【摘要】 外泌體是一種由脂膜包被的、由大多數(shù)活細(xì)胞分泌的囊泡小體,攜帶有大量的miRNA和其他的核酸、蛋白等物質(zhì)。外泌體中的內(nèi)含物能夠用于肺癌的診斷,且與肺癌細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能有關(guān)。在肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,癌細(xì)胞來源的外泌體既能夠直接影響癌細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能,也能夠通過影響巨噬細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等其他細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而間接促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。了解外泌體與肺癌細(xì)胞的分子機(jī)制能夠?yàn)榉伟┑脑缙谠\斷與精準(zhǔn)治療提供新的契機(jī),有望使其成為肺癌診斷的有效標(biāo)志物和治療的潛在靶點(diǎn)。本文就目前外泌體在肺癌中的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)程展開綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 外泌體 肺癌 生物標(biāo)志物
Research Status and Progress of Exosomes in the Non-small Cell Lung Cancer/QIN E. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(34): -188
[Abstract] Exosomes are vesicle bodies surrounded by lipid membranes and secreted by most cells, carrying a large number of miRNA and other nucleic acids, proteins and other substances. Many studies have confirmed that exosome inclusions are related to the diagnosis of lung cancer and biological function of lung cancer cells. During the development of lung cancer, exosomes derived from cancer cells could not only directly affect the biological function of cancer cells, but indirectly promote tumor growth by affecting macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and other cells. Understanding the molecular mechanism of exosomes and lung cancer cells can provide a new opportunity for early diagnosis and precise treatment of lung cancer, which is expected to become an effective marker for diagnosis and a potential target for treatment of lung cancer. This paper reviews the current research progress of exosomes in lung cancer.
[Key words] Exosomes Lung cancer Biomarkers
First-author's address: Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.34.041
肺癌是全球范圍內(nèi)發(fā)病率及死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤,尤其是非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC),盡管在基因診斷、靶向治療及免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療等方面取得了較大進(jìn)展,因其早期診斷率低,復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,對(duì)治療藥物的耐藥性,肺癌患者預(yù)后仍然很差。所以,尋找新的肺癌生物標(biāo)志物和有效的治療策略是當(dāng)下研究的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。
外泌體是一種直徑在40~100 nm、由多種活性細(xì)胞分泌產(chǎn)生的胞外囊泡,攜帶有大量的miRNA和其他的核酸、跨膜蛋白、脂質(zhì)等物質(zhì),存在于大多數(shù)生物體液中,包括血液、尿液、唾液和組織液等[1]。近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),外泌體從細(xì)胞表面釋放后,具有與受體細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜融合的活性,從而將其內(nèi)含物遞送到細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,影響細(xì)胞功能[2-4]。在腫瘤細(xì)胞中,這些細(xì)胞間的信息交流,促進(jìn)了癌細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、血管生成、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等。例如,Tang等[5]研究揭示了miR-208a可通過外泌體轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),進(jìn)而靶向p21來影響人肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖和輻射敏感性;外泌體可通過促進(jìn)肺癌微環(huán)境形成,增加腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移能力,介導(dǎo)腫瘤免疫抑制,參與放化療抵抗等促進(jìn)肺癌的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。隨著對(duì)外泌體研究的深入,由于其在體內(nèi)囊性結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性,外泌體作為診斷性生物標(biāo)記物、治療靶點(diǎn)、抗癌藥物載體的作用越來越受到重視[6]。因此,本文就外泌體在肺癌中的分子調(diào)控機(jī)制以及目前的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 外泌體參與肺癌發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制
1.1 外泌體與免疫細(xì)胞
