馬曉黎?孟戈?段華
【摘要】目的 探討陰道鏡下活組織檢查(活檢)確診為宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變2級(jí)(CIN2)的患者在宮頸環(huán)形電切術(shù)(LEEP)后病理升級(jí)至CIN2以上(CIN2+)的相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,為CIN2患者的分層管理提供依據(jù)。方法 回顧性分析陰道鏡下活檢病理診斷宮頸CIN2而進(jìn)一步行LEEP術(shù)的210例患者臨床資料,觀察患者在LEEP手術(shù)前、后的病理診斷,采用單因素及多因素Logistic回歸分析患者年齡、初次液基薄層細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查(TCT)結(jié)果、高危型人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)分型、陰道鏡下病變累及象限數(shù)目、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例、可見(jiàn)病變的最長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)性長(zhǎng)度、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型、病變是否累及腺體和陰道鏡圖像特征等相關(guān)因素與LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 210例陰道鏡下活檢病理診斷的宮頸CIN2中,37例(17.6%)LEEP術(shù)后病理診斷為CIN2+,其中1例為宮頸鱗癌IB1期。單因素分析顯示LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)與患者年齡、陰道鏡下病變累及象限數(shù)目、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例、可見(jiàn)病變的最長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)性長(zhǎng)度、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型及陰道鏡圖像特征有關(guān)(P均< 0.05)。多因素分析顯示,陰道鏡下病變累及>1個(gè)象限、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例≥1/3、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)3型及陰道鏡圖像有2種及以上2級(jí)征象是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的高危因素(P均< 0.05)。對(duì)于26~50歲的患者,可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例≥1/3、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)3型及陰道鏡圖像2種及以上2級(jí)征象是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的高危因素(P均< 0.05)。結(jié)論 陰道鏡下宮頸活檢確診的CIN2中有漏診CIN2+的情況存在,隨著可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例增高(≥1/3)、陰道鏡下鱗柱交接部不可見(jiàn)及陰道鏡圖像中2級(jí)征象占比增多(≥2個(gè)),漏診CIN2+的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。對(duì)于有生育意愿的CIN2患者如存在以上高危因素,建議謹(jǐn)慎選擇隨訪觀察。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 陰道鏡檢查;宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤樣病變;宮頸環(huán)形電切術(shù);病理升級(jí);影響因素;液基薄層細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查
Analysis of high risk factors of pathological escalation after LEEP in CIN2 diagnosed by colposcopic biopsy Ma Xiaoli,Meng Ge, Duan Hua. Department of Gynecology Minimal Invasive Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
Corresponding author, Duan Hua, E-mail: duanhua@ccmu.edu.com
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with pathological escalation to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or above (CIN2+) in patients with CIN2 confirmed by colposcopic biopsy, aiming to provide evidence for the stratified management of CIN2 patients. Methods Clinical data of 210 patients who underwent LEEP surgery after pathological diagnosis of cervical CIN2 by colposcopic biopsy were retrospectively analyzed. Pathological diagnosis of patients before and after LEEP surgery was observed. The relationship between pathological escalation after LEEP, and age,results of primary liquid-based thin-layer cytology (TCT), typing of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), the number of affected quadrants of lesions under colposcopy, the proportion of visible lesion area to cervical surface area, the longest linear length of the lesion, the type of transformation zone (TZ), whether the lesion was involved with glands and the characteristics of colposcopic images was assessed by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses. Results Among 210 cases of cervical CIN2 diagnosed by colposcopic biopsy, 37 cases (17.6%) were pathologically diagnosed with CIN2+ after LEEP, and 1 case was diagnosed with cervical squamous cell carcinoma stage IB1. Univariate analysis showed that pathological escalation after LEEP was associated with the age of patients, the number of affected quadrants of lesions under colposcopy, the proportion of visible lesion area to cervical surface area, the longest linear length of visible lesions, the type of transformation zone,and the characteristics of colposcoic images (all P < 0.05) . Multivariate analysis showed that the number (>1) of affected quadrants of lesions under colposcopy,the proportion (≥1/3) of visible lesion area to cervical surface
area, TZ3 type and the characteristics (≥2) of colposcopic images were the high-risk factors for pathological escalation after LEEP (all
P < 0.05) . For patients aged 26-50 years, the proportion (≥1/3) of lesion area to cervical surface area, TZ3 type and the characteristics
(≥2) of colposcopic images were the high-risk factors for pathological escalation after LEEP (all P < 0.05) . Conclusions Colposcopic biopsy may miss the diagnosis of CIN2+ in patients diagnosed with CIN2. The risk of missing the diagnosis of CIN2+ is increased with the increase of the proportion of visible lesion area to cervical surface area (>1/3), the invisibility of the squamous-column junction under colposcopy,and the proportion of grade 2 signs in colposcopic images (≥2). For patients with CIN2 who are willing to have children,if they have the above high-risk factors,it is recommended to carefully deliver follow-up observation.
