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高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪摩擦功耗分析與效率試驗(yàn)

2023-12-02 14:58魏冰陽(yáng)古德萬(wàn)王永強(qiáng)楊建軍
中國(guó)機(jī)械工程 2023年13期

魏冰陽(yáng) 古德萬(wàn) 王永強(qiáng) 楊建軍

摘要:

針對(duì)高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面(HRH)齒輪拓?fù)淝鎻?fù)雜的問(wèn)題,利用對(duì)偶等切共軛的方法,構(gòu)建了HRH齒輪齒面模型與ease-off曲面,解析得到齒面接觸點(diǎn)曲率參數(shù)、卷吸速度、滑滾比等運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)參數(shù)。利用接觸線微分單元法建立輪齒剛度、載荷與變形協(xié)調(diào)方程,進(jìn)行承載接觸分析(LTCA)計(jì)算,獲得了齒面載荷與接觸應(yīng)力分布規(guī)律;結(jié)合彈流潤(rùn)滑(EHL)摩擦因數(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,解決了瞬時(shí)接觸區(qū)畸變、EHL參數(shù)計(jì)算問(wèn)題。分析了齒面上油膜厚度、摩擦因數(shù)、摩擦功耗的分布規(guī)律。通過(guò)傳動(dòng)效率試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了所給出的LTCA、摩擦功耗分析與嚙合效率計(jì)算模型。

關(guān)鍵詞:差曲面;微分單元;承載接觸分析;彈流潤(rùn)滑;嚙合效率

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TG132.4

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2023.13.002

Friction Power Loss Analysis and Efficiency Test of High Reduction Hypoid Gears

WEI Bingyang1 GU Dewan1 WANG Yongqiang1 YANG Jianjun1,2

1.School of Mechatronics Engineering,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang,Henan,471000

2.Center of Machinery Equipment Advanced Manufacturing of Henan Province,Luoyang,Henan,471000

Abstract: Aiming at the problems of complex topological surfaces of high reduction hypoid(HRH)gears, the HRH gear tooth surface model and ease-off surface were constructed by dual equitangent conjugate method, and the curvature parameters of tooth contact points, enrolling speed and kinematics parameters of roll ratio were obtained analytically. Using the contact line differential element method, coordination equations of tooth stiffness, load and deformation were established, and LTCA was carried out to obtain the distribution law of tooth surface loads and contact stresses. Combined with EHL friction factor empirical formula, the problems of instantaneous contact area distortion and the parameters calculation of EHL were solved. The distribution rules of oil film thickness, friction coefficient and friction power consumption on tooth surfaces were analyzed. The LTCA, friction power loss analysis and meshing efficiency calculation models were verified by transmission efficiency tests.

Key words: ease-off surface; differential element; loaded tooth contact analysis(LTCA); elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL); meshing efficiency

收稿日期:2022-09-27

基金項(xiàng)目:

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(51875174);河南省研究生教育改革與質(zhì)量提升工程項(xiàng)目(YJS2022JD12)

0 引言

現(xiàn)代機(jī)械裝備對(duì)功率密度、效率及低碳性提出了愈來(lái)愈高的要求。齒輪作為機(jī)械傳動(dòng)中最核心的零部件之一,其嚙合質(zhì)量與傳動(dòng)效率受到人們的密切重視。為了獲得更好的嚙合性能,齒面修形技術(shù)在齒輪設(shè)計(jì)中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。周堯等[1]研究了不同修形方式和修形量對(duì)齒輪傳動(dòng)性能的影響。蔣進(jìn)科等[2]根據(jù)磨損量最小等因素對(duì)齒面進(jìn)行修形優(yōu)化,分析了齒面磨損與系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系。聶少武等[3]通過(guò)修改5個(gè)方向的修形系數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了小輪齒面拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)的自由控制,利用算例分析及切齒試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了拓?fù)湫扌畏椒ǖ挠行浴樘岣啐X輪的加工精度,李國(guó)龍等[4]研究了拓?fù)湫扌锡X輪的砂輪廓形優(yōu)化方法。沈云波等[5]提出了一種磨齒加工拓?fù)湫扌蚊纨X輪的機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)優(yōu)化求解方法。文獻(xiàn)[6]提出了一種利用接觸點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)角誤差計(jì)算弧齒錐齒輪差曲面(ease-off)參數(shù)的方法,文獻(xiàn)[7-8]完善了ease-off分析方法,給出了曲面綜合法求解弧齒錐齒輪加工參數(shù)的計(jì)算流程。與此同時(shí),齒輪的拓?fù)湫扌卧O(shè)計(jì)與齒面摩擦功耗分析結(jié)合,促進(jìn)了齒面低功耗設(shè)計(jì)。