外泌體在腫瘤免疫反應(yīng)過程中起到重要的作用,其包含的物質(zhì)能夠通過腫瘤微環(huán)境,影響巨噬細(xì)胞的極化狀態(tài)、T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤功能等,最終促進(jìn)腫瘤的惡性進(jìn)程。Fabbri等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌細(xì)胞分泌的miR-21和miR-29a作為TLRs的旁分泌激動(dòng)劑,通過結(jié)合TLR受體觸發(fā)TLR介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)移前炎癥反應(yīng),最終導(dǎo)致腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移。含EGFR的肺癌來源的外泌體通過抑制CD8+T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤增殖功能,促進(jìn)肺癌的生長(zhǎng)。這些結(jié)果說明,肺癌細(xì)胞來源的外泌體能夠參與免疫反應(yīng),影響肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
1.2 外泌體與成纖維細(xì)胞
成纖維細(xì)胞是多種腫瘤中最豐富的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞群,與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),而腫瘤相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)是正常成纖維細(xì)胞受到腫瘤細(xì)胞來源外泌體的誘導(dǎo)而轉(zhuǎn)變形成。與正常細(xì)胞相比,CAFs的外泌體包含不同的分子,如生長(zhǎng)因子和miRNAs,它們對(duì)腫瘤微環(huán)境中的靶細(xì)胞有不同的影響,可以刺激腫瘤生長(zhǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)移[8]。例如,F(xiàn)an等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌細(xì)胞來源的外泌體miR-210對(duì)CAFs促血管生成作用可能是通過調(diào)控CAFs的JAK2/STAT3信號(hào)通路和TET2來實(shí)現(xiàn)的;Zhao等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CAFs分泌的外泌體中所含有的氨基酸、脂質(zhì)等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)可以為癌細(xì)胞提供營(yíng)養(yǎng);You等[11]證實(shí)了CAFs來源的外泌體與肺癌細(xì)胞EMT有關(guān),他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CAFs能夠通過外泌體將SNAI1傳遞給受體癌細(xì)胞,即肺癌細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞EMT的分子機(jī)制。綜上,肺癌來源的外泌體與CAFs表現(xiàn)出互相促進(jìn),并且推進(jìn)了腫瘤惡性進(jìn)程。
1.3 其他來源外泌體與肺癌細(xì)胞
很多研究表明,外泌體源性miRNAs轉(zhuǎn)移到受體細(xì)胞后可以調(diào)節(jié)與細(xì)胞增殖代謝相關(guān)的基因,從而影響受體細(xì)胞的增殖代謝。比如患者血清來源的外泌體、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞來源外泌體等。Grimolizzi等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-126在晚期NSCLC患者血清中下調(diào),而健康對(duì)照中循環(huán)miR-126在外泌體和無外泌體血清組分中均勻分布。同時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)正常內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中富含外泌體的miR-126抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),誘導(dǎo)NSCLC細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤的消失[12]。Qi等[13]闡明了血漿外泌體miR-660-5p在NSCLC中促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移。受LPS刺激的巨噬細(xì)胞來源外泌體能夠激活TGF-β/Smad2/3信號(hào)通路,從而增加A549細(xì)胞中EMT相關(guān)蛋白vimentin、sma和Col1的表達(dá)[14]。
1.4 腫瘤外泌體與EMT
上皮細(xì)胞間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)是指上皮細(xì)胞通過特定程序轉(zhuǎn)化為具有間質(zhì)表型細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)過程,能夠?qū)е履[瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生遷移、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等行為。腫瘤細(xì)胞越具有侵襲性,就越有可能遷移到較遠(yuǎn)的地方。腫瘤來源的外泌體攜帶有pro-EMT程序,包括TGF-β、caveolin-1、HIF1α和β-catenin等,可增強(qiáng)受體細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移能力,并有助于基質(zhì)重塑和轉(zhuǎn)移前生態(tài)位形成[15]。Rahman等[16]檢測(cè)了從人肺癌血清中提取的外泌體以及高轉(zhuǎn)移和非轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞對(duì)受體人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞(HBECs)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)高轉(zhuǎn)移性的肺癌外泌體可誘導(dǎo)HBECs表達(dá)波形蛋白,進(jìn)而通過波形蛋白來驅(qū)動(dòng)HBECs發(fā)生EMT,使得受體細(xì)胞獲得遷移、侵襲和增殖能力。另外,He等[17]研究也闡明了肺腺癌細(xì)胞外泌體miR-499a-5p通過mTOR信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)肺腺癌的增殖、遷移和EMT。這些報(bào)道表明外泌體在調(diào)控肺癌EMT中起著關(guān)鍵作用。
2 外泌體參與肺癌的診斷
