史喜兵 焦雪輝 岳長(zhǎng)平 申瀟瀟 喬雨軒
摘? ? 要:鄢紅是以嫣紅早花桃為母本、早甜桃為父本進(jìn)行雜交,從其雜交后代中選育出的觀(guān)賞桃新品種。樹(shù)勢(shì)中等,樹(shù)姿半開(kāi)張,枝條長(zhǎng)直,向陽(yáng)面紅色、背光面綠色;節(jié)間中等長(zhǎng)度,平均長(zhǎng)2.7 cm;以長(zhǎng)枝著花為主,單枝著花數(shù)平均48朵;成花容易,花芽數(shù)中多;花薔薇型,重瓣,平均花徑4.2 cm,平均花瓣數(shù)29片,中層花瓣長(zhǎng)1.46 cm,寬1.22 cm,卵形;花紅色;有香味;雌蕊1~2枚,幾乎等長(zhǎng)于雄蕊;花藥橘紅色或淺褐色;萼片2輪,10片。在河南省許昌地區(qū),3月1日左右現(xiàn)蕾,始花期3月5日左右,盛花期3月10—30日,末花期4月初,開(kāi)花持續(xù)時(shí)間28 d左右。果面有長(zhǎng)茸毛,底色綠白色,蓋色為淺紅色,橢圓形,果個(gè)大,平均質(zhì)量70 g左右,最大可達(dá)120 g。耐旱,耐寒,在鄭州地區(qū)露地栽植可安全越冬,適應(yīng)范圍廣,抗逆性強(qiáng)。需冷量較低,在滿(mǎn)足需冷量300~600 h的地區(qū)均可栽植。
關(guān)鍵詞:觀(guān)賞桃;新品種;鄢紅;早花
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S662.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)11-2486-04
Breeding report of a new ornamental peach cultivar Yanhong
SHI Xibing1, JIAO Xuehui1, YUE Changping2*, SHEN Xiaoxiao1, QIAO Yuxuan1
(1Zhengzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450005, Henan, China; 2Yanling Donghua Planting Farmers Professional Cooperative, Yanling 461200, Henan, China)
Abstract: Yanhong is a new ornamental peach cultivar developed by a crossbreeding with Yanhongzaohua peach as the female parent and Zaotian peach as the male parent. It was initially selected in 2013 for its bright colors and very early flowering time. Through artificial hybridization pollination, 50 hybrid seeds were got. In March 2015, after flowering of 30 seedlings, excellent individual plants with specific performance were found. The initial flowering period of this individual plant was around March 5th, 12 days earlier than the mother parent Yanhongzaohua. The flowers were red and fragrant, with high ornamental value. Subsequently, peach was used as the rootstock for grafting and propagation. In 2016, after flowering of grafted seedlings, the budding stage, initial flowering stage, peak flowering stage, and final flowering stage was observed, the performance of flowers, leaves, fruits and other characteristics were recorded, and flower diameter, internode length and fruit size were measured. Through comparison, it was found that its traits were stable and consistent with the performance of the mother plant. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Xuchang, Zhengzhou and Luoyang) over five years from 2016 to 2020, it was finally selected in 2021. The tree is of moderate vigor, with a semi-open posture and straight branches. The internodes are of moderate size, with an average length of 2.7 cm. The flowers usually grow on long branches, with an average of 48 flowers per branch. It is easy to initiate flowers, with moderate number of flower buds. The flower is plum-blossom shaped, and has double petal, with an average diameter of 4.2 cm and an average number of 29 petals. The middle petal is 1.46 cm long and 1.22 cm wide, with an ovate shape. The flower is red and sweet with 10 pieces of sepals. There are 1-2 pistils, which have almost the same length as stamens. The anther is light brown in color. In Xuchang of Henan province, buds appear on March 1st, with the initial flowering period on March 5th, the peak flowering period from March 10th to 30th, and the final flowering period in early April. The flowering stage lasts for about 28 days. The fruit has long hair, dual color and oval shape, with an average weight of about 70 g and a maximum of 120 g. It is resistant to drought, cold and adversity. It has wide adaptability. It is suitable for planting in areas where the chilling requirement of 300-600 hours could be met. Grafting methods is used for propagation. Hard branch grafting can be used in early spring and bud grafting should be carried out before June 10th, using peach as the rootstock. It is suitable for planting at a space of 2 m × 3 m or 2 m × 4 m. In the early stage of pruning, the main focus is on training tree shape, while in the later stage, the vigorous growth is controlled to promote flower bud differentiation. Before flower bud differentiation, watering can be combined with applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve the quality and quantity of flower buds. During the period of flower bud expansion, the lime sulfur mixture should be sprayed to reduce the damage by aphids, scale insects and some fungi.
