国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

例談開(kāi)展讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)的幾個(gè)途徑

2023-06-22 22:30:53傅陳燕
關(guān)鍵詞:鋪墊文本文章

傅陳燕

葉圣陶先生說(shuō):“閱讀是吸收,寫(xiě)作是傾吐,傾吐能否合乎于法度,顯然與吸收有密切的聯(lián)系?!笨梢?jiàn)閱讀是理解吸收,寫(xiě)作是理解表達(dá),充分吸收有助于表達(dá)。如果沒(méi)有大量有效的閱讀活動(dòng),不把英語(yǔ)閱讀材料中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、篇章知識(shí)、文化知識(shí)等信息輸入自己的“資料庫(kù)”并不斷把其內(nèi)化的話(huà),學(xué)生是不可能寫(xiě)出內(nèi)容詳實(shí)感人、意義連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的英語(yǔ)作文的。

一、對(duì)讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)概念的解讀

讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)就是教師在教學(xué)中抓住閱讀和寫(xiě)作之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,構(gòu)建相應(yīng)的互動(dòng)模式,以讀帶寫(xiě),以寫(xiě)促讀,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把學(xué)到的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),悟得的謀篇布局方式、激發(fā)的情感自覺(jué)地應(yīng)用到寫(xiě)作中去,達(dá)到學(xué)以致用的目的。

二、優(yōu)化讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)的策略

筆者基于對(duì)人教版普通高中教科書(shū)英語(yǔ)必修第一冊(cè)Unit 4 Reading and thinking多層次、多維度的深層解讀,根據(jù)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知水平和已有的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)與能力,從文本結(jié)構(gòu)、文本語(yǔ)言、文本思想三個(gè)角度來(lái)談?wù)劥笸靶‘悺钡淖x寫(xiě)結(jié)合課。同——同一文本,同一導(dǎo)人,同一閱讀學(xué)案;異——從結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言、思想三個(gè)不同角度來(lái)呈現(xiàn)讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合的“寫(xiě)”。文章將用三節(jié)課開(kāi)展讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)。

【教學(xué)背景】

Unit4 Reading and thinking描述了1976年河北唐山的一場(chǎng)地震,文章涉及震前征兆、震中破壞以及地震后救援與恢復(fù)。該文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,語(yǔ)言豐富,是一篇學(xué)生可借鑒的優(yōu)秀范文。

讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合實(shí)踐——同課“異”構(gòu)之“同”

【課例片段】

Step l:Warming up( about 3 minutes)

T:Please read the news and get the informationfrom it.

S:An earthquake happened in Japan and peoplesearched the survivors and helped them.

T: Well done. And what do you think of the earth-quake?

S:It is a kind of disaster which will destroy thebuildings,peoples'lives and all the things around.

T: It is terrible and destructive. Now, let's watch avideo, from which we can learn that earthquake is a natu-ral disaster which has a lot of damage.

導(dǎo)人部分,教師用與地震有關(guān)的新聞報(bào)道導(dǎo)人,引起學(xué)生共鳴的同時(shí)把學(xué)生的注意力引導(dǎo)到本課的主題“地震”。同時(shí)通過(guò)播放視頻短片,讓學(xué)生在視覺(jué)上切實(shí)感受了唐山地震的危害,產(chǎn)生了想進(jìn)一步了解唐山地震的好奇心,為接下來(lái)的閱讀教學(xué)作好鋪墊。

Step 2:Fast reading(about 4 minutes)

T: Now let's read for the structures first. Read thepassage and finish the taskl on your learning sheets.3minutes later...

S: The first part is paragraph l.It's about the signsbefore the earthquake.

T: Good. what about the second part?

S: Paragraph28c3 is part 2.It's about the damagecause

y the earthquake.

T:Perfect. what about the last part?

S: The last part is paragraph 4&5. It's about the res-cue work and recovery after the earthquake.

T: Well-done. Now let's read the passage again andget more details to fill in the tables.

