李焱,林泳峰,劉文美,鄒澤華,劉光明,劉慶梅*
茶多糖研究的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
李焱1,林泳峰1,劉文美2,3,4,鄒澤華2,3,4,劉光明1,劉慶梅1*
1. 集美大學(xué)海洋食品與生物工程學(xué)院,福建省海洋功能食品工程技術(shù)研究中心,福建 廈門 361021;2. 廈門和美科盛生物技術(shù)有限公司,福建 廈門 361026;3. 三明市明八味產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院,福建 三明 353000;4. 長(zhǎng)汀縣綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)生態(tài)健康產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院,福建 龍巖 366300
茶多糖是茶葉中的重要活性成分,研究茶多糖的性質(zhì)、推動(dòng)茶多糖產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)將有利于茶產(chǎn)業(yè)及健康產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。對(duì)Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中近十年茶多糖相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了可視化分析。結(jié)果顯示,2013—2022年,茶多糖相關(guān)主題發(fā)文量總體呈增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì);關(guān)鍵詞的共現(xiàn)、突現(xiàn)、頻次分析結(jié)果均表明茶多糖的抗氧化性是持續(xù)的研究熱點(diǎn),這也可能是未來(lái)研究的主要趨勢(shì)之一。當(dāng)前,全球范圍內(nèi)茶多糖的研究主要集中在單糖組成、溶解性、乳化性等理化性質(zhì)和抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗糖尿病等生物活性方面。茶多糖雖具有多種生物活性,但相關(guān)的機(jī)理解析仍不夠深入;最新研究表明茶多糖能夠影響腸道菌群,具有良好的益生元潛力。另外,茶多糖相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的轉(zhuǎn)化和開發(fā)尤為不足,研究者們未來(lái)可聚焦于利用茶多糖開發(fā)生物膜制品、藥物遞送產(chǎn)品及功能性食品等??偨Y(jié)茶多糖領(lǐng)域研究的主要內(nèi)容和熱點(diǎn)方向,旨在為該領(lǐng)域的研究者及茶多糖產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展提供參考。
茶多糖;可視化分析;抗氧化;腸道菌群
茶葉源自中國(guó),目前已傳播至160多個(gè)國(guó)家,是全球消費(fèi)最廣泛的植物性飲料[1]。茶葉主要分為綠茶、紅茶、黃茶、白茶、烏龍茶和黑茶六大類[2]。茶葉中的生物活性成分主要有茶多酚和茶多糖等[3],茶多糖主要來(lái)源于茶葉、茶花和茶葉籽[4];與茶多酚相比,茶多糖更為穩(wěn)定,關(guān)于其性質(zhì)、活性、結(jié)構(gòu)的研究正處于初步探索階段。目前,研究者們通常采用熱水提取、酶法處理或超聲輔助提取茶多糖,并發(fā)現(xiàn)茶多糖具有抗氧化、抗腫瘤、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗糖尿病等生物活性[4],有望將其應(yīng)用于功能性食品及醫(yī)藥制劑[5]。
統(tǒng)計(jì)分析文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù),能夠捕捉對(duì)應(yīng)研究領(lǐng)域的研究動(dòng)態(tài),通過(guò)分析最近一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的研究熱點(diǎn),還能預(yù)測(cè)該領(lǐng)域的研究趨勢(shì)[6-7]。隨著茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,關(guān)于茶多糖的研究?jī)?nèi)容也逐漸豐富,但目前尚缺乏對(duì)其進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù),關(guān)于茶多糖研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的系統(tǒng)總結(jié)尚不完善。因此,本文對(duì)Web of Science(WOS)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中關(guān)于茶多糖研究的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了可視化分析,并基于分析結(jié)果解析了茶多糖研究的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展趨勢(shì),旨在闡明茶多糖的研究熱點(diǎn),預(yù)測(cè)其發(fā)展方向,為深入研究茶多糖的生物活性及產(chǎn)品開發(fā)提供理論指導(dǎo),為相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究者們提供參考。