SIMON[9]通過(guò)承載接觸分析(loaded tooth contact analysis,LTCA)及混合彈流潤(rùn)滑(mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication,mEHL)分析結(jié)合,提出了準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪傳動(dòng)性能的多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化模型。WANG等[10]計(jì)算了齒面粗糙度變化時(shí)的摩擦因數(shù),研究了摩擦力對(duì)嚙合剛度的影響。KOLIVAND等[11]給出了mEHL摩擦因數(shù)回歸計(jì)算公式,研究了準(zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪副的嚙合效率問(wèn)題。WALKER等[12]將齒輪TCA(tooth contact analysis)模型與多體摩擦學(xué)模型結(jié)合,考慮了mEHL潤(rùn)滑邊界條件,分析了磨損對(duì)傳動(dòng)效率和NVH(noise,vibration and harshness)動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響。GHAHNAVIEH等[13]建立了EHL條件下預(yù)測(cè)錐齒輪油膜厚度及摩擦因數(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。周長(zhǎng)江等[14]研究了斜齒輪齒面的摩擦磨損特性,給出了準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)載荷下齒面黏著磨損計(jì)算方法。但是齒面拓?fù)湓O(shè)計(jì)與EHL模型參數(shù)高度耦合,齒面幾何與EHL參數(shù)計(jì)算復(fù)雜,限制了齒面摩擦學(xué)的發(fā)展,尤其是空間結(jié)構(gòu)極其復(fù)雜的高減比準(zhǔn)雙曲面(high reduction hypoid,HRH)齒輪鮮有人涉獵。而HRH齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,易于實(shí)現(xiàn)大傳動(dòng)比,在高度集成化的機(jī)電傳動(dòng)領(lǐng)域具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景,但目前對(duì)HRH齒面的EHL潤(rùn)滑特性與機(jī)理尚不明晰。

鑒于此,本文以一對(duì)3∶60的HRH齒輪為例,從齒面拓?fù)湫扌螏缀谓?、ease-off分析出發(fā),獲取了接觸點(diǎn)曲率參數(shù),利用LTCA方法,獲得了齒面力學(xué)參數(shù),解決了幾何與力學(xué)參數(shù)耦合問(wèn)題,提出了LTCA與mEHL微分單元計(jì)算方法,并利用傳動(dòng)效率試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。

1 HRH齒輪幾何建模與分析

HRH齒輪嚙合傳動(dòng)作為一種典型的具有較大偏置距的空間嚙合傳動(dòng),幾何計(jì)算與運(yùn)動(dòng)分析復(fù)雜,本文基于刀具對(duì)偶等切共軛嚙合原理給出其幾何分析與接觸參數(shù)計(jì)算方法。

1.1 對(duì)偶等切共軛

如圖1所示,將小輪坐標(biāo)系S1(O1x1y1z1)置于大輪加工坐標(biāo)系中,刀盤(pán)坐標(biāo)系Sc(Ocxcyczc)位于搖臺(tái)坐標(biāo)系Sg(Ogxgygzg)第一象限,搖臺(tái)坐標(biāo)系Sg的初始位置與機(jī)床坐標(biāo)系Sm2(Om2xm2ym2zm2)重合,Sf(Ofxfyfzf)使小輪與大輪處于對(duì)偶嚙合位置,兩軸線交叉于Of點(diǎn),小輪軸線與xf同向共線,初始位置x1與zf同向共線,y1與yf反向,q2、Sr2為角向刀位和徑向刀位,γm2為輪坯安裝角,Xb2為床位,Xd2為軸向輪位修正值。假想產(chǎn)形輪為無(wú)厚度的刀盤(pán)(圖1),在切削大輪的同時(shí)也按小輪的齒數(shù)比等量切削小輪齒面,那么小輪與大輪必然是共軛的,小輪與產(chǎn)形輪的滾比為mg1。產(chǎn)成過(guò)程中小輪繞xf(z1)軸線回轉(zhuǎn),角度φ1=mg1φg。

5 HRH傳動(dòng)效率測(cè)試

5.1 接觸質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)

先對(duì)所加工的3∶60的HRH齒輪進(jìn)行嚙合質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn),確保符合嚙合質(zhì)量設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。圖12所示為滾檢機(jī)上滾動(dòng)檢查齒面留下的接觸斑點(diǎn)。從大輪凸面觀察接觸斑點(diǎn)呈橢圓形,位于齒面中部靠小端,無(wú)邊緣接觸,與圖2 ease-off修形結(jié)果一致,符合錐齒輪接觸斑點(diǎn)檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