本文是按照事情發(fā)展順序來(lái)寫(xiě)的,具有較清晰的文章脈絡(luò)。本文共四段,教師要求學(xué)生將文章分為三個(gè)部分,搞清楚每部分的主要內(nèi)容。這鍛煉了學(xué)生的對(duì)全文的理解能力和總結(jié)概括能力,也增強(qiáng)了學(xué)習(xí)興趣。同時(shí),教師也是有意引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析全文的框架結(jié)構(gòu),為后續(xù)輸出作一定的鋪墊。

(二)讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合實(shí)踐——同課“異”構(gòu)之“異”

1.文本結(jié)構(gòu)

文本結(jié)構(gòu)是行文思路的具體體現(xiàn),是文章的“骨架”。教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把握文本的結(jié)構(gòu),能幫助學(xué)生更好地理解文章。在教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師可基于文本結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)展具體的教學(xué)活動(dòng),并在最后的輸出環(huán)節(jié)教師結(jié)合上課內(nèi)容和文本結(jié)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì)輸出活動(dòng)。這里的寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)者而言,就是從模仿到熟練,再到創(chuàng)新的過(guò)程。

【課例片段】

Step 3:Detail reading(about 15 minutes)

T: Let's read these paragraphs again and try to findmore details about the earthquake and please finish Task1—3…

T: OK, let's check your answers.

S1-5:略

T: Good, anything else? ~Vhat happened before theearthquake?

S6: People saw bright lights.

T: Yes9 bright lights could be seen in the sky. ~Vhatabout the damage of the earthquake during the earth-quake?(為Post-reading——Before the Typhoon鋪墊)

T&S:…;Two-thirds of them died or…;the numberof people who were killed or seriously injured reachedmore than 400,000; 75070 0f its factories and buildingsand 90%) of its homes were gone....;lt seemed as if theword was coming to an end.(為Post- reading-Dur-ing the Typhoon鋪墊)

T: Yes, you did a good job. So "The data show thedamage cause

y the earthquake and how terrible theearthquake was. It seemed as if the world was at an end.”(Read it together) But all hope was not lost, why?

S: Because the army sent soldiers to Tangshan tohelp the rescue workers. Besides, the army organizedteams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury thedead.(Write the Key rwords 071lthe blackboardfor fwriting)(為Post-reading-—一After the typhoon鋪墊)

T:Well-done, and anything else?

S:Miners ….Workers built shelters for survlvorswhose homes had been destroyed. Fresh water was takento the city by train, truck and plane. (為Post- read—ing—一After the typhoon鋪墊)

T: Yes, with others' help, the city began to breatheagain.So‘the last part is about the rescue work and therecovery after the earthquake.”

在教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師以學(xué)案的形式呈現(xiàn)閱讀任務(wù),同時(shí)在閱讀的過(guò)程中,教師有意識(shí)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注地震前的特殊跡象,地震中的一些具體數(shù)據(jù)表述,地震后的動(dòng)作描寫(xiě),有側(cè)重、有選擇、有意識(shí)地突出部分詞匯和句式,為讀后寫(xiě)作臺(tái)風(fēng)前、臺(tái)風(fēng)中和臺(tái)風(fēng)后作語(yǔ)言表達(dá)上的準(zhǔn)備。教師期待學(xué)生能將閱讀中積累的詞、詞塊、句子運(yùn)用到后續(xù)的語(yǔ)言輸出活動(dòng)中,使輸出任務(wù)在篇章結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容完整的基礎(chǔ)上更有語(yǔ)言的高度。

Step 4:Writing(about 18 minutes)

T: Just like the earthquake in the passage, they arenatural disasters which are common in our daily life,such as typhoon and flood. Do you still remember the ty—phoon called“Nian Yu" that hit Zhejiang Province inSeptember?

在這部分的教學(xué)活動(dòng)中,教師將課文話(huà)題過(guò)渡到新的寫(xiě)作主題。布置的寫(xiě)作任務(wù)可以模仿閱讀文本的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),使結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了。寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容“似曾相識(shí)”,在閱讀過(guò)程中和教師有意識(shí)引導(dǎo)、預(yù)熱、鋪墊下,學(xué)生對(duì)于這樣的寫(xiě)作任務(wù)也是信手拈來(lái),駕輕就熟。

Step 5:Presentation and homework about 5 min—utes)

T: Now let's present your writings. You can makecomments on the writing in the following ways.

T: Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved it.