【Key words】Colposcopy; Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Loop resection of the cervix; Pathological escalation;
Influencing factor; Thin-prep cytology test
近年來(lái),隨著我國(guó)宮頸癌篩查的普及和陰道鏡檢查的廣泛應(yīng)用,宮頸高級(jí)別鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(HSIL)的檢出率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)。WHO于2014年發(fā)布的女性生殖器官腫瘤分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中將宮頸上皮內(nèi)瘤變2級(jí)(CIN2)與CIN3合并為HSIL,但CIN2與CIN3有著不同的生物學(xué)特征和預(yù)后。CIN3被認(rèn)為是宮頸癌的直接前兆,任何年齡的患者均應(yīng)接受治療。與CIN3不同,CIN2有相當(dāng)可觀的消退率,在充分評(píng)估受益及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后,對(duì)部分CIN2患者進(jìn)行隨訪觀察是安全、可行的。美國(guó)陰道鏡和宮頸病理學(xué)會(huì)(ASCCP)于2020年4月發(fā)布的2019版最新指南明確建議組織學(xué)報(bào)告HSIL應(yīng)包括CIN2或CIN3限定語(yǔ),25歲以下CIN2患者首選觀察,25歲以上擔(dān)憂(yōu)治療影響未來(lái)妊娠超過(guò)擔(dān)憂(yōu)癌癥的CIN2患者可接受觀察[1]。2022年3月《子宮頸高級(jí)別上皮內(nèi)病變管理的中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí)》中也建議對(duì)于年輕有生育能力且有生育要求的CIN2患者,如宮頸新鱗柱交接部(SCJ)及病灶完全可見(jiàn),并且患者具備隨訪條件時(shí),可選擇隨訪觀察[2]。由于宮頸錐切術(shù)在不同程度上破壞了宮頸的解剖學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),存在發(fā)生胎膜早破、流產(chǎn)、早產(chǎn)及低出生體質(zhì)量?jī)旱刃g(shù)后產(chǎn)科不良結(jié)局的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3-4]。自我國(guó)三孩政策開(kāi)放以來(lái),宮頸CIN2患者對(duì)生育能力的保留需求日益迫切,當(dāng)下亟須解決的核心問(wèn)題是宮頸CIN2患者的精細(xì)化和個(gè)體化管理。本研究針對(duì)陰道鏡活組織檢查(活檢)病理確診CIN2并在短期內(nèi)行宮頸環(huán)形電切術(shù)(LEEP)的患者,進(jìn)行術(shù)前及術(shù)后病理診斷對(duì)比研究,分析發(fā)生術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的相關(guān)影響因素,以期為CIN2的個(gè)體化治療提供依據(jù)。
對(duì)象與方法
一、研究對(duì)象
采用回顧性分析,選擇本院婦科微創(chuàng)中心門(mén)診2021年7月至2022年5月期間經(jīng)陰道鏡下宮頸多點(diǎn)活檢病理檢查證實(shí)為CIN2,且于短時(shí)間內(nèi)行LEEP術(shù)的210例患者為研究對(duì)象。排除有免疫系統(tǒng)疾病或服用免疫抑制劑者、有宮頸手術(shù)史或盆腔放射治療史者、陰道鏡檢查不充分以及臨床資料不全者。所有患者均在陰道鏡檢查前進(jìn)行宮頸液基薄層細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查(TCT)及人乳頭瘤病毒(HPV)檢測(cè),臨床資料完整。根據(jù)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共納入210例患者,患者年齡(36.29±7.47)歲。LEEP術(shù)距離活檢時(shí)間38(8,121)d?;颊呔鶎?duì)研究知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū),研究方案經(jīng)本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):2019-KY-105-01)。
二、研究方法
1. 宮頸脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查
