阿曼達(dá)·科爾　吳曉雷/譯

Accentism—discriminating against someone because of their accent—has a long history in the UK， where the way someone speaks is often an easy way to tell their social class. People with working-class accents are frequently criticized and encouraged to speak “properly.” This is true even for people who have achieved fame or success in the media or politics.

口音歧視，也就是因某人說(shuō)話有口音而對(duì)其加以歧視的現(xiàn)象，在英國(guó)可謂由來(lái)已久。在英國(guó)，一個(gè)人的社會(huì)地位如何，往往只消聽(tīng)一聽(tīng)他說(shuō)話的方式便一清二楚。有工人階級(jí)口音的人時(shí)常遭到批評(píng)，也時(shí)常受人督促說(shuō)話要“得體”。即便是媒體上或是政界中功成名就的人，也概莫能外。

But changing the way one speaks isnt necessarily a fix. When people with working-class accents begin to speak in a more “posh” way， it is often seen as inauthentic and insincere. The latest example is Victoria Beckham， whose accent in a video has been subject to criticism.

但改變說(shuō)話方式未必就能解決問(wèn)題。有工人階級(jí)口音的人，一旦變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”，往往又會(huì)被人認(rèn)為裝腔作勢(shì)、虛情假意。最近的例子就是維多利亞·貝克漢姆，她在一個(gè)視頻中的口音就受到批評(píng)。

Victoria Beckham was born in Essex and raised in Hertfordshire， and her husband David Beckham was raised in east London. Despite the couples enormous wealth and success， they come from working-class backgrounds and continue to be seen as such. They have previously been labelled “chavs”， a contemptuous， stereotyped moniker of the working class.

維多利亞·貝克漢姆在埃塞克斯郡出生，在赫特福德郡長(zhǎng)大，而她的丈夫大衛(wèi)·貝克漢姆則在倫敦東部長(zhǎng)大。盡管夫妻二人財(cái)力雄厚，成就卓著，但他們來(lái)自工人階級(jí)家庭，而且人們始終認(rèn)定他們工人階級(jí)的出身。以前人們給他們貼上了“低俗青年”的標(biāo)簽，這是一種輕蔑工人階級(jí)、帶有刻板印象的稱(chēng)呼。

Their accents have typically included working-class， vernacular linguistic traits from London or southern England more broadly. In 2014， David Beckham was voted one of the British publics least pleasant voices. In 2010， Victoria Beckham was slated for both her appearance and her accent when she was a guest judge on “American Idol.”

貝克漢姆夫婦的口音表現(xiàn)出了典型的工人階級(jí)和地方土語(yǔ)特征，這些語(yǔ)言特征源自倫敦，或者寬泛地說(shuō)，源自英格蘭南部。2014年，大衛(wèi)·貝克漢姆當(dāng)選英國(guó)口音最不好聽(tīng)的公眾人物之一。早在2010年，維多利亞·貝克漢姆擔(dān)任《美國(guó)偶像》客座評(píng)委時(shí)，她的裝扮和口音就為人苛責(zé)。

U.S. paper， The Village Voice， wrote， “I always thought a British accent made people sound smart but I guess I was wrong.” Her fellow British judge， privately educated Simon Cowell， was not criticized for his very standard， southern English accent.

美國(guó)報(bào)紙《鄉(xiāng)村之聲》如是說(shuō)：“我先前總以為英國(guó)口音讓人聽(tīng)起來(lái)很聰明，看來(lái)我錯(cuò)了?！焙途S多利亞一同擔(dān)任評(píng)委的英國(guó)人西蒙·考埃爾因?yàn)榻邮苓^(guò)私立教育，說(shuō)著一口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英國(guó)南方口音，從沒(méi)有人對(duì)他說(shuō)三道四。

A makeup tutorial video posted by Victoria Beckham revived longstanding speculation that the Beckhams are changing their accents and even having elocution lessons.

維多利亞·貝克漢姆發(fā)布的一個(gè)美妝教學(xué)視頻重新喚起了人們長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的猜測(cè)——貝克漢姆夫婦可能在改變口音，甚至還特意上了演講課。

Changing accents

改變口音

We all have different accents. We can speak in different ways depending on factors like who we are talking to， our emotional state， the formality of the situation and the topic of conversation. But our accents can also change throughout our life， depending on the ways of speaking we are exposed to， depending on where we live and who we talk to （footballer Joey Barton1 was a remarkable example）.