此環(huán)節(jié)的目的在于讓學(xué)生能夠感悟如何評(píng)價(jià)語(yǔ)篇,在欣賞評(píng)價(jià)其他同學(xué)作文的同時(shí),能取其長(zhǎng)處為自己所用,也能更加清楚自己的作文存在什么問(wèn)題。通過(guò)相互評(píng)價(jià)不僅多角度鞏固了文本詞匯與句型,更是在另一層面提高了學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力,為讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合課畫(huà)上一個(gè)圓滿(mǎn)的句號(hào)。課后寫(xiě)作要求修改后上交作業(yè),既促使學(xué)生及時(shí)查漏與補(bǔ)足,又有助于教師及時(shí)了解學(xué)情,反思教學(xué)中存在的不足。 2.文本語(yǔ)言 文本是語(yǔ)言的載體,任何閱讀文本的內(nèi)容、思想都是通過(guò)語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的,只有把語(yǔ)言與內(nèi)容、思想進(jìn)行有機(jī)的結(jié)合,我們才能充分理解它。根據(jù)認(rèn)知發(fā)展規(guī)律,學(xué)生首先是感知語(yǔ)言,了解其應(yīng)用方法,然后才是模仿應(yīng)用。感知語(yǔ)言、了解其應(yīng)用方法是輸入,模仿與應(yīng)用是輸出。只有充分有效的輸人才能保證最后高質(zhì)量的輸出。所以,在閱讀教學(xué)的語(yǔ)言處理過(guò)程中,學(xué)生需要在信息的提取中感知語(yǔ)言,在文本的評(píng)價(jià)中欣賞語(yǔ)言,在思維的提升中運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言。

【課例片段】

Step 3:Detail reading(about 15 minutes)

T:Task 1—3…

T: OK, now let's check your answers.

SI-5:略

T: Good.What about Task 27 Now please read thesentences for us, one student one sentence.

S1: In 15 terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.

S2: Two-thirds of them died or were injured duringthe earthquake。

S3: Thousands of families were killed...

S4: The number of people who were killed or serl-ously injured reached more than 400,000.

S5:75% 0f its factories and buildings and 90% 0fits homes were gone.

S6: Two dams fell and most of the bridges...

S7: Tens of thousands of cows would never give milkagain.

S8:Half a million pigs and millions of chickenswere ea

T: Yes, you did a good job.So“the data show thedamage cause by the earthquake and how terrible theearthquake was. It seemed as if the world was at an end."(Read it together) Can you imagine people's feelings atthat time?

S: Frightened and shocked.

T: Yes,I think maybe they were very helpless andhopeless.

T: Although the earthquake caused a lot of losses, itseemed as if the world was at an end,(Write it on theblaclcboard) but all hope was not lost, why?

S: Because the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tang-shan to help the rescue workers.

T: Yes, that is,soldiers are sent to help the rescueworkers. What about the army?

S: The army organized teams to dig out those whowere trapped and to bury the dead.

T: Mrell-done, what about the miners?

S: Most of the 10,000 miners were rescued from thecoal mines there.

T: Yes, good. What about the workers and fresh wa-ter?

S: Workers built shelters for survivors. Fresh waterwas taken to the city by train, truck and plane.

T: Yes, with others'help, the city became betterand it began to breathe again.So people were very hope-ful and grateful, do you think so?

此教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)讓學(xué)生細(xì)讀文本,填寫(xiě)表格旨在讓學(xué)生關(guān)注文本語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,幫助學(xué)生深度理解文本,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)文章理解的升華。閱讀過(guò)程是讓學(xué)生理清文章細(xì)節(jié)的同時(shí)充分理解文本的內(nèi)容,品味語(yǔ)言的“色香味”,讓閱讀成為一種享受,使學(xué)生能更好地吸收文本的中“營(yíng)養(yǎng)”,并真正內(nèi)化成自己的語(yǔ)言。

Step 4:Post reading( about 3+5+15 minutes)

T: Now, please look at Step 4 Post-rea ing Task l.Please read group Q)first.

T: By reading you can feel that the use of numbercan make the language more convincing. What aboutgroup ② ?

S: Attributive clause can make the sentence morebeautiful and complex.

T: Very good.What about group②?The suitableverbs

S: The suitable verbs can make the description vivid.

T: Perfect. So when you are describing something,you'd better use suitable verbs and attributive clauses aswell as some numbers to make your writing better. Now,please retell the earthquake with the given information,volunteers?

S:(/Retell the earthquake/)

T:Well- done.We have learned some informationabout earthquake, now you can rewrite the text with someclues.a(chǎn)bout 100 words.

