崔雪晨 馬愛軍
[摘要]腦卒中和腫瘤是常見的疾病,亦是導(dǎo)致死亡和殘疾的兩種常見病因。腫瘤引起缺血性腦卒中的發(fā)病機制多種多樣,包括腫瘤的高凝狀態(tài)及其相關(guān)的放、化療等。腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的治療包括抗凝、溶栓等。本文對腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中發(fā)病機制及防治策略進行綜述,以期為臨床實踐提供參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞]缺血性卒中;腫瘤;血液凝固障礙;化放療;綜述
[中圖分類號]R743.3;R739.9[文獻標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號]2096-5532(2023)03-0454-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.105[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20230807.1616.008;2023-08-0809:10:47
TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ISCHEMIC STROKE CUI Xuechen, MA Aijun (Departments of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)
[ABSTRACT]Stroke and tumors are common conditions, which frequently lead to death and disability. Various mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of tumor-induced ischemic stroke, including tumor-related hypercoagulability and radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The treatment of tumor-related ischemic stroke includes anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and other approaches. This article reviews the pathogenesis and prevention and treatment strategies of tumor-associated ischemic stroke, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.
[KEY WORDS]ischemic stroke; neoplasms; blood coagulation disorders; chemoradiotherapy; review
腦卒中和腫瘤是老年人群的常見疾病,亦是導(dǎo)致死亡和殘疾的兩種常見病因。由于腫瘤與腦卒中有共同的危險因素如吸煙、肥胖、高齡等[1-2],且腫瘤的治療可增加腦卒中風(fēng)險,如放射治療加速動脈粥樣硬化,放療、化療、手術(shù)和腫瘤本身也會導(dǎo)致機體凝血功能障礙[1-3]。因此,腫瘤對腦卒中的發(fā)病因素如動脈粥樣硬化、心血管疾病和心臟栓塞等具有促進作用[2,4],而腦卒中亦會導(dǎo)致腫瘤病人嚴(yán)重殘疾[3]。瑞典一項針對820 491例腫瘤病人的調(diào)查研究顯示,其發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中的比例超過50%[5]。因此,對腫瘤相關(guān)的缺血性腦卒中進行全面的了解將有助于提高病人的生存率。本文就腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的發(fā)生機制及防治策略進行綜述,以期為臨床實踐提供參考。
1發(fā)病機制
1.1凝血功能障礙
系統(tǒng)性凝血障礙是血栓形成的基礎(chǔ),并被認(rèn)為與腫瘤之間存在復(fù)雜的相互作用。研究表明,人體內(nèi)可促進血栓形成的代謝產(chǎn)物如具有類似血小板生成素活性的腫瘤來源因子、生長因子、血小板來源的微粒、骨髓內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放的因子,以及巨核細(xì)胞分泌的生長因子、組織因子、凝血酶等在腫瘤病人體內(nèi)呈高表達狀態(tài)[6]。這些代謝產(chǎn)物可以使機體處于高凝狀態(tài)(HCS),導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)性血栓形成以及腦梗死。其中由惡性腫瘤誘導(dǎo)的HCS [7]所引起的腦梗死統(tǒng)稱為特魯索綜合征(Trousseau綜合征)相關(guān)腦梗死,常見的惡性腫瘤類型包括肺癌、胰腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、乳癌、泌尿生殖道癌和前列腺癌等[8-9]。