閆紅 辛艷 侯念果 帥訓(xùn)軍 艾登斌 趙洋
[摘要]目的探討腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)老年病人術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)的相關(guān)影響因素。方法選擇全身麻醉下行腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)病人138例,男79例,女59例;年齡≥65歲,BMI 18~29 kg/m2,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)Ⅱ或Ⅲ級(jí)。所有病人均于麻醉開始后實(shí)施控制性低中心靜脈壓(CLCVP)至肝實(shí)質(zhì)切除,術(shù)中持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)局部腦氧飽和度(rScO2),采用老年病人衰弱(FRAIL)量表評(píng)估病人術(shù)前衰弱情況,采用簡(jiǎn)易智力狀況檢查(MMSE)量表評(píng)估病人術(shù)前1 d與術(shù)后第7天的認(rèn)知功能。根據(jù)術(shù)后第7天認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分將病人分為POCD組與非POCD組。記錄病人一般情況、手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、CLCVP時(shí)間、肝門阻斷例數(shù)、術(shù)中舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼用量、失血量、輸液量、尿量、rScO2基線值(rScO2base)、術(shù)中rScO2最小值(rScO2min)和最大值(rScO2max)以及下降最大百分?jǐn)?shù)(rScO2%max)等圍術(shù)期監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo),采用多因素logistic回歸分析POCD發(fā)生的影響因素。結(jié)果138例病人POCD發(fā)生率為26.1%。與非POCD比較,POCD組病人術(shù)前衰弱比例升高、受教育程度降低,術(shù)中rScO2min下降、失血量及rScO2%max增大,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)及非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t/χ2/z=-5.043~9.320,P<0.05)。多因素logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前衰弱(OR=5.314)、rScO2min(OR=1.282)以及rScO2%max(OR=1.567)是POCD發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)老年病人術(shù)前衰弱以及術(shù)中rScO2下降程度增大會(huì)增加POCD發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]肝切除術(shù);腹腔鏡檢查;術(shù)后認(rèn)知并發(fā)癥;血氧飽和度;中心靜脈壓;麻醉,全身
[中圖分類號(hào)]R657.3; R619[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2023)03-0425-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.080[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/detail/37.1517.R.20230725.1140.005.html;2023-07-2610:50:38
INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN ELDERLY PATIENTS UNDERGOING LAPAROSCOPIC PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY YAN Hong,? XIN Yan, HOU Nianguo, SHUAI Xunjun,? AI Dengbin, ZHAO Yang (School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors for postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic partial hepatectomy. MethodsA total of 138 patients who underwent laparoscopic partial hepatectomy under general anesthesia were enrolled, among whom there were 79 male patients and 59 female patients, with an age of ≥65 years, a body mass index of 18-29 kg/m2, and an ASA grade of Ⅱ or Ⅲ. All patients received controlled low central venous pressure (CLCVP) after the start of anesthesia till parenchymal hepatectomy, and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) was constantly monitored during surgery. Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of Weight (FRAIL) scale was used to evaluate the preoperative frailty of patients, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale was used to evaluate the cognitive function of patients on 1 day before surgery and on day 7 after surgery. The patients were divided into POCD group and non-POCD group according to cognitive function score on day 7 after surgery. Related perioperative indicators were recorded, including general conditions, time of operation, duration of anesthesia, CLCVP time, number of cases with hepatic portal occlusion, the amount of sufentanil and remifentanil used during surgery, blood loss, infusion volume, urine volume, baseline rScO2(rScO2base), minimum rScO2(rScO2min) and maximum rScO2(rScO2max) during surgery, and the maximum percentage of reduction in rScO2(rScO2%max), and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for POCD. ResultsThe incidence rate of POCD was 26.1% among the 138 patients. Compared with the non-POCD group, the POCD group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with preoperative frailty, a significantly lower educational level, a significant reduction in rScO2minduring surgery, significant increases in blood loss and rScO2%max, a significantly longer length of postoperative hospital stay, and a significantly higher incidence rate of non-neurological complications (t/χ2/z=-5.043 to 9.320,P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative frailty (OR=5.314), rScO2min (OR=1.282), and rScO2%max(OR=1.567) were independent risk factors for POCD. ConclusionFor elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic partial hepatectomy, preo-perative frailty and the reduction in rScO2during surgery may increase the risk of POCD.
