孫燕霞 趙玲玲 劉大亮 張學勇 杜曉云 宋來慶 劉學卿 程志娟 唐巖
摘? ? 要:煙香翠為晚熟黃綠色蘋果新品種,是2003年從韓國引進的中熟蘋果品種紅露的實生后代,果實生育期為162~168 d。該品種果實近圓形,果個較輕,平均單果質(zhì)量118.3 g,成熟時果皮呈黃綠色,表面光滑,果肉黃白色,去皮硬度9.0 kg·cm-2,口感脆甜、肉質(zhì)細膩,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為17.50%,可滴定酸含量為0.28%,可溶性糖含量為13.85%,維生素C含量為23.50 mg?kg-1。適應性強、豐產(chǎn)性好、適宜免套袋栽培,山東、新疆、云南等蘋果適栽區(qū)均可栽培,盛果期每公頃產(chǎn)量2.28 t。
關鍵詞:蘋果;新品種;煙香翠;晚熟;免套袋
中圖分類號:S661.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)11-2477-05
Breeding of a new late-maturing and yellow-green apple variety Yanxiangcui
SUN Yanxia1, ZHAO Lingling1, LIU Daliang1, ZHANG Xueyong1, DU Xiaoyun1, SONG Laiqing1, LIU Xueqing1, CHENG Zhijuan2, TANG Yan1*
(1Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, Shandong, China; 2College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China)
Abstract: Yanxiangcui is a new late-ripening and yellowish green apple variety, formerly named as HL105. It was the seed of Hongro introduced from Korean in the autumn of 2003. In the spring of 2005, strong seedlings were selected and planted. HL105 was selected as an excellent individual after fruiting of the seedlings in 2009. In the next year, it was selected into the selection nursery. In 2014, a large number of fruits were produced and the fruit properties were stable. The tree vigor of this variety is medium-strong, the tree posture is open, the annual branches are brown with a few hairs, the average length and thickness are 87.00 cm and 0.53 cm respectively, and the internode length is 3.2 cm. It is easy to initiate flower buds. The leaf is oval, with an average length of 9.5 cm and a width of 5.8 cm. The petiole is 3.0 cm long. The leaf surface is wavy and the leaf margin is sharp-serrated. The bud is pink, the corolla diameter is about 4.8 cm, the petals are oblong and the edges of the petals are separated. The fruit of Yanxiangcui is nearly round and the weight of single fruit is 118.3 g. The fruit surface is smooth and waxy without rust, fruit edges and powder, the fruit spot is medium-large and dense, the sepals are persistent and retrorse, the fruit top is flat, and the fruit surface is yellow green at maturity. The flesh is light yellow, crisp and sweet in taste, delicate in meat quality, and the fresh quality is excellent. The fruit hardness with peel is 10.00 kg·cm-2, the soluble solidis content is 17.50%, the soluble sugar content is 13.85%, the titratable acid content is 0.28% and the vitamin C content is 23.50 mg·kg-1. It was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2022 and officially named Yanxiangcui. In Yantai, Yanxiangcui sprouts flower buds in mid March, leaves sprout in mid April, blooms start in late April, and fruit development period lasts about 165 days. The fruit matures in early October and belongs to the late maturing variety. The leaves fall in the first ten days of November, and the entire growing period is about 210 days. Through SSR molecular marker analysis, it was found that Yanxiangcui was different from existing green apple germplasm, and was indeed a new yellow-green apple germplasm. The combination of resistance identification and field experiment observation showed that the tobacco-fragrant-jade variety has high resistance to branch ring rot, rot and rust, moderate sensitivity to anthracnose leaf blight, good winter cold resistance, and moderate frost resistance during flowering, making it suitable for spring planting in Shandong, Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places. The yield per hectare during the full fruit period can reach 2.28 tons. In newly planted orchards, we can choose suitable rootstocks based on the depth of the soil layer, with tree shapes of high spindle or free spindle system. In terms of pest management, as this variety is suitable for bagging-free cultivation, the physical and biological pest control measures should also be combined to achieve the goal of producing good fruit besides conventional chemical control.