選用美國(guó)Hologic公司的宮頸管專(zhuān)用取樣無(wú)菌毛刷,置入宮頸管內(nèi),輕旋6~10圈,收集宮頸管與宮頸外口脫落細(xì)胞,放入保存液瓶?jī)?nèi),洗刷10次以上,蓋瓶蓋后送檢并行TCT制片。閱片診斷由至少2位本院經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的細(xì)胞學(xué)醫(yī)師獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,并按照2001年美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所(NCI)推薦的Bethesda報(bào)告系統(tǒng)(TBS)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查結(jié)果進(jìn)行分類(lèi)[5]。
2. HPV檢測(cè)
采用美國(guó)Aptima公司的HPV分型檢測(cè)設(shè)備,檢測(cè)14種高危型HPV亞型,包括HPV-16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、56、58、59、66和68。
3. 陰道鏡活檢
應(yīng)用德國(guó)萊斯康光電一體電子陰道鏡系統(tǒng),按照陰道鏡操作規(guī)范進(jìn)行陰道鏡活檢。根據(jù)國(guó)際宮頸病理與陰道鏡聯(lián)盟(IFCPC)及ASCCP的陰道鏡檢查術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)陰道鏡圖像進(jìn)行描述和診斷[6-7]。轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)分為1型、2型和3型。陰道鏡圖像的分級(jí)包括1級(jí)征象、2級(jí)征象、非特異性征象、可疑浸潤(rùn)癌征象及雜類(lèi)。
4. LEEP
采用美國(guó)華萊士高頻電波刀,一般電切功率設(shè)定為50 W,電凝功率設(shè)定為20~40 W。根據(jù)病變范圍、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型選擇合適的環(huán)形電極型號(hào)。切除深度根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)的類(lèi)型而定,控制在1.0~
2.5 cm,切除寬度為病變區(qū)域外0.3~0.5 cm。將切除的宮頸組織標(biāo)本12點(diǎn)位置進(jìn)行系線(xiàn)標(biāo)記,用10%甲醛溶液固定并送病理檢查。
5. 病理檢查
對(duì)宮頸組織標(biāo)本進(jìn)行連續(xù)切片并進(jìn)行組織學(xué)檢查,由我院病理科2名以上醫(yī)師閱片后一致診斷。病理分類(lèi)依據(jù)2014年WHO女性生殖器官腫瘤學(xué)分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行:低級(jí)別鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變(LSIL)包括CIN1和p16陰性的CIN2,HSIL包括p16陽(yáng)性的CIN2和CIN3[8]。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 22.0對(duì)臨床數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。正態(tài)分布的定量資料以表示,非正態(tài)分布的定量資料以M(P25,P75)表示。定性資料用百分比表示,用χ 2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法進(jìn)行單因素分析,并對(duì)單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析(向前逐步回歸法),篩選與陰道鏡活檢漏診CIN2+相關(guān)的影響因素。P 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
結(jié)果
一、陰道鏡活檢CIN2患者發(fā)生LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的臨床特征及結(jié)果分析
210例患者中,TCT檢測(cè)結(jié)果正常81例,不典型鱗狀細(xì)胞性質(zhì)未定(ASC-US)54例,LSIL 50例,不排除高度不典型增生、不明意義的非典型鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞(ASC-H)9例,HSIL 15例,非典型腺細(xì)胞(AGC)1例,HR-HPV檢測(cè)陰性8例,HR-HPV檢測(cè)陽(yáng)性202例。8例HR-HPV陰性患者中2例TCT檢測(cè)結(jié)果為ASC-H,6例為L(zhǎng)SIL。陰道鏡活檢確診CIN2的210例患者LEEP術(shù)后病理結(jié)果顯示,173例(82.4%)≤CIN2,其中29例正常、60例為L(zhǎng)SIL(CIN1或CIN1~2)、84例為HSIL(CIN2);37例(17.6%)為CIN2+及宮頸癌,其中29例為CIN2~3、7例為CIN3,1例為宮頸鱗癌IB1期。