最新發(fā)表的神經(jīng)學(xué)研究指出,Trousseau綜合征的高度特異性標(biāo)志為“三區(qū)征”,即雙側(cè)前后循環(huán)急性缺血性彌散加權(quán)成像病變[10-11]。有研究結(jié)果表明,在彌散加權(quán)成像上,梗死涉及3個特定的血管區(qū)域,在沒有可識別的栓塞源或與此類病變相關(guān)的其他疾病的情況下,則高度提示腫瘤相關(guān)的高凝性腦卒中[12]。此外,多個血管區(qū)域多處分散的微栓子是Trousseau綜合征相關(guān)腦梗死的另一個常見特征[11]。有研究結(jié)果表明,Trousseau綜合征病人NIHSS評分和mRS評分通常表現(xiàn)為更嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)功能缺損及更差的預(yù)后[11]。因此,對沒有已知惡性腫瘤的病人,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)來源不明的栓塞性腦卒中時,鑒別是否存在未知的惡性腫瘤顯得尤為重要。D-二聚體、纖維蛋白原水平、腫瘤標(biāo)志物、深靜脈血栓篩查及胸、腹、盆腔CT檢查等均可以作為鑒別診斷的輔助檢查方法[11-12]。
1.2非細(xì)菌性心內(nèi)膜炎
非細(xì)菌性血栓性心內(nèi)膜炎(NBTE)最常見于腫瘤,發(fā)生率為40%~85%[13]。腫瘤介導(dǎo)的HCS,導(dǎo)致心臟瓣膜上形成無菌性贅生物。該贅生物主要由纖維蛋白組成,包括少量白細(xì)胞和紅細(xì)胞,類似于微血管內(nèi)的血栓。該血栓結(jié)構(gòu)松散,極易脫落形成栓子。NBTE形成的贅生物可以出現(xiàn)在心臟的任何一個瓣膜上,但二尖瓣和主動脈瓣最常受累[13]。NBTE的贅生物通常表現(xiàn)為圓形、無柄、形狀不均勻,超聲心動圖測量長度>3 mm[14]。NBTE是腫瘤病人出現(xiàn)缺血性腦卒中的主要原因之一。自2005年至2009年一項關(guān)于263名被診斷為患有急性缺血性腦卒中的腫瘤病人的隨訪調(diào)查報告顯示,NBTE在出現(xiàn)缺血性腦卒中的腫瘤病人中所占比例為7%~27%[15]。NBTE診斷方法包括經(jīng)胸超聲心動圖和經(jīng)食管超聲心動圖,后者在檢測瓣膜贅生物方面比前者更敏感,被認(rèn)為是該疾病的首選診斷工具[16]。
1.3腫瘤栓塞
腫瘤栓塞是一種罕見的缺血性腦卒中病因。良性腫瘤和惡性腫瘤均可引起腫瘤栓塞。心房黏液瘤由一種高度表達基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的間葉細(xì)胞組成,是心臟最常見的原發(fā)腫瘤,約占心臟腫瘤的50%[17]。該腫瘤結(jié)構(gòu)松散,易脫落形成栓子,導(dǎo)致缺血性腦卒中及短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)[18]。惡性腫瘤易引起肺栓塞和門靜脈栓塞,缺血性腦卒中的發(fā)生率較低,惡性腫瘤晚期,腫瘤細(xì)胞易廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移至軟腦膜[19],引起血管痙攣可表現(xiàn)為TIA,或侵及動脈壁造成缺血性腦卒中。系統(tǒng)性腫瘤栓塞最常被描述的主要是肺腫瘤和心臟左心房黏液瘤等腫瘤。大多數(shù)肺部腫瘤病例中,腫瘤栓塞主要發(fā)生在手術(shù)過程中或術(shù)后立即發(fā)生栓塞[20],自發(fā)的腫瘤栓塞很少見。
1.4腫瘤治療相關(guān)并發(fā)癥
1.4.1化療目前已有的化療并發(fā)癥的報道中,腦血管事件缺乏統(tǒng)一的報道,因此很難確定化療是否是單獨的血栓形成的原因。某些化療藥物具有較高的誘發(fā)缺血性腦卒中的風(fēng)險。一項關(guān)于21 853例口腔癌病人的調(diào)查顯示,接受卡鉑治療的病人發(fā)生缺血性腦卒中的風(fēng)險概率高于對照組[21]??赡苁怯捎阢K類化學(xué)藥物具有損傷血管內(nèi)皮的作用,血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷后誘發(fā)血小板黏附等凝血反應(yīng),從而導(dǎo)致血管狹窄甚至閉塞。
1.4.2放療目前放療所致血管損傷的病理機制尚未完全闡明,大多數(shù)研究認(rèn)為放療引起的動脈損傷是包括內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷及功能障礙、氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、慢性炎癥反應(yīng)、外膜滋養(yǎng)血管狹窄和閉塞在內(nèi)的多種機制共同作用的結(jié)果[22-23]。射線可以直接損傷動脈管壁,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)膜增生、中膜壞死及外膜周圍纖維化,并加速動脈粥樣硬化[22-24]。此外,射線誘導(dǎo)的滋養(yǎng)脈管閉塞可引起管壁缺血,在放療導(dǎo)致的血管狹窄中也起到了一定作用[25]。血管狹窄可導(dǎo)致TIA或梗死。包括口咽鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[26]、垂體腺瘤[27-28]和動靜脈畸形[29]等頭頸部疾病的研究顯示,放療與腦血管疾病具有相關(guān)性。
2腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的治療
2.1腫瘤病人原發(fā)病的治療
對于腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的治療,首先應(yīng)積極治療其原發(fā)腫瘤。當(dāng)病人的影像學(xué)檢查符合腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的特征但沒有已知腫瘤的情況下,需要進行廣泛的檢查如腫瘤標(biāo)志物、胸部CT、腹部CT、PET/CT及全身骨掃描等以明確是否存在原發(fā)腫瘤,并與心血管疾病及風(fēng)濕免疫系統(tǒng)疾病進行鑒別,從而制定相關(guān)治療方案。對于已知實體腫瘤,與有關(guān)科室進行溝通并進行積極的治療,可顯著降低血栓栓塞事件的發(fā)生。此外,對可影響血栓栓塞事件發(fā)生率的原發(fā)疾病如動脈粥樣硬化、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥等,也要通過改變生活方式和藥物治療,如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷等抗血小板聚集治療,他汀類藥物調(diào)脂治療,降壓、降糖治療等來進行積極的控制。
2.2腫瘤病人急性腦梗死期的治療
腫瘤病人在腦梗死急性期治療遵循《中國腦卒中防治指導(dǎo)規(guī)范(2021年版)》,針對病人病情制定個性化治療方案,包括改善腦血液循環(huán)(靜脈溶栓、血管內(nèi)治療、抗血小板、抗凝、降纖、擴容等方法)、他汀類藥物及神經(jīng)保護等治療。見表1。
2.2.1抗凝治療肝素是癌癥相關(guān)靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)治療的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),尤其是低分子肝素被主要共識指南推薦用于腫瘤相關(guān)VTE的初始和長期治療[30]。然而,由于低分子肝素不便于長期使用,近年來越來越多的腫瘤病人選擇口服抗凝藥如華法林、Ⅹ因子抑制劑、凝血酶抑制劑等進行長期抗凝治療。一些隨機試驗證明,新型口服抗凝藥Ⅹ因子抑制劑和凝血酶抑制劑在預(yù)防癌癥病人復(fù)發(fā)VTE和大出血方面的安全性相當(dāng),且更方便臨床使用[31]。然而,使用抗凝藥物治療必然要考慮到出血風(fēng)險,因此,對使用抗凝藥物的病人進行密切觀察,及時調(diào)整藥物用量顯得尤為重要。
2.2.2溶栓治療溶栓治療是目前最重要的恢復(fù)急性缺血性腦卒中病人腦血流的措施之一,我國目前常用的藥物為重組組織型纖溶酶原激活劑和尿激酶。然而,盡管多篇文章報道缺血性腦卒中病人是否合并腫瘤與接受溶栓治療后的住院病死率無關(guān),但腫瘤合并缺血性腦卒中病人溶栓治療后出現(xiàn)腦出血的概率明顯增加[32-34]。因此,腫瘤合并缺血性腦卒中病人在進行溶栓治療時需進行密切觀察預(yù)防出血的發(fā)生。
3腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的預(yù)后
腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中的預(yù)后不佳,病死率和復(fù)發(fā)率明顯升高。腫瘤病人在缺血性腦卒中發(fā)生后的1個月和1年后病死率分別為18.3%和71.6%,中位生存期僅為84 d。而在一般人群中,缺血性卒中后1個月和1年后病死率則為15.0%和25.0%,5年的病死率為50.0%[35-36]。腫瘤相關(guān)缺血性腦卒中病人預(yù)后不良的預(yù)測因素包括腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、隱基因機制、D-二聚體和C反應(yīng)蛋白水平升高等[37]。評估和識別與腫瘤病人卒中預(yù)后相關(guān)的因素對于確定最佳治療策略非常重要。關(guān)于缺血性腦卒中病人的研究表明,缺血性腦卒中病人患有腫瘤的概率與D-二聚體、高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白、血紅蛋白和血小板計數(shù)水平等具有相關(guān)性[38-43]。此外,一項針對480例缺血性腦卒中病人為期15個月的調(diào)查顯示,D-二聚體水平升高的病人通過CT成像發(fā)現(xiàn)隱匿性腫瘤的概率增高了約10倍[44]。但將D-二聚體作為標(biāo)志物用于預(yù)測腫瘤病人急性缺血性腦卒中的診斷方案尚未得到正式評估。如果這些變量確實影響了預(yù)后,對腫瘤病人缺血性腦卒中不良預(yù)后的預(yù)測和制定治療計劃會有所幫助。
4小結(jié)
腫瘤通常會增加缺血性腦卒中風(fēng)險。對于腫瘤病人來說,死于缺血性腦卒中的可能性僅次于死于腫瘤本身。近年來,隨著分子靶向藥物和免疫檢查點抑制劑的應(yīng)用,腫瘤病人的生存率得到了提高,因此預(yù)防這類病人的缺血性腦卒中對提高生活質(zhì)量和生存預(yù)后極為重要。臨床醫(yī)生通過了解腫瘤病人缺血性腦卒中的病因,觀察病人臨床表現(xiàn)及檢查檢驗報告,對疾病進行早期診斷,盡早采取預(yù)防措施,有助于明顯改善病人的預(yù)后。
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