曹建艷 閆世雄 張瑞芳 豆騰飛
摘要 雞的免疫性狀是一種由多個(gè)微效基因調(diào)控的經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀。隨著規(guī)?;图s化養(yǎng)雞業(yè)的發(fā)展,家雞免疫功能受環(huán)境中的病原體影響加重,傳統(tǒng)的疾病治療方案受限。應(yīng)用分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)手段,探究家雞的免疫相關(guān)基因的調(diào)控機(jī)制,有助于從根本上提高家雞的免疫力。對(duì)家雞免疫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了概述,從免疫防治和疾病方向綜述了TLRs、MHC、MX、IFN、NRAMP和IL等影響家雞免疫性狀的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因,旨在為家雞抗病育種提供理論依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞 家雞;免疫;調(diào)控基因;抗病育種
中圖分類號(hào) S831 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A
文章編號(hào) 0517-6611(2024)02-0010-05
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2024.02.003
開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID):
Progress in Gene Regulation of Immune Traits in Domestic Chickens
CAO Jian-yan, YAN Shi-xiong, ZHANG Rui-fang et al
(College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming,Yunnan? 650201 )
Abstract The immune trait in chickens is an economic trait regulated by several microgenes. With the development of large-scale and intensive chicken industry, the immune function of domestic chickens is more affected by the pathogens in the environment, and the traditional disease treatment programs are limited. The application of molecular biology technology to explore the regulation mechanism of immune-related genes in domestic chickens helps to fundamentally improve the immunity of domestic chickens. This paper gives an overview of the immune system of domestic chickens, reviews the key regulatory genes of TLRs, MHC, MX, IFN, NRAMP, IL and so on, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of disease resistance.
Key words Domestic chicken;Immunity;Gene regulation;Breeding of disease resistance
基金項(xiàng)目 云南省邱聲祥專家工作站項(xiàng)目(202005AF150039);云嶺產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)領(lǐng)軍人才項(xiàng)目(YNWR-CYJS-2015-027)。
作者簡(jiǎn)介 曹建艷(1997—),女,云南大理人,碩士研究生,研究方向:動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)。
*通信作者,講師,博士,從事動(dòng)物遺傳育種研究。
收稿日期 2022-10-27;修回日期 2023-03-22
家雞是疾病研究重要的理想實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物模型,其飼養(yǎng)周期短、新陳代謝快以及繁殖力高,但是易受環(huán)境因素的影響,應(yīng)激較大。集約化養(yǎng)殖的快速發(fā)展使高密度下生存的雞群健康受到嚴(yán)重影響,免疫力降低和發(fā)病率提高,導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)殖體經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。家雞的免疫功能與其生產(chǎn)性能息息相關(guān),其免疫性狀受到多個(gè)基因網(wǎng)絡(luò)調(diào)控。影響家雞免疫性狀的因素包括環(huán)境、遺傳、應(yīng)激源、母源抗體、免疫抑制和疫苗接種等。在家雞的選種育種中,免疫性狀的選擇對(duì)抗病育種具有重要意義。與家雞免疫相關(guān)的基因是不斷進(jìn)化的,面對(duì)快速進(jìn)化和多樣化的病原體動(dòng)物群,高免疫基因多樣性可以為宿主提供選擇性優(yōu)勢(shì)。隨著分子生物學(xué)研究的介入,如SNP芯片技術(shù)、全基因組測(cè)序技術(shù)、GWAS和MAS,免疫調(diào)控的基因逐續(xù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)。該研究對(duì)家雞免疫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行概述,從免疫防治和疾病方向綜述了影響家雞免疫性能的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因,旨在為分子輔助標(biāo)記選擇提供理論基礎(chǔ),從根本上提高家雞免疫力,培育出抗病力增強(qiáng)的配套系,充分利用家雞品種資源。