可視化分析結(jié)果能夠顯示某一研究的總體發(fā)展趨勢(shì),揭示相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域的熱度時(shí)期以及學(xué)者們的重視程度[8-9]。2013—2022年WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中以茶多糖為主題的文獻(xiàn)共計(jì)827篇,年發(fā)文量總體呈穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì),近5年的發(fā)文量占據(jù)整體區(qū)間的68.32%;由此可見(jiàn),近年來(lái)茶多糖研究已受到越來(lái)越多研究者的重視。
Citespace知識(shí)可視化軟件是華裔學(xué)者陳超美開發(fā)的知識(shí)圖譜繪制工具[10],其分析圖譜能夠直觀展現(xiàn)科學(xué)知識(shí)領(lǐng)域的信息全景,探索該領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵文獻(xiàn)、熱點(diǎn)研究和前沿方向[7,11]。以Web of Science為檢索平臺(tái),查找主題詞為“tea polysaccharide”的文章。對(duì)WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中2013年1月1日—2022年12月31日發(fā)表的核心文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行專業(yè)檢索,勾選論文、綜述選項(xiàng),設(shè)置語(yǔ)種為英語(yǔ),共篩選出827篇文獻(xiàn)(2023年1月2日檢索)。在JAVA運(yùn)行環(huán)境下[10],使用Citespace軟件6.1.R6版本對(duì)篩選的827篇文獻(xiàn)的Keywords進(jìn)行共現(xiàn)分析、聚類分析和突顯分析。
關(guān)鍵詞是對(duì)文獻(xiàn)核心內(nèi)容的提煉和概括,代表文章的主題。對(duì)以“tea polysaccharide”為主題詞所篩選文獻(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行可視化分析,可以解釋W(xué)OS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中2013—2022年茶多糖的研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。圖1為WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中茶多糖研究的關(guān)鍵詞共現(xiàn)圖譜,每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)代表1個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,節(jié)點(diǎn)的大小代表關(guān)鍵詞出現(xiàn)的頻次,關(guān)鍵詞間的連線表示兩者出現(xiàn)在同一篇文章中;線條的粗細(xì)代表關(guān)鍵詞之間關(guān)系的重要程度[12]。由圖1可知,除主題詞“tea polysaccharide”之外,茶多糖研究領(lǐng)域高頻且重要的關(guān)鍵詞有antioxidant activity、green tea和in vitro等,即抗氧化活性、綠茶多糖、體外研究是近十年來(lái)茶多糖研究的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵詞共現(xiàn)圖譜中有出現(xiàn)polyphenol(茶多酚),表示在茶多糖相關(guān)的研究中通常會(huì)涉及茶多酚[13-14]。
關(guān)鍵詞突現(xiàn)指的是某一關(guān)鍵詞在短時(shí)間內(nèi)的使用頻次顯著增加,關(guān)鍵詞突現(xiàn)分析可揭示某一研究領(lǐng)域快速增長(zhǎng)的熱點(diǎn),預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)科研究的新興趨勢(shì)[15]。利用Citespace軟件獲得2013—2022年間茶多糖研究的突現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞如圖2所示。由圖2可知,不同年份研究者所關(guān)注的研究熱點(diǎn)不同。第一階段為2013—2018年,茶多糖研究突現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞主要有acidic polysaccharide(酸性多糖)、response surface methodology(響應(yīng)面法)、epigallocatechin gallate(沒(méi)食子酸),說(shuō)明這一階段茶多糖的研究熱點(diǎn)主要為提取茶多糖、分析茶多糖的物理性質(zhì)。第二階段為2017—2020年,突現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞主要有immunomodulatory activity(免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性)、water soluble polysaccharide(水溶性多糖),說(shuō)明這一階段茶多糖的研究熱點(diǎn)主要為茶多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性及理化性質(zhì)。