[KEY WORDS]hepatectomy; laparoscopy; postoperative cognitive complications; oxygen saturation; central venous pressure; anesthesia, general
神經(jīng)認(rèn)知功能改變是老年病人圍手術(shù)期常見(jiàn)的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥之一[1]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),非心臟手術(shù)老年病人術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)發(fā)生率達(dá)17.1%~41.4% [2-3]。腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)常采用控制性低中心靜脈壓(CLCVP)及肝血流阻斷技術(shù)減少術(shù)中失血[4],但可能導(dǎo)致大腦等重要組織及器官缺血低氧損傷、腦氧代謝不平衡而影響病人認(rèn)知功能[5-6]。早期識(shí)別術(shù)后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)病人尤為重要。本研究旨在探討腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)老年病人POCD的相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素,為臨床提供參考依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
2020年7月—2022年4月,選取全身麻醉下?lián)衿谛懈骨荤R肝部分切除術(shù)的病人150例,性別不限,年齡≥65歲,BMI為18~29 kg/m2,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)為Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí),Child-Pugh分級(jí)為A級(jí)或B級(jí)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前簡(jiǎn)易智力狀況檢查量表(MMSE)檢查<23分,術(shù)前合并嚴(yán)重心腦血管或呼吸系統(tǒng)疾者,既往有嚴(yán)重精神疾病病史,既往存在藥物濫用和乙醇濫用史的病人,術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)為開腹手術(shù)、中心靜脈壓(CVP)未能維持在目標(biāo)范圍內(nèi)、失血量>基礎(chǔ)血容量的20%和術(shù)后發(fā)生嚴(yán)重不良事件(急性腦血管意外等)等病人。本研究已獲得青島市市立醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(2021臨審字第031號(hào)),病人或家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2麻醉方法
所有病人均于術(shù)前1 d使用MMSE量表完成認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估,并使用老年病人衰弱(FRAIL)量表評(píng)估術(shù)前衰弱情況。病人均無(wú)術(shù)前使用影響POCD的藥物。入手術(shù)室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征,開放外周靜脈,使用腦氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè)儀監(jiān)測(cè)并記錄局部腦氧飽和度(rScO2)數(shù)值,rScO2基線值定義為病人清醒狀態(tài)下呼吸室內(nèi)空氣1 min內(nèi)測(cè)得腦氧飽和度數(shù)值的中位數(shù)。行左側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管監(jiān)測(cè)有創(chuàng)動(dòng)脈血壓(IBP)。麻醉誘導(dǎo):面罩吸氧,靜脈注射舒芬太尼 0.3~0.4 μg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、順式阿曲庫(kù)胺 0.2 mg/kg,氣管插管后行機(jī)械通氣,經(jīng)右側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置管監(jiān)測(cè)CVP,術(shù)中采用 VCV 模式維持呼吸,將呼吸參數(shù)設(shè)定為潮氣量 6~8 mL/kg,吸入氧體積分?jǐn)?shù)為0.80,呼吸頻率10~12 min-1,吸呼比1∶2,維持呼氣末二氧化碳(PetCO2)4.66~5.99 kPa。麻醉維持:采用靜吸復(fù)合麻醉,吸入體積分?jǐn)?shù)為0.01~0.02的七氟烷,靜脈持續(xù)泵注右美托咪定0.3~0.4 μg/(kg·h)至肝實(shí)質(zhì)切除,同時(shí)泵注瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2 μg/(kg·min)及丙泊酚4~6 mg/(kg·h),間斷追加順式阿曲庫(kù)胺,維持腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)數(shù)值在40~60,術(shù)中均采用反Trendelenburg體位(頭高位15°~30°),氣腹壓力維持1.60~1.86 kPa。術(shù)中rScO2下降程度≥基線值20%或絕對(duì)值≤50%并維持1 min時(shí)通過(guò)提高吸入氧濃度等措施升高rScO2。術(shù)中所有病人均于氣管插管后行超聲引導(dǎo)下異常糖鏈糖蛋白(TAP)阻滯,藥物為3.75 g/L羅哌卡因40 mL,術(shù)后行病人自控靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA),藥物配比為舒芬太尼100 μg、地佐辛15 mg、托烷司瓊5 mg加生理鹽水稀釋至100 mL,輸注速度2 mL/h,首次劑量2 mL,自控量0.5 mL,間隔時(shí)間15 min。若疼痛數(shù)字評(píng)分(NRS)疼痛評(píng)分≥4分,則給予丙帕他莫1 g靜脈滴注補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛。