寫(xiě)乍任務(wù)是建立在學(xué)生對(duì)文章理解和對(duì)文本語(yǔ)言理解并內(nèi)化的基礎(chǔ)上的。先對(duì)佳句進(jìn)行欣賞,突出文本語(yǔ)言的“色香味”,再結(jié)合上面文本閱讀的細(xì)節(jié)處理,讓學(xué)生在語(yǔ)言上為此處的讀后語(yǔ)言輸出作準(zhǔn)備。這里的讀后輸出活動(dòng),旨在讓學(xué)生體會(huì)并內(nèi)化文本的遣詞造句方法,希望學(xué)生能靈活使用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯和句式來(lái)復(fù)述地震前的現(xiàn)象和地震后的慘象與救援。讀后活動(dòng)先復(fù)述,再到課后改寫(xiě),降低寫(xiě)作輸出難度,同時(shí),由口頭轉(zhuǎn)筆頭,既鍛煉了口頭表達(dá)能力,又是幫助學(xué)生復(fù)現(xiàn)閱讀課中的“經(jīng)典臺(tái)詞”,更進(jìn)一步內(nèi)化文本語(yǔ)言為自己的語(yǔ)言。

Step 5:Self-assessment and homework

T: Please assess your own composition in the follow—ing ways. Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved it.

讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)課堂節(jié)奏更快,能合理安排時(shí)間進(jìn)行有效閱讀并高效輸出,但是有時(shí)未必有時(shí)間當(dāng)堂點(diǎn)評(píng)學(xué)生的筆頭輸出,所以多形式的評(píng)價(jià)形式是讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)必要的輔助手段。其在認(rèn)可學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成果的同時(shí),反饋學(xué)生的學(xué)情,更是讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)反思學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程和學(xué)習(xí)成果,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣與動(dòng)機(jī)。

3.文本思想

閱讀作為寫(xiě)作的鋪墊和支架,應(yīng)該是多維度、多層面的。支架可以是語(yǔ)言,也可以是情景、信息或知識(shí),甚至是涉及學(xué)習(xí)策略和情感等方面。所以,要完成寫(xiě)作任務(wù),僅僅依靠掌握語(yǔ)言和結(jié)構(gòu)是不夠的,教師還要根據(jù)單元主題意義,關(guān)注讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合過(guò)程中思維品質(zhì)的提升,幫助學(xué)生在會(huì)閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上提高寫(xiě)作能力,得到心靈的滋養(yǎng)種情感的積淀。

【課例片段】

Step 3:Detail reading(about 12 minutes)

T:同上Taskl-3…

T: Now, let's check your answers. First, deal withthe strange things before the earthquake.

Ss:(略)

(這里的教學(xué)過(guò)程:教師根據(jù)課堂學(xué)案,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀文本,了解地震前的奇怪征兆、地震中的慘狀和地震后的救援與災(zāi)后重建)

T:In short,with the joint efforts, the city started torevive itself and get back up on its feet. But how didTangshan revive itself? And what lessons can we learnfrom the city?

Ss: With strong support from the government andthe tireless efforts of the city's people, the city started torevive. And Tangshan city has proved to China and therest of the world that in times of disaster, people mustunify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuildfor a brighter future。

T: Yes, they proved to Chinese that“In unity thereis strengthl" That is,though the disaster caused severedamage to people's life, it couldn't destroy the love andcare among people.

本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)非常清楚,而且學(xué)生有地震方面的常識(shí),對(duì)文本的掌握并不難,教師需要做的是在閱讀的同時(shí),幫助學(xué)生提升思維品質(zhì),所以這里要重點(diǎn)突出的文本思想應(yīng)該是唐山精神,團(tuán)結(jié)就是力量。

Step 4:Post-reading( about 8+15 minutes)

T: As we all know, the natural disasters can not beavoided.When we are facing such natural disasters, whatcan we do to protect ourselves better? Now, please thinkabout it and discuss with your partners. Please writedown your opinions.(Students discuss it in groups/)

T: Now, please look at Task2 and complete the writ—ing according to your discussion and context.

本 元的主題是了解地震的基本知識(shí),并學(xué)會(huì)在災(zāi)難到來(lái)時(shí)如何白助與助人,所以本環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì)是以閱讀文本為基礎(chǔ),設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng)讓學(xué)生通過(guò)討論了解在災(zāi)難中如何自救和他救。

Step 5: Presentation and homework (about 3minutes)

T: Now let's present your writings. You can makecomments on the writing in the following ways.