1 家雞免疫系統(tǒng)概述
免疫系統(tǒng)可以識(shí)別自身和非己物質(zhì),是機(jī)體產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答和執(zhí)行免疫功能的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),包括免疫器官、免疫細(xì)胞和免疫分子。廣義上免疫系統(tǒng)可以分為天然免疫和獲得性免疫,前者在遇到病原體時(shí)反應(yīng)迅速,相對(duì)穩(wěn)定且非特異性,后者分為正反應(yīng)和負(fù)反應(yīng),且具有特異性和免疫記憶。這2個(gè)系統(tǒng)都有一定的生理機(jī)制,當(dāng)病原微生物入侵,宿主免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)其識(shí)別并做出免疫應(yīng)答,通過(guò)破壞和清除抗原性異物,發(fā)揮抗感染作用、維持宿主生理平衡和免疫監(jiān)視作用。家雞免疫系統(tǒng)通過(guò)產(chǎn)生抗體和細(xì)胞免疫對(duì)抗原刺激,是抗病最重要的機(jī)制,但是天然免疫和獲得性免疫都不可以獨(dú)立發(fā)揮作用,通常是協(xié)同作用的。天然免疫可以通過(guò)特異性模式識(shí)別受體(PRRs)識(shí)別宿主微生物分子中的病原相關(guān)分子模式(PAMPs),誘導(dǎo)免疫應(yīng)答和炎癥反應(yīng),對(duì)宿主早期抗感染有重要作用。PRRs能夠介導(dǎo)天然免疫調(diào)節(jié)獲得性免疫,主要機(jī)理是微生物感染機(jī)體后,通過(guò)胞內(nèi)或胞外,抗原遞呈細(xì)胞激活天然免疫反應(yīng),識(shí)別并清除病原體,發(fā)揮淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的抗原特異性免疫作用。
2 與家雞免疫性狀相關(guān)的調(diào)控基因
2.1 TLRs
Toll樣受體(TLRs)是最早被研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的天然免疫模式識(shí)別受體,PAMPs的識(shí)別導(dǎo)致天然免疫被激活,特異性抗原產(chǎn)生,介導(dǎo)TLR信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),信號(hào)通路由MyD88依賴性通路和TRIF依賴性通路(MyD88非依賴性途徑)組成,兩者都可以誘導(dǎo)基因表達(dá)。與哺乳動(dòng)物一樣,所有雞的TLRs具有相同的蛋白質(zhì)二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu),由幾個(gè)富含亮氨酸的結(jié)構(gòu)域、一個(gè)跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域和Toll/白細(xì)胞介素-1受體結(jié)構(gòu)域組成。
目前,在雞中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了10個(gè)TLRs基因,包括TLR1-Ⅰ、TLR1-Ⅱ、TLR2-Ⅰ、TLR2-Ⅱ、TLR-3、TLR-4、TLR-5、TLR-7、TLR-15和TLR-21,它們可以識(shí)別配體并參與TLR信號(hào)通路。已研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的TLRs識(shí)別配體功能見表1。Fukui等在2001年,用基于小鼠和果蠅進(jìn)行序列的簡(jiǎn)并引物設(shè)計(jì)從雞法氏囊cDNA文庫(kù)中克隆2種類型的TLR,首次研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雞TLR-1和TLR-2。TLRs基因在雞大多數(shù)組織中都表達(dá),只有少部分基因表現(xiàn)出更受限的表達(dá)模式。TLR2僅在雞盲腸扁桃體、脾臟、肝臟、法氏囊、B細(xì)胞、CD8 +細(xì)胞和嗜異性細(xì)胞中表達(dá)。TLR-4僅在DC、自然殺傷(NK)細(xì)胞和單核細(xì)胞的表面上表達(dá),部分在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中也表達(dá)。TLR的多態(tài)性可以影響病原微生物入侵宿主時(shí)的反應(yīng)。研究表明,TLR-4、TLR-15、TLR-21、MD-2、ILs、IFN和iNOS是針對(duì)沙門氏菌感染的耐藥基因。TLR-4中的G247A位點(diǎn)與腸炎沙門氏菌的耐藥性增加有關(guān)。Chen 等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR-2、 MyD88、 NF-κB 3條信號(hào)通路可以激活雞毒支原體(MG)染后NLRP3炎癥小體,降低自噬水平和能量代謝受損,引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),從而導(dǎo)致雞胸腺組織損傷,免疫失調(diào)。Tian等研究表明,TLR2-Ⅱ和TLR-6在MG感染時(shí)均上調(diào),隨后下游NF-κB介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)上調(diào)。TLR的表達(dá)模式不同,對(duì)雞的病原體產(chǎn)生不同反應(yīng),可能與其遺傳調(diào)節(jié)和免疫增強(qiáng)有聯(lián)系,但是TLR在引起抗病性的個(gè)體作用是有限的。Zhang等報(bào)道,雞骨髓巨噬細(xì)胞系HD11中毒性新城疫病毒的復(fù)制增強(qiáng),是由于抑制TLR7對(duì)細(xì)胞的激活而導(dǎo)致的。Barjesteh等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TLR-2、TLR-4和TLR-21配體能夠在巨噬細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)IL-1β、IFN-γ、IRF7和IFN-β的表達(dá),與H4N6禽流感病毒(AIV)復(fù)制減少有關(guān)。