液體管理:采用輸液加溫至手術(shù)結(jié)束,術(shù)中液體管理分為兩個(gè)階段,第1階段為麻醉誘導(dǎo)至肝實(shí)質(zhì)切除前,采取CLCVP技術(shù)維持CVP<0.49 kPa,輸注晶體液速度維持在1.0~1.5 mL/(kg·h),必要時(shí)靜脈泵注硝酸甘油維持CVP;第2階段為肝實(shí)質(zhì)切除后至手術(shù)結(jié)束,快速適量輸入膠體液及晶體液,調(diào)整CVP至0.49~0.98 kPa。術(shù)中平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)<8.64 kPa或者收縮壓(SBP)<11.97 kPa持續(xù)1 min時(shí),經(jīng)外周靜脈注射麻黃堿3~6 mg或者經(jīng)中心靜脈泵注去甲腎上腺素0.02~0.10 μg/(kg·min),及時(shí)根據(jù)血壓情況調(diào)整劑量。術(shù)中維持心率50~80 min-1,尿量>0.5 mL/(kg·h)。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1一般資料相關(guān)指標(biāo)病人性別、年齡、BMI、ASA分級(jí)、受教育程度、術(shù)前診斷、切肝部位、術(shù)前衰弱情況、高血壓史、糖尿病史和冠心病例數(shù)等。
1.3.2術(shù)中觀察指標(biāo)包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、CLCVP時(shí)間、肝門阻斷例數(shù)、術(shù)中失血量、輸液量、尿量、舒芬太尼用量和瑞芬太尼用量等。
1.3.3rScO2相關(guān)指標(biāo)rScO2基線值(rScO2base)和術(shù)中rScO2最小值(rScO2min)、最大值(rScO2max)、下降最大百分?jǐn)?shù)(rScO2%max)。
1.3.4隨訪資料收集收集術(shù)前1 d、術(shù)后第7天的MMSE評(píng)分,將術(shù)后第7天的MMSE評(píng)分較術(shù)前降低>2分定義為POCD[7],以發(fā)生POCD者為POCD組(觀察組),未發(fā)生POCD者為非POCD組(對(duì)照組)。記錄病人發(fā)生心血管系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)等非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的例數(shù)以及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
數(shù)據(jù)分析采用 SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以±s表示,兩組數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);非正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(IQR)表示,兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確概率法。以單因素分析中P<0.1的因素為自變量,是否發(fā)生POCD為因變量,采用前進(jìn)法進(jìn)行多因素logistic回歸分析POCD發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般資料相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
本研究納入150例病人,1例術(shù)后發(fā)生肝性腦病,6例術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)為開腹手術(shù),5例因術(shù)后失訪而被剔除,最終納入病人138例,POCD發(fā)生率為26.1%(36/102)。與對(duì)照組比較,觀察組病人受教育程度較低,術(shù)前衰弱比例升高,術(shù)中失血量增大,術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t/χ2/z=-5.043~9.320,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2rScO2相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較
與非POCD組病人相比較,POCD組病人術(shù)中rScO2min下降,rScO2%max升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.075、-5.989,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3影響POCD發(fā)生的多因素logistic回歸分析
以是否發(fā)生POCD為因變量(是=1,否=0),將單因素分析結(jié)果中P<0.1的自變量納入多因素logistic回歸模型,變量篩選采取前進(jìn)法。結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前衰弱、rScO2min下降以及rScO2%max增大是POCD發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3討論
POCD是老年病人術(shù)后中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)主要并發(fā)癥之一[8-9],主要表現(xiàn)為記憶力下降、注意力不集中和意識(shí)混亂等,多發(fā)生于術(shù)后1周內(nèi),可持續(xù)數(shù)月甚至持續(xù)存在,影響病人的術(shù)后康復(fù)和延長(zhǎng)其住院時(shí)間[10-12]。POCD的發(fā)生與手術(shù)類型、病人自身情況和術(shù)前認(rèn)知狀態(tài)等多種因素相關(guān)[13-15]。腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)中長(zhǎng)時(shí)間CO2氣腹、體位改變及CLCVP技術(shù)等措施可能導(dǎo)致組織器官供血供氧不足。本研究病人術(shù)后第7天的POCD發(fā)生率為26.1%,與既往研究結(jié)果類似[12]。本文結(jié)果還顯示,POCD病人術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)和非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率升高。因此,針對(duì)擬行此類手術(shù)的老年病人,早期識(shí)別術(shù)后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的高危人群尤為重要。