第三階段為2019—2022年,突現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞主要有tea polysaccharide conjugate(茶多糖偶聯(lián)物)和chain fatty acid(鏈?zhǔn)街舅幔?,說(shuō)明這一階段茶多糖的研究熱點(diǎn)主要為茶多糖偶聯(lián)物及其與腸道菌群的關(guān)系。由于茶多糖的生物活性與其結(jié)構(gòu)特性密切相關(guān)[16],所以在這3個(gè)階段中雖然研究熱點(diǎn)不同,但均呈現(xiàn)理化性質(zhì)與生物活性共同發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)。
圖1 WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中茶多糖的關(guān)鍵詞共現(xiàn)圖譜
研究熱點(diǎn)指某研究領(lǐng)域中被關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),可代表某一階段中該研究領(lǐng)域所聚焦的主要問(wèn)題;關(guān)鍵詞的出現(xiàn)頻次可揭示科學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)及趨勢(shì)[17]。利用文獻(xiàn)計(jì)量分析平臺(tái)(https://bibliometric.com)對(duì)827篇文獻(xiàn)的主要關(guān)鍵詞在每年出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)進(jìn)行累加,得到WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中茶多糖研究的主要關(guān)鍵詞年度分布(圖3)。由圖3可知,關(guān)鍵詞頻數(shù)呈現(xiàn)逐年上升趨勢(shì)。其中,polysaccharide(多糖)與tea polysaccharide(茶多糖)的出現(xiàn)頻次總體上呈穩(wěn)定上升趨勢(shì)。由于茶多糖相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的年度發(fā)文量與年度關(guān)鍵詞頻數(shù)都呈現(xiàn)逐年上升的趨勢(shì),因此,可以初步預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)與茶多糖相關(guān)的研究可能會(huì)越來(lái)越多。antioxidant(抗氧化性)的出現(xiàn)頻次雖有所波動(dòng),但其每年出現(xiàn)頻次均位居第二,說(shuō)明在世界范圍內(nèi)茶多糖的研究熱點(diǎn)主要聚焦于抗氧化性。在被分析的827篇文獻(xiàn)中,用細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)對(duì)茶多糖抗氧化活性驗(yàn)證的研究還較少,考慮到茶多糖的生物安全性,用細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證其抗氧化性可能會(huì)成為新的趨勢(shì)。chain fatty acid是2019—2022年間的突現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞(圖2),關(guān)鍵詞gut microbiota的出現(xiàn)頻數(shù)在2019年和2022年明顯上升(圖3),說(shuō)明茶多糖對(duì)腸道菌群的影響在2019—2022年成為了新的研究熱點(diǎn)。茶多糖雖然不能被機(jī)體消化吸收,但其能作為腸道菌群的碳源可以通過(guò)影響菌群比例和豐度發(fā)揮益生元作用[18]。例如,Li等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶多糖通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群、改善宿主代謝,發(fā)揮降血糖和降血脂的作用。紅茶水提物能夠通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)腸道微生物群和宿主組織中的基因表達(dá)來(lái)減少飲食誘導(dǎo)的小鼠肥胖[20]。由此可見(jiàn),茶多糖可通過(guò)影響腸道菌群發(fā)揮改善疾病的作用。
圖2 WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中茶多糖研究的關(guān)鍵詞突現(xiàn)分析
圖3 WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中茶多糖研究主要關(guān)鍵詞年度分布
學(xué)者們對(duì)茶多糖的研究主要集中于理化性質(zhì)解析及生物活性探索方面。WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中,發(fā)表茶多糖相關(guān)文章的期刊學(xué)科類別主要為食品科學(xué)及科技(Food Science & Technology,341篇)、化學(xué)應(yīng)用(Chemistry Applied,234篇)、生物化學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)(Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,213篇),說(shuō)明茶多糖的主要發(fā)展方向?yàn)槭称房茖W(xué)、化學(xué)和生物學(xué),主要涉及茶多糖的抗氧化性[21-23]、茶多糖對(duì)腸道菌群的影響[18,24-26]和茶多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)特性[27-28]研究。