在25例高級(jí)別細(xì)胞學(xué)異常者中,7例(28.0%)LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)為CIN2+。這7例中,5例為HPV16/18陽(yáng)性、2例為HR-HPV陽(yáng)性,4例為轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)部分位于宮頸外口以?xún)?nèi),不能全部可見(jiàn),即轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)3型(TZ3型),4例可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例大于1/3,3例陰道鏡圖像中可見(jiàn)2種及以上2級(jí)征象。
二、陰道鏡活檢CIN2患者發(fā)生LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的單因素分析
210例陰道鏡活檢診斷CIN2中,37例(17.6%)LEEP術(shù)后病理為CIN2+出現(xiàn)術(shù)后病理升級(jí)。單因素分析顯示,患者年齡、陰道鏡下病變累及象限數(shù)目、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例、可見(jiàn)病變的最長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)性長(zhǎng)度、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型和陰道鏡圖像特征與LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)有關(guān)(P均< 0.05),初次TCT結(jié)果、高危型HPV分型、病變是否累及腺體與LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)無(wú)關(guān)(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
三、陰道鏡活檢確診CIN2與LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的多因素分析
1. 全年齡段組
多因素分析采用二元Logistic回歸分析的似然比前進(jìn)法篩選變量,引入變量的檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為0.05,將患者年齡、高危型HPV分型、陰道鏡下病變累及象限數(shù)目、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例、可見(jiàn)病變的最長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)性長(zhǎng)度、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型及陰道鏡圖像特征作為自變量,各變量的具體賦值見(jiàn)表2。結(jié)果顯示,陰道鏡下病變累及>1個(gè)象限(OR=2.994,95%CI 1.100~8.147,P < 0.05)、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例≥1/3(OR=9.674,95%CI 2.907~32.192,P < 0.05)、T3型(OR=9.639,95%CI 2.736~33.961,P < 0.05)及陰道鏡圖像有2種及以上2級(jí)征象(OR=5.027,95%CI 1.281~19.731,P < 0.05)是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的高危因素。見(jiàn)表3。
2. 育齡期組(26~50歲)
將患者年齡、陰道鏡下病變累及象限數(shù)目、可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例、可見(jiàn)病變的最長(zhǎng)線(xiàn)性長(zhǎng)度、轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型及陰道鏡圖像特征作為自變量,結(jié)果顯示26~50歲的患者中,可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例≥ 1/3(OR=16.632,95%CI 5.014~55.166,P < 0.05)、TZ3型(OR=6.059,95%CI 1.706~21.522,P < 0.05)及陰道鏡圖像有2種及以上2級(jí)征象(OR=4.074,95%CI 1.061~15.648,P < 0.05)是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的高危因素。見(jiàn)表4。
討論