我們每個(gè)人都有多種口音。我們可以用不同的方式說(shuō)話，而影響因素多種多樣，比方說(shuō)：我們和誰(shuí)交談，我們的情緒如何，說(shuō)話的場(chǎng)合正式與否，還有談?wù)摰脑掝}是什么。然而，從小到大，我們的口音也一直在變。我們接觸到的人都有什么口音，我們住在哪里，經(jīng)常跟什么樣的人說(shuō)話，都影響我們的口音（足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員喬伊·巴頓就是個(gè)絕佳的例子）。

Even Queen Elizabeth II experienced accent change throughout her life， which matched the subtle changes happening in standard southern English. Research has also found that Glaswegians2 who are fans of the soap opera “EastEnders” are more likely to speak with elements of a cockney accent.

就連女王伊麗莎白二世一生中也經(jīng)歷過(guò)口音的變化，正好匹配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)南方口音發(fā)展中的細(xì)微變化。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，喜歡看肥皂劇《東區(qū)人》的格拉斯哥人，說(shuō)話更可能帶有倫敦東區(qū)的口音特征。

A person with a working-class accent may also consciously adapt their accent if they feel it holds them back or they are perceived as unintelligent （which probably is the case）. Changing your accent is no easy feat， and the burden is greater for those whose accent is further from the standard.

如果一個(gè)人認(rèn)為自己的工人階級(jí)口音會(huì)阻礙自己的發(fā)展，或是讓自己聽(tīng)上去不夠聰明（事實(shí)很可能如此），那他也可能會(huì)有意識(shí)地改變自己的口音。然而，改變口音絕非易事。對(duì)于自身口音與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)音差異很大的人來(lái)說(shuō)，改變口音的難度更大。

There are also examples of people with standard accents suddenly and uncharacteristically speaking with less standard and more working-class accents， such as politician Ed Miliband when talking to comedian Russell Brand. Miliband was seen as hospitably finding an “accent on common ground” in a generous act of extending familiarity.

不過(guò)，也不乏反例。有些人本來(lái)發(fā)音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，突然之間一反常態(tài)地用不太標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、偏向工人階級(jí)的口音說(shuō)話。政治家埃德·米利班德就在此列，他與喜劇演員拉塞爾·布蘭德說(shuō)話時(shí)就帶上了口音。在人們看來(lái)，米利班德此舉屬于體貼地為雙方找到了“共同的口音基礎(chǔ)”，不啻為一種拉近關(guān)系的大度之舉。

But when a person is thought to have begun speaking more “posh”， like Victoria Beckham （and also Meghan Markle3）， they can be unfairly ridiculed as fake or pretentious. Victoria Beckham perfectly exemplifies how working-class people are criticized for speaking， no matter how posh their accent is. It is being working-class that is the problem.

然而，一旦人們認(rèn)為某人變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”，就像維多利亞·貝克漢姆（還有梅根·馬克爾）這樣，那此人可能就要被人們有失公允地譏諷為裝模做樣、拿腔拿調(diào)。維多利亞·貝克漢姆的例子充分說(shuō)明了工人階級(jí)如何因?yàn)檎f(shuō)話這件事而受人指責(zé)，不管他們可以把話說(shuō)得多優(yōu)雅。真正的問(wèn)題在于他們是工人階級(jí)。

Working-class accentism

歧視工人階級(jí)口音

My own Essex accent is often brought up when sharing my expertise in linguistics. On a BBC radio interview， the presenter read aloud a listeners text： “Try getting someone who can speak correctly if youre going to talk about grammar.” My experience is not unusual for academics with working-class accents.

在我分享語(yǔ)言學(xué)方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)見(jiàn)解時(shí)，我的埃塞克斯口音常常遭到批評(píng)。有一次，我在接受英國(guó)廣播公司的電臺(tái)采訪，主持人大聲播報(bào)了一則聽(tīng)眾留言：“要在節(jié)目里講語(yǔ)法，還是先找個(gè)說(shuō)話沒(méi)口音的人吧?！边@樣的經(jīng)歷對(duì)于和我一樣帶有工人階級(jí)口音的專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)并非罕事。

People in the public eye with working-class accents are constantly singled out. Rylan Clark was slammed for t-glottalling （dropping t） on “The One Show.” A BBC announcer was criticized for th-fronting （“thriller” as “friller”）.