茶多糖的理化性質(zhì)包括單糖組成、糖醛酸和蛋白質(zhì)的含量、平均分子量、溶解度、粘度、乳化性及茶多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)[29-30]。研究表明,茶多糖通常由半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖等2~10個(gè)單糖經(jīng)糖苷鍵連接而成[30],不同原料或不同制備方法得到的茶多糖具有不同的單糖組成。糖醛酸是糖中伯羥基被氧化成羧基后形成的化合物及其衍生物,在茶多糖中比其他組分更穩(wěn)定[31],含有糖醛酸的茶多糖組分可能具有更高的生物活性[4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶多糖在反復(fù)脫蛋白后仍然含有少量蛋白質(zhì),說(shuō)明大多數(shù)茶多糖是與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合的多糖偶聯(lián)物[4]。值得注意的是,隨著發(fā)酵及儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),茶多糖的糖醛酸及蛋白質(zhì)含量可能會(huì)升高[32],從不同發(fā)酵程度茶葉中提取的茶多糖在生物活性上也有差異[33]。平均分子量是判斷多糖化學(xué)性質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo),由于茶多糖的原料較為豐富,所以不同來(lái)源的茶多糖的分子量分布范圍較廣。分子量小的多糖可能具有更低的粘度,因此更容易進(jìn)入細(xì)胞[30],其生物活性也就越高[34-35]。但分子量太小的多糖可能無(wú)法形成活性結(jié)構(gòu),例如,Wang等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶葉籽多糖的分子量較小,與分子量較大的茶葉多糖和茶花多糖相比,其抗氧化作用更弱。茶多糖含有較多極性基團(tuán)[37],因此具有很強(qiáng)的親水性,其親水性與分子量有關(guān),分子量小的茶多糖溶解度更高[30]。適當(dāng)加熱會(huì)促進(jìn)茶多糖的溶解,這也是大多數(shù)研究選擇用熱水提取茶多糖的原因。多糖分子在溶液中以無(wú)規(guī)卷曲的形式存在[38],所以多糖在水溶液中具有高粘度,甚至形成凝膠。目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶多糖的分子量與其粘度呈正相關(guān)[39]。乳化劑是生產(chǎn)食品、藥品、化妝品的重要原料,從天然植物中提取的多糖作為乳化劑或許會(huì)有更高的生物安全性。近年來(lái),研究者們陸續(xù)開始探索茶多糖的乳化特性。Chen等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同分子量的綠茶多糖在乳化性能上具有差異。Li等[41]從青磚茶中獲得了具有良好乳化性能和抗氧化活性的茶多糖綴合物。茶多糖的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)包括糖苷鍵的類型及位置、單糖序列、分子鏈構(gòu)象等[4,29-30]。研究表明,不同的糖苷鍵還可能會(huì)影響茶多糖的生物活性[42],具有1→3糖苷鍵和1→6糖苷鍵的茶多糖通常具有生物活性[43-45]。但總的來(lái)說(shuō),由于茶多糖是一種復(fù)雜的大分子雜多糖,因此目前仍沒(méi)有理想的方法闡述其結(jié)構(gòu)與生物活性之間的關(guān)系。
茶多糖具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗糖尿病、抗炎等生物活性。目前,已被報(bào)道的茶多糖約有120余種[44]。研究表明,青磚茶[46]、茯磚茶[47]、黃茶[48]等茶葉中的多糖均具有抗氧化活性[49-52]。多數(shù)研究通過(guò)茶多糖的1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-bitterhydrazine,DPPH)自由基、超氧陰離子自由基、羥基自由基清除活性等化學(xué)反應(yīng)來(lái)驗(yàn)證茶多糖的抗氧化性。近年來(lái),逐漸有研究者利用體外細(xì)胞模型或小鼠模型來(lái)驗(yàn)證茶多糖的抗氧化作用。例如,F(xiàn)an等[53]通過(guò)構(gòu)建人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞模型驗(yàn)證了茶多糖的抗氧化活性。另外,研究者們通過(guò)細(xì)胞模型和動(dòng)物模型驗(yàn)證了茶多糖對(duì)乳腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、結(jié)腸癌等的抑制作用[4]。Liu等[54]研究表明,綠茶多糖可通過(guò)抑制小鼠結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲發(fā)揮抗癌潛力。Wang等[55]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紫陽(yáng)綠茶中的富硒茶多糖能夠在體內(nèi)外抑制人骨肉瘤U-2 OS細(xì)胞增殖,發(fā)揮抗癌作用。