Key words: Ornamental peach; New cultivar; Yanhong; Early flowering
收稿日期:2023-06-12 接受日期:2023-07-27
基金項(xiàng)目:中原學(xué)者工作站項(xiàng)目(ZYGZZ2022073)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:史喜兵,男,助理研究員,碩士,主要從事園林植物育種及栽培技術(shù)研究。Tel:0371-67883781,E-mail:madary@163.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:3511319300@qq.com
桃(Prunus persica)隸屬薔薇科(Rosaceae)李屬(Prunus L.),原產(chǎn)于我國(guó),已有4000多年的栽培歷史[1],發(fā)源于中國(guó)華北、西北地區(qū)的甘肅和陜西,生長(zhǎng)于600~2000 m的高原地帶[2],世界各地均有栽培,全世界約有桃品種3000多個(gè),我國(guó)有1000多個(gè)品種[3]。依果樹(shù)品質(zhì)及花、葉的觀(guān)賞特性,可將桃分為果桃和觀(guān)賞桃兩大類(lèi),其中觀(guān)賞桃是一種古老的具有中國(guó)文化特色的樹(shù)種,具有花色繁多、枝繁葉茂等特點(diǎn),是我國(guó)主要的觀(guān)賞樹(shù)種之一,也是重要的早春觀(guān)花樹(shù)種[4]。20世紀(jì),日本、美國(guó)、匈牙利等國(guó)家相繼對(duì)各種桃種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行品種鑒定,篩選出金美人、桃花仙子等品種。1985年Yoshia[5]培育出紅色的菊花桃,是常規(guī)粉色菊花桃的芽變品種。我國(guó)觀(guān)賞桃的育種開(kāi)始于20世紀(jì)70年代,北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院以壽星桃、白鳳和早紅2號(hào)油桃為原始親本,經(jīng)過(guò)多代育種,篩選出了一批花朵和果實(shí)性狀較理想的優(yōu)系[6]。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院鄭州果樹(shù)研究所利用白鳳與紅壽星的雜交后代2-7自交,育成果實(shí)可食用、抗南方根結(jié)線(xiàn)蟲(chóng)的觀(guān)賞桃新品種滿(mǎn)天紅[7];以迎春為母本、白花山碧桃為父本進(jìn)行人工雜交,培育成開(kāi)花早、需冷量低、能彌補(bǔ)早春桃花空缺的觀(guān)賞桃品種探春[8],隨后培育出報(bào)春、惜春以及紅色菊花桃[9-10]。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后,我國(guó)觀(guān)賞桃品種培育進(jìn)入快速發(fā)展期,據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)觀(guān)賞桃品種約100余個(gè)[11]。近年來(lái)一些切枝桃、盆栽桃系列受到了市場(chǎng)和大眾的廣泛喜愛(ài)。觀(guān)賞桃的花期通常在3月中下旬,早花品種不夠豐富,因此培育需冷量低、開(kāi)花早的品種具有重要意義。
1 選育過(guò)程
2013年3月,以嫣紅早花為母本、早甜桃為父本進(jìn)行雜交,獲得雜交種子50粒。2013年秋季,按照常規(guī)播種育苗方法,成功繁育種苗30株。2015年3月開(kāi)花后,從中發(fā)現(xiàn)一株特異單株P(guān)07。該單株始花期在3月5日左右,比母本嫣紅早花早12 d,花紅色,花型為薔薇型,重瓣,花徑較大,觀(guān)賞價(jià)值高。隨后以毛桃為砧木,進(jìn)行嫁接擴(kuò)繁。2016年分別在許昌市鄢陵縣、鄭州市中牟縣、洛陽(yáng)市新安縣等試驗(yàn)基點(diǎn)進(jìn)行區(qū)域試驗(yàn),連續(xù)5 a(年)觀(guān)測(cè),發(fā)現(xiàn)該品種生物學(xué)特性表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定、一致,初步定名為鄢紅桃(圖1)。2022年經(jīng)河南省林木品種委員會(huì)審定為良種(編號(hào):豫S-SV-PP-024-2022)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
鄢紅桃樹(shù)勢(shì)中等,樹(shù)姿半開(kāi)張,枝條長(zhǎng)直,向陽(yáng)面紅色、背光面綠色,節(jié)間中等,平均長(zhǎng)2.7 cm;花薔薇型,重瓣,平均花徑4.2 cm,平均花瓣數(shù)29片,中層花瓣長(zhǎng)1.46 cm,寬1.22 cm,卵形;花紅色;有香味;花藥橘紅色或淺褐色;雌蕊1~2枚,幾等長(zhǎng)于雄蕊,子房茸毛多,偶有雌蕊退化現(xiàn)象;花萼紅褐色,有茸毛,2輪,10片,萼筒內(nèi)壁黃綠色;果面有長(zhǎng)茸毛,底色綠白色,蓋色為淺紅色,橢圓形,果個(gè)大,平均70 g左右,最大可達(dá)120 g(表1)。
2.2 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性
生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)中等,以長(zhǎng)枝著花為主,花芽起始節(jié)位為第3~4節(jié),單枝著花數(shù)平均48朵;成花容易,花芽數(shù)中多。幼樹(shù)和成年樹(shù)均以長(zhǎng)、中果枝為主。自然結(jié)實(shí),結(jié)果量中等。
2.3 物候期
在河南省許昌地區(qū),2月底葉芽膨大,3月1日左右現(xiàn)蕾,始花期3月5日左右,盛花期3月10—30日,末花期4月初,開(kāi)花持續(xù)時(shí)間28 d左右,持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。6月中下旬果皮底色轉(zhuǎn)為綠白色,果實(shí)成熟,果實(shí)生育期85 d左右。落葉終止期始于11月上中旬,葉芽萌動(dòng)至落葉終止期280 d左右。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
適應(yīng)范圍廣,抗逆性強(qiáng),對(duì)土壤條件要求不嚴(yán),但要注意防澇。需冷量較低,在滿(mǎn)足需冷量300~600 h的地區(qū)均可栽植。種植前多施有機(jī)肥,并疏松改良定植點(diǎn)周?chē)寥?。按? m×3 m或2 m×4 m株行距進(jìn)行栽植。前期修剪以培養(yǎng)樹(shù)形為主,后期控制旺長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)花芽分化?;ㄑ糠只翱梢越Y(jié)合澆水增施磷鉀肥,以提高花芽質(zhì)量及數(shù)量;在花芽膨大期應(yīng)噴灑石硫合劑,以減輕蚜蟲(chóng)、介殼蟲(chóng)及一些真菌類(lèi)的侵害。
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