那些帶有工人階級(jí)口音的公眾人物也常常被人挑刺。賴(lài)蘭·克拉克因?yàn)樵凇丢?dú)家秀》節(jié)目中把t發(fā)成聲門(mén)閉塞音（吞掉t的發(fā)音）而備受苛責(zé)。還有一位英國(guó)廣播公司的播音員因?yàn)榘裻h發(fā)成舌前音（將thriller說(shuō)成friller）而遭到批評(píng)。

Debate constantly ensues about whether Angela Rayner， the deputy leader of the Labour party， sounds sufficiently “professional” in Parliament. And Alastair Campbell4 wrote about Priti Patel5： “I dont want a home secretary who cant pronounce a G at the end of a word.”

工黨副黨首安杰拉·雷納在議會(huì)發(fā)言時(shí)聽(tīng)上去夠不夠“稱(chēng)職”？這個(gè)問(wèn)題不斷引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議。普麗蒂·帕特爾也曾遭到阿拉斯泰爾·坎貝爾筆伐：“她連單詞詞尾的G都發(fā)不出來(lái)，我可不想要這樣的內(nèi)政大臣?！?/p>

Lord Digby Jones singled out sports commentator Alex Scott for saying “swimming” as “swimmin” in her Olympics coverage. She hit back that she was proud of her working-class accent， to which Jones accused her of “playing the class card.” He insisted it was “not about accents” but instead， “It is about the fact that she is wrong. You do not pronounce the English language ending in a ‘g without the ‘g.”

迪格比·瓊斯爵士曾點(diǎn)名批評(píng)體育解說(shuō)員阿萊克斯·斯科特，說(shuō)她在播報(bào)奧運(yùn)會(huì)時(shí)總把swimming說(shuō)成swimmin。斯科特還擊說(shuō)她頗為自己的工人階級(jí)口音自豪。針對(duì)此言，瓊斯爵士指責(zé)斯科特“打階級(jí)牌”。他堅(jiān)稱(chēng)，這“并非口音問(wèn)題”，而是“她發(fā)音出錯(cuò)的問(wèn)題。如果英文單詞以g結(jié)尾，你就不該不發(fā)這個(gè)音”。

Comments like these demonstrate a spectacular misunderstanding of basic linguistic principles. Beyond this， saying swimmin—or indeed， dropping t or th-fronting—has everything to do with both accent and class. Across Britain， working-class people are the most likely to speak with accents that mark out where they are from and are the furthest removed from Queens English.

上述種種論調(diào)無(wú)不說(shuō)明，語(yǔ)言學(xué)常識(shí)引起的爭(zhēng)議竟然如此之大。在爭(zhēng)議的背后，無(wú)論是把swimming說(shuō)成swimmin、吞掉t的發(fā)音，還是把th發(fā)成舌前音，其實(shí)都與口音和階級(jí)密切相關(guān)。就整個(gè)英國(guó)而言，工人階級(jí)的口音大概最為明顯，一聽(tīng)就知道他們來(lái)自何處，而他們的口音與女王說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)差異最大。

If working-class accents are not seen as appropriate in the media， politics and academia， then working-class people are not seen as appropriate in these domains. The commonplace notion that accent pedantry is actually just upholding good diction， decent standards， clear articulation or the inherent “correctness” of English is a rickety scaffolding for accent prejudice that keeps working-class people in their place.

如果媒體、政界和學(xué)術(shù)圈都認(rèn)為工人階級(jí)的口音不夠得體，那么在他們看來(lái)工人階級(jí)也不適合在這幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展。有種老生常談的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，講究口音其實(shí)只是主張發(fā)音準(zhǔn)確、言談得體、口齒清晰，或是英語(yǔ)固有的“得體性”。這種觀點(diǎn)不過(guò)是搖搖晃晃的腳手架，撐起了對(duì)口音的歧視，而正是這種歧視把工人階級(jí)固定在了自己的位置上。

（譯者為“《英語(yǔ)世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撸?/p>