由成熟茶葉制成的茶飲在中國(guó)和日本民間被用來(lái)治療糖尿病[31],Wang等[56]的研究表明,五峰綠茶中發(fā)揮治療糖尿病效果的關(guān)鍵成分是茶多糖。目前報(bào)道具有抗糖尿病活性的茶多糖主要來(lái)源于綠茶,茶多糖抗糖尿病活性可能是通過(guò)調(diào)控cAMP-PKA或PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的[56-57]。Chung等[58]研究認(rèn)為,茶多糖具有降血糖作用,其作用機(jī)理可能通過(guò)抑制淀粉水解成葡萄糖,延緩葡萄糖的吸收和運(yùn)輸,從而降低血糖。此外,研究者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)茶多糖具有抗炎活性和免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性。例如,Zhao等[59]發(fā)現(xiàn),富硒茶多糖通過(guò)增強(qiáng)腸道屏障、調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群改善了小鼠的潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎。Kim等[60]從綠茶中提取了兒茶素、黃酮醇及粗多糖,發(fā)現(xiàn)三者的聯(lián)合治療能減弱氣道上皮細(xì)胞中粉塵顆粒誘導(dǎo)的炎癥基因表達(dá)。茶多糖可通過(guò)降低促炎細(xì)胞因子水平,增加抗炎細(xì)胞因子水平的方式改善小鼠結(jié)腸炎[61]。Cheng等[62]通過(guò)昆明小鼠的S-180癌癥異種移植模型驗(yàn)證了富硒茶多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性。同時(shí),茶多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)與其生物活性之間具有密不可分的關(guān)系[44],Chen等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),超高壓處理后的茶多糖的初級(jí)和空間結(jié)構(gòu)均被改變,其糖醛酸含量和生物活性提高。也有研究者稱,活性多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)直接決定其生物活性[63];楊玉潔等[64]對(duì)具有降血糖活性的多糖進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)總結(jié),發(fā)現(xiàn)多糖的降血糖活性與其分子量、單糖組成、糖苷鍵、高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)及多糖基團(tuán)相關(guān)。目前的研究雖發(fā)現(xiàn)茶多糖具有多種生物活性,但尚缺乏對(duì)其構(gòu)效關(guān)系的解析,部分文獻(xiàn)雖同時(shí)探索了茶多糖的理化性質(zhì)及生物活性,但并未研究其相互作用關(guān)系。因此,研究者們?cè)诮馕霾瓒嗵堑慕Y(jié)構(gòu)和生物活性時(shí)也應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注其構(gòu)效關(guān)系。
隨著相關(guān)研究的深入,茶多糖具有多種生物活性的優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸凸顯,但目前的研究仍處于對(duì)其生物活性的初步探究階段,尚未對(duì)相關(guān)機(jī)理進(jìn)行深入解析。同時(shí),與茶多糖生物活性相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化也相對(duì)較少。因此,為促進(jìn)茶多糖的開發(fā)利用,研究者們未來(lái)需要深入探究茶多糖對(duì)應(yīng)生物活性的作用機(jī)理、開發(fā)與之生物活性對(duì)應(yīng)的健康產(chǎn)品。
本文總結(jié)了茶多糖發(fā)揮生物活性的相關(guān)機(jī)理,如圖4所示?,F(xiàn)有的研究雖表明茶多糖具有多種生物活性,但對(duì)其發(fā)揮生物活性的作用機(jī)理的探究尚有不足。盡管許多研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)了茶多糖具有抗氧化活性,但大多數(shù)研究都僅通過(guò)體外化學(xué)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,目前還缺乏解析茶多糖在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)抗氧化機(jī)制的研究。利用小鼠模型驗(yàn)證茶多糖抗氧化性的研究通常僅測(cè)定了小鼠肝/腎和血液中超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶等生化參數(shù)值[65-66],而未對(duì)茶多糖在小鼠體內(nèi)發(fā)揮抗氧化活性的途徑進(jìn)行解析。