2022年3月發(fā)布的《子宮頸高級(jí)別上皮內(nèi)病變管理的中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí)》中指出,50%的CIN2可在2年內(nèi)自然消退,32%持續(xù)存在,僅18%會(huì)發(fā)生進(jìn)展;對(duì)于年齡<30歲的年輕患者,CIN2的自然消退率可高達(dá)60%,僅11%會(huì)發(fā)生進(jìn)展[2]。當(dāng)患者具備隨訪條件,宮頸SCJ及病灶完全可見(jiàn)時(shí),年輕有生育能力且有生育要求的CIN2患者可選擇隨訪觀察[9]。美國(guó)凱撒醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)(KPNC)的一項(xiàng)研究納入了2 417例21~39歲CIN2采取保守治療的患者,每隔半年進(jìn)行1次聯(lián)合篩查和陰道鏡檢查,平均隨訪4年,結(jié)果顯示50%的患者消退至CIN1或更低水平[10]。丹麥一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究在6 721例18~44歲CIN2的患者中選取半數(shù)采取保守治療,結(jié)果顯示保守治療患者中有50%消退[11]。加拿大一項(xiàng)回顧性研究對(duì)636例年齡<25歲的CIN2患者采取保守治療,結(jié)果顯示CIN2消退率高達(dá)73.1%[12]。因此,探究如何對(duì)陰道鏡活檢診斷CIN2的患者進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)估并從中篩選出適宜隨訪觀察的患者,爭(zhēng)取在不漏診CIN2+的前提下,為生育功能保護(hù)贏得更多時(shí)間和機(jī)會(huì),這對(duì)臨床決策的制定具有重要意義。因?yàn)槟挲g<25歲的CIN2患者首選觀察,而50歲以上的患者大多已絕經(jīng),無(wú)生育要求,首選子宮頸錐切術(shù),無(wú)需評(píng)估保守治療的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),故本研究根據(jù)患者年齡分組分析。
KPNC的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,細(xì)胞學(xué)HSIL同時(shí)合并HPV16陽(yáng)性的即時(shí)CIN3+風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為60%,CIN2+風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為77%,即時(shí)癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為8.1%[13-14]。美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(CDC)的宮頸癌早期檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)顯示,既往5年內(nèi)未規(guī)律進(jìn)行宮頸癌篩查的女性,若HPV陽(yáng)性(無(wú)論何種基因型)且細(xì)胞學(xué)HSIL,其即時(shí)CIN3+風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為64%,CIN2+風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為82%。諸多研究顯示,在接受快速治療的細(xì)胞學(xué)HSIL患者中,有49%~75%診斷為CIN3+[15-19]。正是基于大量研究數(shù)據(jù),ASCCP 2019版最新指南建議25歲以上的非妊娠患者,若HPV16陽(yáng)性且細(xì)胞學(xué)HSIL,或者患者從未進(jìn)行規(guī)律篩查,HPV陽(yáng)性(無(wú)論何種基因型)且細(xì)胞學(xué)HSIL,建議直接進(jìn)行快速治療,無(wú)需先行陰道鏡活檢證實(shí)CIN2+。本研究中25例高級(jí)別細(xì)胞學(xué)異常者中,7例(46.7%)患者的LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)為CIN2+,高于低級(jí)別細(xì)胞學(xué)異?;蛘;颊撸?6.2%)。這7例患者中,5例為HPV16/18陽(yáng)性,2例為HR-HPV 陽(yáng)性,4例為T(mén)Z3,4例可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例大于1/3,3例陰道鏡圖像中可見(jiàn)2種及以上2級(jí)征象。因此,對(duì)于細(xì)胞學(xué)HSIL、ASC-H、AGC及HPV16/18陽(yáng)性這些篩查高級(jí)別異常者,在進(jìn)行陰道鏡活檢時(shí)應(yīng)提高警惕,規(guī)范操作,對(duì)宮頸病變進(jìn)行細(xì)致且全面的評(píng)估,提高陰道鏡活檢診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。