Key words: Apple; New variety; Yanxiangcui; Late-ripening; Bagging free
收稿日期:2023-07-04 接受日期:2023-08-02
基金項目:國家現(xiàn)代蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)技術體系建設專項(CARS-28);山東省重點研發(fā)計劃(2021LZGC021);西藏自治區(qū)重點研發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)化(XZ2020NB09);煙臺市科技發(fā)展計劃(2021NYNC011)
作者簡介:孫燕霞,女,高級農(nóng)藝師,主要從事蘋果育種及栽培研究工作。Tel:13589897102,E-mail:44439010@sina.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:13583589733,E-mail:tangyan_hy@163.com
蘋果與葡萄、柑橘、香蕉并稱世界四大水果,是一種老少皆宜的全營養(yǎng)保健型水果[1]。蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)是富民產(chǎn)業(yè),蘋果種植區(qū)的多數(shù)縣域把推進蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展作為現(xiàn)實鄉(xiāng)村振興的產(chǎn)業(yè)基礎。2021年全國蘋果種植面積208萬hm2,總產(chǎn)量3934萬t,蘋果生產(chǎn)總成本平均為每666.7 m2約5000元[2],比2020年上升2.77%。因此,對標高質(zhì)量發(fā)展內(nèi)涵,急需選育適宜輕簡高效栽培的優(yōu)質(zhì)蘋果新品種來充實我國蘋果品種市場,在降低生產(chǎn)成本的同時提升消費者對于蘋果市場的信心。
1 選育過程
2003年煙臺農(nóng)科院以紅露為母本,進行自然選種,獲得實生種子600余粒,次年進行田間育苗,2009年實生樹開始結果,發(fā)現(xiàn)代號HL105植株,樹體長勢健壯,果形端正美麗,顏色獨特,果面光滑,口感酸甜適中。翌年將其選為優(yōu)系,進入復選圃,2014年大量結果,果實性狀穩(wěn)定,2022年通過農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部登記[登記編號:GPD蘋果(2022)370006],正式命名為煙香翠(圖1)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
煙香翠樹姿開張,樹勢強,1年生枝向陽面褐色,有少量茸毛;葉片平均長9.5 cm,寬5.8 cm,葉柄長3.0 cm,葉面呈波浪形,葉緣銳鋸齒;花蕾粉紅色,花瓣卵圓形,離生,花冠直徑4.8 cm左右。
2.2 果實經(jīng)濟性狀
煙香翠的果實近圓形,果個較小,平均單果質(zhì)量118.3 g(表1),果形指數(shù)為0.92;果面平滑無銹,無果棱和果粉,有蠟質(zhì),果點中大、中密,萼片宿存,反卷,果頂平,萼洼深度中等、廣狹度中等,梗洼深、廣狹度中等,成熟期果面為黃綠色;果肉淡黃色,口感脆甜、肉質(zhì)細膩,鮮食品質(zhì)上乘,果實的可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為17.50%,去皮硬度
9.00 kg·cm-2,可滴定酸含量為0.28%,可溶性糖含量為13.85%,維生素C含量為23.50 mg·kg-1;五心室,心室閉合。
2.3 生長結果習性
煙香翠的幼樹生長旺盛,1年生枝平均長度和粗度分別為87.00 cm和0.53 cm,節(jié)間長度為3.2 cm。易形成花芽,以中、短果枝結果為主,坐果率高,無采前落果現(xiàn)象,可替代嘎拉作為富士、維納斯黃金、魯麗、瑞雪等品種的授粉樹進行搭配種植,5年生喬化樹每公頃產(chǎn)量2.28 t。
2.4 物候期
在山東煙臺地區(qū),煙香翠于3月14日花芽萌動,4月10日葉芽萌動,4月13日花序露出,4月21日花序伸長,4月24日花序分離,4月26日至4月29日初花期,果實發(fā)育期165 d左右,10月上旬成熟,屬晚熟品種,營養(yǎng)生長期為210 d左右。
2.5 抗逆性
抗性鑒定結合田間試驗觀察,煙香翠品種高抗枝干輪紋病、腐爛病和銹病,感炭疽葉枯病,越冬抗寒性好,抗花期霜凍能力中等。
2.6 分子鑒定
蘋果栽培以紅色果皮品種為主,生產(chǎn)上主栽的黃綠品種十分有限。該品種為黃色品種,因此,選取黃綠蘋果作為背景群體,進行分子鑒定。試材包括國內(nèi)外廣泛種植的黃色品種金帥、近年由國內(nèi)育種機構選育或從國外引種試栽的黃綠品種,以及本團隊自主選育的黃綠雜交優(yōu)系,共16份(表2)。從蘋果HiDRAS(https://sites.unimi.it/camelot/hidras/HiDRAS-SSRdb/pages/index.php)網(wǎng)站公布的80對SSR引物開展SSR分子標記分析,從中篩選獲得16對多態(tài)性好的引物?;?6對引物SSR擴增結果,通過NTSYS軟件計算SM相似指數(shù)和進行UPGMA聚類分析。由圖2可知,煙香翠與其實生母本紅露的相似率為0.800;與其他14份品種的遺傳相似率介于0.612~0.862之間,平均相似率為0.735,由此表明,在遺傳物質(zhì)上,煙香翠與現(xiàn)有綠色蘋果種質(zhì)不存在同物異名現(xiàn)象,是一份黃綠蘋果新種質(zhì)。由聚類結果(圖3)結合筆者品種選育圃不同品種實際種植布局,可初步推測,嘎拉可能為煙香翠的父本,具體尚需進一步確證。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 苗木繁育與建園,整形修剪
煙香翠適宜在山東、云南、陜西、新疆等蘋果適栽區(qū)栽培,水肥條件較差的丘陵、山地果園可采用八棱海棠、平邑甜茶等喬砧寬行栽培,定植株行距(2.0~2.5)m×(4.0~4.5)m;土層厚度在60 cm以上、水肥條件較好的果園可采用M9、M26等矮砧栽培,定植株行距(1.2~1.5)m×(4.0~4.5)m。建園時采用起壟栽培,樹形采用自由紡錘形或高紡錘形,行間人工種植長柔毛野豌豆,可顯著提高土壤有機質(zhì)含量,保水保肥。
3.2 果實、肥水管理
在栽培過程中,要保證樹體充足的肥水供應。10月上旬果實采收后應立即施肥,以提高樹體養(yǎng)分存儲[3]。在幼果期、果實膨大期可追施適量葉面肥。及時疏花疏果,合理調(diào)整負載,可達到實現(xiàn)連年豐產(chǎn)和健壯樹勢的目的。
3.3 病蟲害防治
該品種果實為黃綠色且抗性強,無需套袋即可生產(chǎn)出表面光潔的優(yōu)質(zhì)果,特別注意防治炭疽葉枯病,應綜合利用化學、物理、生物防治措施[4-6]。
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