相比之下,研究茶多糖發(fā)揮降血糖、抗癌、免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用的文獻(xiàn)已開始探索相關(guān)作用機(jī)理。除了前文提到的抑制淀粉水解成葡萄糖外,茶多糖發(fā)揮抗糖尿病活性的另一可能途徑是通過(guò)在體內(nèi)清除自由基,減弱自由基對(duì)胰島細(xì)胞的損傷,使胰島素分泌增加,提高胰島素敏感性,誘導(dǎo)葡萄糖激酶的生成,促進(jìn)糖分解以降低血糖[67]。此外,Xu等[31]研究表明,茶多糖偶聯(lián)物的潛在抗腫瘤機(jī)制主要為直接抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,或通過(guò)改善免疫系統(tǒng)促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞的早期凋亡,但與上述機(jī)制相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路還有待探索。免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用是天然植物多糖的重要活性之一,已有研究表明,茶多糖可通過(guò)增加toll樣受體7的吞噬活性[68]、增加自然殺傷細(xì)胞活性[69]、調(diào)節(jié)炎癥相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子[70]等方式發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。
腸道是機(jī)體最大的免疫器官,茶多糖的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用主要通過(guò)影響腸道免疫來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),這是因?yàn)椴瓒嗵遣粫?huì)被口腔及胃腸道內(nèi)的酶所消化,而是在進(jìn)入大腸后作為碳源被腸道菌群利用[24];菌群代謝產(chǎn)生的短鏈脂肪酸、吲哚衍生物、多胺等物質(zhì)經(jīng)腸道吸收后能參與調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體的生理功能,發(fā)揮抗炎、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等作用[71]。正因如此,大多數(shù)利用動(dòng)物模型探究茶多糖抗炎活性的研究都與結(jié)腸炎[59]或由結(jié)腸炎誘導(dǎo)的癌變[54,61]有關(guān)。此外,Chen等[72]利用體外結(jié)腸發(fā)酵模型也證明了腸道菌群可通過(guò)利用茯磚茶多糖產(chǎn)生短鏈脂肪酸等有利代謝產(chǎn)物改變發(fā)酵體系pH,進(jìn)而改善炎癥性腸病患者的腸道菌群比例和豐度。綜上所述,茶多糖通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群的代謝影響腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)可能是其發(fā)揮各種生物活性的重要途徑[31]。因此,研究者們?cè)趯?duì)茶多糖改善機(jī)體疾病的研究中可重點(diǎn)關(guān)注茶多糖對(duì)腸道穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)。
已有研究證明,動(dòng)植物多糖及海藻多糖可作為食品保鮮薄膜改善果蔬、肉類、海產(chǎn)品等食物的貯藏品質(zhì)[73]。與合成薄膜相比,多糖薄膜具有更好的氣體阻隔性能,以及可食用和可生物降解等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[74]。然而,多糖在薄膜中會(huì)表現(xiàn)出較差的阻水性能,因此,為了改善薄膜的耐水性和機(jī)械性能,研究者們通常會(huì)在多糖薄膜中摻入蛋白質(zhì)[75],使薄膜成為偶聯(lián)聚合物。在乳液體系里,偶聯(lián)物中的蛋白質(zhì)會(huì)吸附在油表面,而親水部分則突出到水溶液中;當(dāng)多糖鏈緩慢吸附到界面上后,蛋白質(zhì)會(huì)被解開并暴露出疏水氨基酸,然后在油相中重新排列;至此,蛋白質(zhì)和多糖分別分布于油水界面,使偶聯(lián)物形成粘彈性膜[76]。而茶多糖是一種多糖與蛋白質(zhì)的偶聯(lián)物,兼具多糖及蛋白質(zhì)作為食品保鮮膜的優(yōu)點(diǎn),以及多種生物活性,所以具有開發(fā)成食品保鮮膜及生物膜的潛力。同時(shí),茶多糖具有良好的乳化性能[40-41],故有望應(yīng)用于飲料、烘焙食品、肉制品和果醬生產(chǎn)中,以增加產(chǎn)品的粘度和穩(wěn)定性,改善產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)地,提高食品的質(zhì)量[77]。
天然來(lái)源的多糖具有低毒性、可再生、生物相容性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可用作藥物載體。Li等[78]利用茶多糖和玉米醇溶蛋白制備了包埋紫杉醇(一種抗癌藥)的納米顆粒,并通過(guò)體外試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)這種納米顆粒能起到緩慢釋放藥物的作用;Fan等[79]合成了一種負(fù)載Mn離子的茶多糖納米顆粒,并發(fā)現(xiàn)這種納米顆粒在小鼠體內(nèi)具有比單獨(dú)使用茶多糖更有效的降血糖作用;由此可見(jiàn),茶多糖作為藥物載體或微膠囊型藥品應(yīng)用于醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域。一些具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌作用的植物多糖常被應(yīng)用于護(hù)膚品中[80],以預(yù)防皮膚的老化或癌變,表明茶多糖還具有應(yīng)用于化妝品的潛力?;诓瓒嗵悄軌蛘{(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群,具有益生元特性,還可被用于開發(fā)為益生元產(chǎn)品,起到增強(qiáng)免疫力或改善疾病的作用。考慮到茶多糖的抗糖尿病特性,研究者們可將其開發(fā)為適宜糖尿病人食用的特殊醫(yī)學(xué)用途食品。此外,茶多糖雖已被證實(shí)具有多種生物活性,但與之相關(guān)的臨床產(chǎn)品及應(yīng)用卻較為罕見(jiàn)。可以參考的是,研究者們從黃芪、人參等植物中提取了具有抗癌活性的多糖,并以靜脈注射液的形式將它們用于癌癥患者的臨床治療[81]。