眾所周知,陰道鏡下病變累及范圍越廣泛,宮頸鱗狀上皮內(nèi)病變程度就越高,且陰道鏡下活檢取點(diǎn)的主觀性和隨機(jī)性增加,漏診CIN2+的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也隨之增加。Mantoani等[20]對(duì)宮頸病變面積與CIN程度的關(guān)系進(jìn)行研究,通過(guò)受試者操作特征(ROC)曲線(xiàn)分析診斷宮頸CIN2+的最佳截?cái)嘀担⑻岢隹蓪m頸病變面積用以區(qū)分宮頸LSIL和HSIL的觀點(diǎn)。Munmany等[21-22]的2項(xiàng)研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)宮頸病變面積≤12 mm2可以有效預(yù)測(cè)LEEP術(shù)后的陰性病理結(jié)果,術(shù)前或術(shù)時(shí)進(jìn)行宮頸病變面積的測(cè)量能減少不必要的手術(shù)干預(yù)。本研究顯示,當(dāng)可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例>1/3時(shí)LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大,這對(duì)于年齡26~50歲者的意義更大。因此,當(dāng)可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸表面積的比例大于1/3時(shí),需謹(jǐn)慎選擇隨訪觀察。
研究顯示,TZ1、TZ2和TZ3對(duì)于CIN2+檢出的準(zhǔn)確率分別為92.2%、90.5%和76.5%[23]。TZ3者CIN2+漏診風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型與患者年齡具有明顯的線(xiàn)性關(guān)系,提示年齡越大,3型轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)者比例就越高,有研究報(bào)道,TZ3是50歲以上患者唯一的轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型[24]。本研究在全年齡段分析中,轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的影響因素。對(duì)26~50歲者的分析也得到同樣的結(jié)果,轉(zhuǎn)化區(qū)類(lèi)型也是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的影響因素。本研究結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相符,均提示TZ3患者漏診CIN2+的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。本研究中有一例患者雖然可見(jiàn)病變面積不大,占宮頸表面積的1/3以下,但其病變隱匿,延伸至宮頸管內(nèi),為T(mén)Z3,LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)為宮頸癌。因此,ASCCP及中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí)均建議對(duì)于年輕有生育能力且有生育要求的CIN2患者,僅當(dāng)宮頸SCJ及病灶完全可見(jiàn)時(shí)才予以隨訪觀察。
IFCPC陰道鏡術(shù)語(yǔ)指出2級(jí)征象對(duì)HSIL的診斷表現(xiàn)出極高的指向性,厚醋酸白上皮仍較薄醋酸白上皮具有更高的真實(shí)性?xún)r(jià)值[25]。有研究表明,鱗狀細(xì)胞上皮越薄時(shí)陰道鏡下HSIL特征越不明顯,當(dāng)宮頸鱗狀上皮厚度>441 μm時(shí)陰道鏡下檢出HSIL的靈敏度為94.4%,當(dāng)宮頸鱗狀上皮厚度為0~139 μm時(shí)陰道鏡下檢出HSIL的靈敏度為31.3%[26]。本研究在全年齡段分析中,陰道鏡圖像特征是LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的影響因素,對(duì)26~50歲者的分析中,雖然OR值有所下降,但結(jié)果仍有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
綜上所述,宮頸CIN2的管理需要根據(jù)患者年齡、生育能力及生育需求、初次宮頸篩查結(jié)果及陰道鏡表現(xiàn)等進(jìn)行多因素綜合評(píng)估。當(dāng)存在高危因素如可見(jiàn)病變面積占宮頸陰道部面積比例增高(>1/3)、SCJ不可見(jiàn)及陰道鏡圖像中2級(jí)征象占比增多(≥2個(gè))時(shí),漏診CIN2+及LEEP術(shù)后病理升級(jí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加,建議謹(jǐn)慎選擇隨訪觀察。
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(收稿日期:2023-08-10)
(本文編輯:林燕薇)