外泌體在NSCLC診斷中具有重要的臨床意義,一方面,外泌體攜帶的miRNAs可用于NSCLC的診斷。例如,Nigita等[18]利用TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中87個(gè)NSCLC樣本與正常配對(duì)組織中miRNA的測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù),以及結(jié)合26組血漿外泌體樣本,發(fā)現(xiàn)在5位編輯熱點(diǎn)的miR-411-5p在NSCLC患者的組織和外泌體中顯著失調(diào)。Kanaoka等[19]通過miRNA微陣列分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿外泌體中的miR-451a在復(fù)發(fā)的NSCLC患者中顯示出極大的上調(diào),而且與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、血管侵入和分期顯著相關(guān),能夠作為NSCLC復(fù)發(fā)和預(yù)后早期預(yù)測(cè)的非侵入性生物標(biāo)志物。Vanni等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肺癌患者血液外泌體來源的miR-25和miR-223的表達(dá)水平高于正常人,而let-7f、miR-20b和miR-30e-3p的表達(dá)水平明顯降低。另一方面,外泌體所富集的多種蛋白也為NSCLC的診斷提供有有效的參考。Ueda等[21]根據(jù)1 369個(gè)外泌體蛋白質(zhì)譜定量鑒定CD91為外泌體上的肺腺癌特異性抗原,并通過ELISA檢測(cè)212個(gè)樣本的CD9-CD91外泌體夾心ELISA進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。上述研究表明了外泌體的相關(guān)miRNA和蛋白質(zhì)檢測(cè)將為NSCLC患者的早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷提供更加可靠的依據(jù)。此外,癌癥外泌體中含有的脂質(zhì)和代謝物也可能為癌癥的檢測(cè)和生物學(xué)提供依據(jù),將外泌體運(yùn)用于腫瘤診斷的技術(shù)正在快速發(fā)展中。
3 外泌體參與肺癌的耐藥作用
目前,肺癌治療后復(fù)發(fā)及化療耐藥率逐漸升高,與癌細(xì)胞來源的外泌體關(guān)系密切。順鉑(Cisplatin,DDP)是肺癌治療中的常用化學(xué)藥物,然而近年來,越來越多的患者對(duì)DDP產(chǎn)生了耐藥現(xiàn)象。Qin等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與相應(yīng)的敏感外泌體相比,耐DDP外泌體中miR-100-5p顯著下降,而miR-100-5p的下調(diào)參與A549細(xì)胞DDP耐藥,逆轉(zhuǎn)哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)表達(dá)。進(jìn)一步的研究表明,使用吉非替尼處理的人肺癌細(xì)胞系PC9產(chǎn)生的外泌體能夠降低DDP的抗腫瘤作用[23]。也有研究表明,細(xì)胞外H19可以被包裹在外泌體中,進(jìn)入誘導(dǎo)敏感細(xì)胞對(duì)Erlotinib的抗性,其主要是通過H19/miR-615-3p/ATG7軸調(diào)控ATG7表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響耐Erlotinib NSCLC細(xì)胞對(duì)Erlotinib的耐藥[24],以及hsa_circ_0002130在抗Osimertinib的NSCLC患者血清外泌體中上調(diào)[25]。另外,Lobb等[26]證明了由致癌轉(zhuǎn)化的間充質(zhì)HBECs衍生出的外泌體可以向親代上皮細(xì)胞HBECs轉(zhuǎn)移耐藥,并增加受體細(xì)胞的ZEB1 mRNA。由此可見,外泌體在肺癌細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生耐藥性的過程中的起到重要作用。
4 外泌體在肺癌治療中的作用
外泌體除了能夠影響肺癌的惡性進(jìn)程,也能夠在肺癌的治療中發(fā)揮重要作用。一方面,可以通過抑制外泌體的產(chǎn)生或者分泌,來降低外泌體的含量,阻斷由外泌體介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞間通訊。另一方面,外泌體可用作抗癌治療的納米載體,外泌體膜與細(xì)胞膜的組成相近,能夠直接與靶細(xì)胞膜融合,具有穩(wěn)定性和細(xì)胞靶向性,是藥物傳送載體的理想顆粒。目前,外泌體作為天然藥物載體的應(yīng)用正在積極探索中。Aqil等[27]在肺癌細(xì)胞系A(chǔ)549和H1299中用組裝的南蛇藤素(Celastrol,CEL)-外泌體復(fù)合體進(jìn)行體外實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)外泌體復(fù)合物抗腫瘤效果較好。除此之外,文獻(xiàn)[28-29]報(bào)道外泌體也可以用于研究抗腫瘤疫苗和肺癌治療的靶點(diǎn)等方面。
5 展望
作為一類可攜帶豐富生物信息的細(xì)胞外囊泡,外泌體有效介導(dǎo)各種類型細(xì)胞間的交流通訊。其所包含的核酸、蛋白質(zhì)等內(nèi)容物對(duì)受體細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)性狀及腫瘤微環(huán)境有著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放過量的外泌體,可能影響腫瘤的發(fā)生、生長(zhǎng)、進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移和耐藥性。目前,外泌體在肺癌診斷與治療方面的研究與發(fā)現(xiàn),提高了肺癌診斷的精確性,有利于肺癌患者的早發(fā)現(xiàn),并且降低肺癌治療過程中的耐藥率,提高患者的生存率。
在肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,癌細(xì)胞來源的外泌體既能夠直接影響癌細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能,也能夠通過影響巨噬細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等其他細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而間接促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。因此,在探明其影響肺癌惡性進(jìn)程的分子機(jī)制后,有望使其成為肺癌診斷的有效標(biāo)志物和治療的潛在靶點(diǎn)。但是,目前關(guān)于外泌體在肺癌中的研究仍面臨著諸多問題與挑戰(zhàn)。比如,腫瘤微環(huán)境非常復(fù)雜,外泌體發(fā)揮分子調(diào)控作用機(jī)制仍不清晰;外泌體是根據(jù)直徑劃分的一類細(xì)胞外囊泡,其分離和純化方法也需要進(jìn)一步的優(yōu)化;未來如何構(gòu)建能夠大量產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞株去展開腫瘤的治療等。因此,從外泌體作為切入點(diǎn)開展對(duì)肺癌的診療,機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存,只有不斷開展深入研究,才能夠開發(fā)更多與外泌體相關(guān)的肺癌診治思路,或許能夠控制疾病發(fā)展并從根源上治療疾病。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(收稿日期:2023-03-30) (本文編輯:田婧)
*基金項(xiàng)目:浙江省衛(wèi)生健康科技項(xiàng)目--面上項(xiàng)目(2021KY1152)
①浙江省紹興市人民醫(yī)院 浙江 紹興 312000
通信作者:秦娥
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2023年34期