劉士聰
大約在1956年3月下旬,E. B.懷特在佛羅里達觀看John Ringling North的馬戲表演,之后寫了散文“The Ring of Time”。E. B. White Reader一書編者說,作者通過觀看騎手的表演向我們展示了“the eternity of youth”。這是一篇好散文,我們從中選幾個片段,學(xué)習(xí)、研究他的句子,揣摩他的寫作技巧。
下面這個段落是該文的開頭部分,寫馴馬師遛馬的情景。她牽著韁繩,讓馬圍著場地反時針方向轉(zhuǎn),為了盡量讓馬走一個很大的圈,她也在場地中央隨著馬走一個小圈。
例1:The long rein, or tape, by which the woman guided her charge counterclockwise in his dull career formed the radius of their private circle, of which she was the revolving center; and she, too, stepped a tiny circumference of her own, in order to accommodate the horse and allow him his maximum scope.
這是一個較長的并列句,意思比較復(fù)雜,但句子的構(gòu)成卻很清晰。分號之前是一個主從復(fù)合句,主干部分“The long rein, or tape... formed the radius of their private circle”中有一個of which引起的從句;分號之后的“and she, too, stepped a tiny circumference of her own...”是并列句的后半部分,也是一個簡單句,其中有一個由by which引起的從句,并含有一個由“in order to...”引出的短語。
留意一下句中的to accommodate the horse and allow him his maximum scope,這里的to accommodate義為to provide enough space,馴馬人這樣做是為了給馬提供足夠的空間讓他跑圈;后面的maximum scope表達了同樣的意思。其中動詞accommodate用得好,值得揣摩,可以模仿。
在這段文字里,懷特細致而清晰地描繪了一個微妙的場景。他擅長寫復(fù)雜句子,安排好句子的主干成分之后,特別會用定語從句,或后置的限定、修飾成分,閱讀他的作品時可注意這一點。
例2: 文中有一個描寫騎馬女郎穿泳衣在馬背上表演的段落,我們將這段文字分作四個句子來分析:
1. Twice she managed a one-foot stance—a sort of ballet pose, with arms outstretched.
她曾兩次單腿站在馬背上,兩臂向外伸展,很像芭蕾舞的動作。這里的stance是站在馬背上的一個姿勢;pose一般是有意擺出的姿態(tài),在這個上下文里,二者意思大體相當(dāng)。
2. At one point the neck strap of her bathing suit broke and she went twice around her ring in the classic attitude of a woman making minor repairs to a garment.
女郎正在表演時,掛在脖子上的泳衣背帶斷了,這很尷尬。她如何解決這個沒有料到的麻煩呢,這里用了classic attitude, 此處的classic有兩種解釋:一是typical,一是elegant,根據(jù)作者通篇對女孩的贊美,似乎兩個解釋都說得通,即,她以女孩修補衣服時的那種慣有的(或優(yōu)雅的)姿態(tài)處理了這個意外事故。
3. The fact that she was standing on the back of a moving horse while doing this invested the matter with a clowning significance that perfectly fitted the spirit of the circus—jocund, yet harming.
這個意外給她的表演增添了一種滑稽色彩,非常適合馬戲場的歡樂氛圍。
關(guān)于to invest,《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》解釋為“to make sb/sth seem to have a particular quality”,即“使……具備某種性質(zhì)”,并給了一個例句:Being a model invests her with a certain glamour. 當(dāng)模特賦予了她某種魅力。
在這個上下文里,invest是一個很恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇,E. B.懷特講究選詞。
4. She just rolled the strap into a neat ball and stowed it into her bodice while the horse rocked and rolled beneath her in dutiful innocence.
這個in dutiful innocence將駿馬在表演時任勞任怨、忠于職守的姿態(tài)呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前。神奇的搭配,現(xiàn)象的表達。
例3.? The richness of the scene was in its plainness, its natural condition—of horse, of ring, of girl....
作者通過觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)表演現(xiàn)場之所以具有豐富的內(nèi)涵,在于表現(xiàn)在馬、場地和女孩身上的plainness(可理解為“簡樸”,不加修飾)和naturalness(可以理解為自然、不做作),使作者為之感動。這里只是客觀地描述,以展示她們的“簡樸”和“自然”,沒有評價文字。主觀評價是說理,客觀描寫是藝術(shù)。
例4. The enchantment grew not out of anything that happened or was performed but out of something that seemed to go round and around and around with the girl, attending her, a steady gleam in the shape of a circle—a ring of ambition, of happiness, of youth.
作者被女孩的表演所吸引,所陶醉。同時他也在思考,為什么她的表演如此迷人。不是因為場內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的事情,也不是因為她的演技,作者似乎看到隨著女孩在場上的繞行而出現(xiàn)一種光環(huán)。何為a ring of ambition?因為騎馬表演本身是一種“挑戰(zhàn)”,從騎者角度說也是一種“征服”,其中自然含有ambition;何為a ring of happiness?這種喜悅帶有職業(yè)性質(zhì),同時,“征服”也帶來喜悅;何為a ring of youth?應(yīng)指女孩所表現(xiàn)出來的青春活力和青春之美。
作者以形而上的眼光,將瞬間的感覺寫得可感、可知;懷特的美學(xué)思考是深刻的。讀經(jīng)典作家的作品,可以直接吸取他的語言精華,同時探尋他的審美傾向,看他是如何從生活中發(fā)現(xiàn)美好,然后用語言將其表達出來。
懷特稱自己是“a word man”,他重視字詞,講究用詞,仔細推敲他的字詞會有收獲。
例5. The girl wasnt so young that she did not know the delicious satisfaction of having a perfectly behaved body and the fun of using it to do a trick most people cant do, but she was too young to know that time does not move in a circle at all. I thought: “She will never be as beautiful as this again”—a thought that made me acutely unhappy—and in a flash my mind had projected her twenty-five years ahead...
作者看著女孩騎著馬一圈一圈繞行,循環(huán)往復(fù),他想到the element of time。對于人生,time不是“循環(huán)往復(fù)”的,而是有始有終。他想到二十五年之后,女孩不再像現(xiàn)在這個樣子,于是他發(fā)出以上的感慨。一般觀眾看完表演就完了,但文人多情善感,這樣一次表演卻讓他對人生進行一番哲學(xué)思考,寫出這樣好的文章。
第一句是比較復(fù)雜的長句,其中“The girl wasnt so young that she did not know...”即“女孩不至于年輕到連……都不知道”;“but she was too young to know that...”,但是因為她還是太年輕,她不懂得(或者沒有意識到)“時間不是循環(huán)往復(fù)的”。作者把這兩個小句放在一起,使它們在形式上和內(nèi)容上形成對比, 我們寫這種句子的經(jīng)驗可能不多,這種寫法值得借鑒。