圖4 茶多糖的生物活性及相關(guān)機(jī)理
Fig.4 Biological activity and related mechanism of tea polysaccharides
本文對(duì)茶多糖相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的轉(zhuǎn)化研究進(jìn)行了總結(jié)(表1)??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),茶多糖具有優(yōu)良的乳化特性及抗氧化、抗癌、降血糖等多種生物活性,在功能性食品及醫(yī)藥產(chǎn)品方面具有巨大應(yīng)用潛力;為促進(jìn)茶多糖及茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,研究者們還應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注茶多糖在功能性食品、生物膜、醫(yī)療制劑等方向的產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化。
表1 茶多糖的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)及應(yīng)用前景
茶多糖是茶葉的重要成分及主要活性成分,解析茶多糖的理化性質(zhì)、探究其生物活性,對(duì)開發(fā)茶多糖相關(guān)產(chǎn)品具有重大意義。促進(jìn)茶多糖相關(guān)產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化不僅能推動(dòng)茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,也有利于全民大健康產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。近十年來(lái),WOS數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中關(guān)于茶多糖研究的發(fā)文量逐年增多,本文對(duì)茶多糖相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行了總結(jié)分析??偟膩?lái)說(shuō),茶多糖的理化性質(zhì)及生物活性為該領(lǐng)域的主要研究熱點(diǎn)。在理化性質(zhì)方面,大多數(shù)研究探索了茶多糖的單糖組成、平均分子量及糖醛酸含量。在生物活性方面,研究者們主要關(guān)注茶多糖的抗氧化活性,近年來(lái)逐漸開始探索其抗癌、抗炎、抗糖尿病等生物活性。2019—2022年關(guān)于茶多糖對(duì)腸道菌群影響的文章數(shù)量出現(xiàn)明顯增長(zhǎng),這或?qū)⒊蔀榻馕霾瓒嗵侨绾伟l(fā)揮生物活性的新途徑。
盡管現(xiàn)代研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)茶多糖具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗糖尿病等多種生物活性,但隨著發(fā)文量的增多,與之相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化研究未見(jiàn)增長(zhǎng),關(guān)于其發(fā)揮生物活性的機(jī)理解析也不夠深入。這是由于茶多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、多糖的結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)定和性質(zhì)分析等未形成體系,給多糖的產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化和臨床應(yīng)用帶來(lái)了很大的限制。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,茶多糖產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展將更加迅猛。為促進(jìn)茶多糖的開發(fā)和利用,需要對(duì)茶多糖進(jìn)行更為深入地研究,以便解析其構(gòu)效關(guān)系及發(fā)揮生物活性的作用機(jī)制。由于茶多糖具有特殊的理化性質(zhì)及生物活性,可考慮食品保鮮劑、生物膜制品、藥物遞送載體、益生元產(chǎn)品、特醫(yī)食品、抗癌藥物等相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的轉(zhuǎn)化。
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Present Status and Development Trends of Research on Tea Polysaccharides