T: Check your passages again and hand them in af-ter you have improved。

最后的評(píng)價(jià)是讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合教學(xué)必要的延續(xù)。它反饋學(xué)生的客觀(guān)學(xué)情,便于教師及時(shí)反思教學(xué)過(guò)程中的不足,促使讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合更有成效;便于學(xué)生反思自己的課堂聽(tīng)課效率,激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力。

三、課后總結(jié)與反思

以上同課異構(gòu)的三堂課,從文本結(jié)構(gòu)、文本語(yǔ)言、文本思想把閱讀和寫(xiě)作整合在一起。閱讀是語(yǔ)言的輸入,是意義的理解過(guò)程,而寫(xiě)作是語(yǔ)言的輸出,是意義的創(chuàng)作輸出過(guò)程。這樣的讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合課,改變以往讀寫(xiě)分開(kāi)或者重讀輕寫(xiě)的傳統(tǒng)課型,其目的是探索一種新課型,拓寬高中英語(yǔ)課堂授課途徑,整合教材內(nèi)容與教學(xué)手段,引導(dǎo)教師研究課堂教學(xué),處理好英語(yǔ)知識(shí)輸入與輸出的關(guān)系,利用手中的教學(xué)資源培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀與寫(xiě)作能力。

如何把閱讀教學(xué)與寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練更好地結(jié)合起來(lái),筆者認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程中教師必須把握以下原則:

1.“讀”——恰到好處

讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合,閱讀是為寫(xiě)作作鋪墊的,教師一定要根據(jù)學(xué)生的具體學(xué)情,根據(jù)具體閱讀文本的特點(diǎn)確定寫(xiě)作方向,逆向設(shè)計(jì),精心備課,設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的教學(xué)活動(dòng),合理安排教學(xué)時(shí)間與教學(xué)步驟,無(wú)論在語(yǔ)言方面、信息方面還是情感態(tài)度方面都為寫(xiě)作輸出層層鋪墊,輸出只是深化主題內(nèi)容,鞏固所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,落實(shí)核心語(yǔ)言知識(shí),才能真正做到語(yǔ)言輸入和輸出的一致性。

2.“寫(xiě)”——水到渠成

讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合,寫(xiě)是“讀”的指揮棒,這里的寫(xiě)需根據(jù)文本的特點(diǎn)有選擇、有目的地寫(xiě),這里的寫(xiě)需寫(xiě)得有依據(jù),寫(xiě)得有意義,寫(xiě)得有思想。通過(guò)教師有目的地“誘導(dǎo)”,學(xué)生豐富了詞匯句型,存儲(chǔ)了句法知識(shí),學(xué)習(xí)了遣詞造句、謀篇布局的方法,培養(yǎng)了構(gòu)建語(yǔ)篇和模仿寫(xiě)作的能力,可謂“厚積薄發(fā)”,水到渠成。

3.“評(píng)”——人木三分

讀寫(xiě)結(jié)合的點(diǎn)睛之筆是作文的點(diǎn)評(píng),無(wú)論是課堂內(nèi)還是課堂外,無(wú)論是典型作文共評(píng)還是小組互評(píng),是學(xué)生評(píng)還是教師評(píng),“評(píng)”還是不可缺少的。讓學(xué)生及時(shí)了解自己寫(xiě)作中存在的不足,同時(shí)可以學(xué)習(xí)他人寫(xiě)作中的長(zhǎng)處,對(duì)別的文章進(jìn)行“取其精華”的學(xué)習(xí),從而激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,培養(yǎng)他們的自我評(píng)價(jià)能力。

猜你喜歡
鋪墊文本文章
立秋
我的年度漢字
——宅
小讀者(2021年8期)2021-05-15 02:50:22
出 氣
中外文摘(2019年5期)2019-11-12 23:50:46
在808DA上文本顯示的改善
細(xì)致入微的描寫(xiě)讓文章熠熠生輝
基于doc2vec和TF-IDF的相似文本識(shí)別
電子制作(2018年18期)2018-11-14 01:48:06
放屁文章
小處著眼,寫(xiě)大文章
文本之中·文本之外·文本之上——童話(huà)故事《坐井觀(guān)天》的教學(xué)隱喻
做好深化國(guó)企改革大文章
阜新| 兴海县| 广西| 乌拉特中旗| 峡江县| 济阳县| 浑源县| 积石山| 类乌齐县| 合江县| 广昌县| 屏山县| 建德市| 平凉市| 民县| 读书| 宿迁市| 青冈县| 阳山县| 兰州市| 图片| 拜城县| 正镶白旗| 霍州市| 四子王旗| 台北市| 区。| 南康市| 成都市| 南京市| 策勒县| 平舆县| 南皮县| 辉县市| 赤峰市| 简阳市| 江华| 黎城县| 安丘市| 大余县| 永吉县|