5.2 傳動(dòng)效率測(cè)試

圖13所示為HRH齒輪傳動(dòng)效率測(cè)試試驗(yàn)臺(tái)。輸入端采用高精度的扭矩傳感器JC1A,精度±0.1%,輸出端采用JC2C,精度±0.2%,動(dòng)態(tài)誤差±0.18%。調(diào)整后確保輸入/輸出端空載扭矩不大于0.5 N·m。

測(cè)試轉(zhuǎn)速n1分別為1500,1800,2400 r/min,載荷T2范圍為83~295 N·m的齒輪箱傳動(dòng)效率。輸入/輸出端扭矩儀置于同一窗口,由相機(jī)拍照讀取數(shù)據(jù),確保兩端數(shù)顯同步。圖14所示為HRH齒輪傳動(dòng)效率測(cè)試結(jié)果,每一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)由3~5次測(cè)試取平均值。與理論計(jì)算的嚙合效率進(jìn)行對(duì)比,可看出:

(1)HRH齒輪箱傳動(dòng)效率與理論計(jì)算嚙合效率變化趨勢(shì)一致,都隨著轉(zhuǎn)速的增大而增大,隨著載荷的增大而減小,符合EHL動(dòng)壓潤(rùn)滑規(guī)律。

(2)在給定的載荷范圍,測(cè)試效率為76.8%~82.1%,均值為79.45%,理論計(jì)算效率為75.0%~84.3%,均值為79.65%,兩者誤差為0.2%。

(3)在n1=1800 r/min、T2為150~250 N·m工況下,理論計(jì)算與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致性最好,符合預(yù)期。

考慮到軸承、密封件摩擦、流阻等因素存在0.5%左右的功耗,以及測(cè)試儀器本身±0.2%的誤差,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與理論分析具有較好的一致性。低載荷下系統(tǒng)對(duì)儀器誤差、非齒輪嚙合因素引起的功率消耗更加敏感,高速時(shí)流阻損失影響大。較低轉(zhuǎn)速下(n1=1500 r/min),齒輪箱傳動(dòng)效率高于理論計(jì)算值,可能由測(cè)試儀器誤差導(dǎo)致??傮w試驗(yàn)與理論計(jì)算效率最大誤差為2.8%,屬正?,F(xiàn)象。

6 結(jié)論

針對(duì)HRH齒輪嚙合界面模型本構(gòu)復(fù)雜問(wèn)題,給出了ease-off曲面、LTCA分析與齒面EHL分析的理論模型與計(jì)算流程,避免了非線性方程組、偏微分方程求解和三維有限元巨量運(yùn)算問(wèn)題,通過(guò)傳動(dòng)效率試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證,主要結(jié)論如下:

(1)針對(duì)復(fù)雜HRH齒面給出的ease-off曲面解析、變形協(xié)調(diào)方程、接觸線微分單元法,能夠便捷求解輪齒幾何接觸、運(yùn)動(dòng)與力學(xué)參數(shù),易于實(shí)現(xiàn)LTCA分析的參數(shù)化與程序化。

(2)針對(duì)齒面有限彈性空間接觸畸變問(wèn)題,提出了接觸線微分單元法,綜合EHL摩擦因數(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,解決了載荷分布計(jì)算、EHL參數(shù)求解問(wèn)題,獲得了齒面載荷應(yīng)力、油膜厚度、摩擦因數(shù)、摩擦功耗分布規(guī)律。

(3)試驗(yàn)得到HRH齒輪傳動(dòng)效率平均值為79.45%,與理論計(jì)算結(jié)果具有較好的一致性,平均誤差為0.2%、最大誤差為2.8%,理論與試驗(yàn)誤差在可信范圍內(nèi),證明所給出的HRH齒輪嚙合效率計(jì)算模型與分析方法的正確性。

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(編輯 王旻玥)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:

魏冰陽(yáng),男,1966年生,教授、博士研究生導(dǎo)師。研究方向?yàn)辇X輪嚙合理論與錐齒輪設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)。E-mail:bywei29@163.com。

古德萬(wàn)(通信作者),男,1996年生,碩士研究生。研究方向?yàn)闇?zhǔn)雙曲面齒輪傳動(dòng)與精密減速器設(shè)計(jì)。E-mail:747943271@qq.com。

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