衰弱是一種與年齡相關(guān)的綜合癥狀,其特點(diǎn)是多器官儲(chǔ)備功能和恢復(fù)能力的損害,反映機(jī)體對(duì)手術(shù)及麻醉的耐受能力下降[17-19]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,老年病人術(shù)前衰弱比例為18.1%,與朱攬?jiān)碌萚20]對(duì)非心臟手術(shù)病人的研究結(jié)果一致,表明衰弱在擇期手術(shù)的老年病人中較為普遍。術(shù)前衰弱狀態(tài)預(yù)示著術(shù)后發(fā)生認(rèn)知功能障礙和其他臨床并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大[21-23],這可能與本研究中病人術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)及非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增加有關(guān)。本研究中多因素logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前衰弱是發(fā)生POCD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一。與年齡相關(guān)的慢性疾病以及機(jī)體的退行性變化是高齡病人術(shù)后預(yù)后較差的原因,術(shù)前衰弱評(píng)分相較于年齡對(duì)病人整體健康狀態(tài)的評(píng)估更為全面,反映身體各器官應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的儲(chǔ)備能力[24-26]。因此,使用有效的衰弱評(píng)估工具,早期識(shí)別衰弱病人并進(jìn)行針對(duì)性圍術(shù)期管理,有利于減少術(shù)后神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,改善病人預(yù)后結(jié)局。
rScO2是監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域腦組織氧合情況的重要指標(biāo),腦組織低氧可能是POCD發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)中持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)并對(duì)其盡早干預(yù)可提高病人圍手術(shù)期的安全性[27-29]。術(shù)中rScO2下降程度≥基線值20%或絕對(duì)值≤50%,提示大腦可能處于低氧合狀態(tài)[21]。本研究將rScO2維持在此閾值以上,避免腦組織缺血低氧時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),但結(jié)果顯示rScO2min以及rScO2%max仍是POCD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。其可能的原因如下:首先,腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)間相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),術(shù)中限制液體輸入以及頭高位可能導(dǎo)致腦血供灌注不足,在此期間盡管維持MAP相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,但病人心排血量降低仍可導(dǎo)致rScO2下降。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)與MAP相比,心排血量可能與rScO2相關(guān)性更強(qiáng)[30],在無(wú)法監(jiān)測(cè)心排血量等有創(chuàng)指標(biāo)時(shí),rScO2數(shù)值可以反映血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變對(duì)腦灌注的影響。其次,老年病人腦血流自身調(diào)節(jié)能力減退,對(duì)低氧的耐受能力較差,相較于絕對(duì)數(shù)值的監(jiān)測(cè),術(shù)中rScO2的變化趨勢(shì)也十分重要,其降低幅度增加提示腦血流的代償能力可能不足[31-32]。梁月影等[33]進(jìn)行的研究結(jié)果顯示,老年病人腰椎手術(shù)中rScO2%max>13.74%可作為預(yù)測(cè)POCD的指標(biāo)。針對(duì)不同類型手術(shù),應(yīng)結(jié)合病人自身狀態(tài)適當(dāng)提高rScO2的干預(yù)閾值。rScO2作為一項(xiàng)可調(diào)控因素,可通過(guò)針對(duì)性優(yōu)化腦血流灌注、及時(shí)糾正圍術(shù)期腦缺血低氧等治療措施而減少POCD的發(fā)生。
綜上所述,術(shù)前衰弱及術(shù)中rScO2下降程度增大是腹腔鏡肝部分切除術(shù)老年病人POCD發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。術(shù)前對(duì)老年病人進(jìn)行衰弱情況評(píng)估,術(shù)中加強(qiáng)腦組織氧合情況監(jiān)測(cè),有助于改善老年病人術(shù)后預(yù)后情況。本研究還存在一定的局限性:未對(duì)rScO2術(shù)中下降的持續(xù)時(shí)間和閾值進(jìn)行分析,對(duì)病人術(shù)后長(zhǎng)時(shí)間認(rèn)知功能的改變還需要擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)行更深入的研究。
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(本文編輯周曉彬)
青島大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2023年3期