LI Yan1, LIN Yongfeng1, LIU Wenmei2,3,4, ZOU Zehua2,3,4, LIU Guangming1, LIU Qingmei1*
1. College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Marine Functional Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361021, China; 2. Xiamen Sci-plus Biotech Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361026, China; 3. San Ming MING BAWEI Industry Research Institute, Sanming 353000, China; 4. Changting County Green Economy Ecological Health Industry Research Institute, Longyan 366300, China
Tea polysaccharides are important active ingredients in tea. Studying the properties of tea polysaccharides and promoting the development of tea polysaccharides products will benefit both the tea industry and the health industry. In the present paper, literatures related to tea polysaccharides from the Web of Science database over the past decade were visually analyzed. The results show that the overall number of papers related to tea polysaccharides showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2022. The co-occurrence, emergence and frequency analysis of keywords show that the antioxidant activities of tea polysaccharides are a continuous research hotspot, which may also be one of the main trends in future research. At present, global research on tea polysaccharides mainly focuses on the physicochemical properties including monosaccharide composition, solubility, emulsification and biological activities such as antioxidation, anticancer and antidiabetic. Although tea polysaccharides exhibit a variety of biological activities, the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. Recent studies have shown that tea polysaccharides can exert probiotic potential by affecting gut microbiota. In addition, the transformation and development of tea polysaccharide-related products are particularly insufficient. In the future, researchers can focus on developing biofilm products, drug delivery vehicles and functional foods using tea polysaccharides. Overall, the present paper summarized the main contents and hot spots in the field of tea polysaccharides, aiming to serve as a reference for researchers in this field as well as for the development of the tea polysaccharide industry.
tea polysaccharides, visual analysis, antioxidation, gut microbiota
S571.1;Q946.3
A
1000-369X(2023)04-447-13
2023-05-09
2023-06-24
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(32001695、32072336)、福建省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2021L3013)
李焱,女,碩士研究生,主要從事茶多糖免疫調(diào)節(jié)活性方面研究,676292470@qq.com。*通信作者:liuqingmei1229@163.com