because the PTFE is hydrophobic, it will lead to the accumulation of water droplets in the pore channel blockage. The polyurethane hydrophilic membrane discharge water vapor molecules to the outside via the absorption-transfer-release process, which has high water pressure resistance due to its non-porous structure, so the permeability and moisture permeability are relatively poor, and the wearers will feel uncomfortable. Electrospinning, as a convenient and effective route to prepare micro/nanofiber membranes, has been developed rapidly in recent years. The electrospun fiber membrane is considered to be an effective material to prepare waterproof and breathable membranes because of its small pore size, high porosity, controllable porous structure and ease of surface modification. Until now, a variety of strategies such as biaxial stretching, formwork methods, and melt blowing have been used to produce microporous, waterproof and breathable membranes. However, due to the limitations of raw materials and processes, these methods are still difficult to industrialize in large quantities.

Although the research on the physical, chemical preparation and processing of waterproof and moisture permeable membranes has accumulated a lot of valuable results, the actual daily wearing environment is very complex, especially when switching between indoor and outdoor scenes, such as entering and exiting air-conditioned rooms in summer. The waterproof and moisture permeable fabric with undiversified "winter warmness" or "summer coolness" cannot adapt to the complex scene and even cause the medical staff to get cold and sick. Its poor adaptability greatly limits the practical application. Consequently, it is urgent to design and develop a smart textile with thermal/moisture dissipation in hot weather while offer a warm and humid microclimate in cold weather, which may accelerate the development and research on medical protective clothing and other related medical textiles.

Keywords:

waterproofing and moisture permeability; functional membranes; intelligent fabric; electrospun fiber membrane; protective property

收稿日期:20220805

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版日期:20221104

基金項(xiàng)目:上海工程技術(shù)大學(xué)產(chǎn)學(xué)研項(xiàng)目((19)FZ-015);浙江省紗線材料成形與復(fù)合加工技術(shù)研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室項(xiàng)目(MTC-2020-23)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:仇慧麗(1998—),女,河南安陽(yáng)人,碩士研究生,主要從事功能與智能材料設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用方面的研究。

通信作者:楊群,E-mail:yangqun@sues.edu.cn