2.2 MHC
雞主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(MHC)是在16號(hào)染色體長(zhǎng)臂上發(fā)現(xiàn)的一組編碼宿主主要組織相容性抗原的基因簇,最主要的功能是參與免疫調(diào)控,與抗病性密切相關(guān),影響病原體入侵的反應(yīng)性和易感性,具有多基因型和多態(tài)性的特點(diǎn)。雞MHC 目前已知至少由F、L和G 3個(gè)區(qū)域組成,編碼為Ⅰ類、Ⅱ類和Ⅳ類,G區(qū)域是雞特有的,F(xiàn)區(qū)域和L區(qū)域相連緊密,也被稱為B-F / B-L區(qū)域。B復(fù)合體(B complex)是第1個(gè)在分子水平上表征的非哺乳動(dòng)物MHC。在MHC上,除B位點(diǎn)外,還有Rfp-Y和Rfp-Y。雞MHC在雞基因組中跨越約209 kb區(qū)域中含有約46個(gè)基因。雞MHC小而簡(jiǎn)單,但是含有哺乳動(dòng)物MHC基因的基本對(duì)應(yīng)物,常被認(rèn)為是最小的必須基因集。
Kim等研究表明,BF1和BF2免疫功能不相同,BF1負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)NK細(xì)胞殺傷活性,BF2限制抗原特異性CTL免疫反應(yīng)。MHC與雞多種病毒性和細(xì)菌性疾病之間存在抗性,如禽流感、馬立克氏病、肉瘤病、新城疫、禽白血病、沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌感染等,探究其中的分子機(jī)制,有利于雞生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,能夠更好地應(yīng)用在育種實(shí)踐中。研究表明,雞MHC B單倍型對(duì)雛雞呼吸道病原體具有更有效免疫反應(yīng)。B21單倍型對(duì)病毒的宿主抵抗力高于雞肉中B2單倍型。MHC Ⅰ類和Ⅱ類基因均對(duì)沙門氏菌屬(SE)的耐藥性有作用效果,B18和B15可以誘導(dǎo)SE的死亡。對(duì)B2、B12、B13、B19和B21 MHC同源的白來(lái)航雞品系和具有不同背景基因但具有相同B2 MHC單倍型的品系,鼻內(nèi)接受低劑量的高致病性禽流感病毒。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),B21影響H5N1高致病性禽流感暴發(fā)的存活率,B13 與其高死亡率相關(guān)。MHC對(duì)致癌逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒Rous肉瘤病毒(RSV)控制復(fù)雜,各種B基因型之間的RSV腫瘤反應(yīng)的差異可能由于腫瘤特異性抗原的免疫識(shí)別或免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)病毒復(fù)制的影響。MHC單倍型B(Q)和B17之間的等位基因互補(bǔ)可以影響免疫應(yīng)答,增加紅細(xì)胞肉瘤的消退。多個(gè)研究表明,MHC決定馬立克病毒(MDV)的差異性抗性。研究報(bào)道,在孵化白來(lái)航雞感染禽白血病病毒J亞組(ALV-J)毒株后,免疫反應(yīng)受到B單倍型的影響。雞胚胎感染新城疫病毒(NDV)后誘導(dǎo)的先天免疫反應(yīng)可能由MHC位點(diǎn)遺傳控制。同樣的,Li等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MHC B-LBII的不同位點(diǎn)與LH、LWH和BR 3個(gè)本土雞群的SRBC、ND和AI抗體滴度的抗體有顯著相關(guān)性,影響免疫性狀。Alber等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不止MHC-Ⅰ類抗原與家禽大腸桿菌感染抗菌天然免疫反應(yīng)有關(guān),MHC-II也有同樣的作用,表明 B-F/B-L區(qū)域的研究有重要意義。
2.3 Mx
Mx蛋白是一種GTP酶活性的三磷酸鳥苷(GTP)結(jié)合蛋白,是主要由Ⅰ型干擾素誘導(dǎo)的基因產(chǎn)物,對(duì)致病性RNA病毒具有先天性抗性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雞Mx基因的整個(gè)長(zhǎng)度跨度約為21 kb,1號(hào)染色體上有13個(gè)外顯子,5′端非編碼區(qū)的多樣性最高,3′端非編碼的多樣性最低。不同宿主物種的抗病毒活性或能力與Mx基因家族基因數(shù)的變化以及Mx基因上游調(diào)節(jié)因子的存在有關(guān)。
在家雞上研究較多的主要是Mx基因?qū)π鲁且卟《竞颓萘鞲胁《镜挠绊憽penda等采用候選基因和選擇性基因分型相結(jié)合的方法,首次研究發(fā)現(xiàn)雞Mx基因啟動(dòng)子多態(tài)性與雞胚胎存活變異性及新城疫病毒存在關(guān)聯(lián)。Zhang等將具有抗病毒感染的Mx和NA 2種蛋白對(duì)新城疫病毒耐藥性進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2個(gè)基因結(jié)合在一起對(duì)病毒感染的抵抗力要優(yōu)于單個(gè)基因。家雞Mx蛋白通過(guò)阻斷復(fù)制周期的早期階段來(lái)抑制多種病毒的擴(kuò)繁,可以有效對(duì)抗禽流感病毒。Ewald等研究表明,Mx1 Asn631變異等位基因?qū)档透腥靖咧虏⌒訟IV(H5N2)的雞的發(fā)病率、早期死亡率、病毒脫落和細(xì)胞因子反應(yīng)有影響。除此之外,陶換等運(yùn)用q RT-PCR技術(shù),檢測(cè)法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染后白來(lái)航公雞的法氏囊和脾臟中Mx的 mRNA表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果表明,法氏囊和脾臟中Mx的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平隨著IBDV在法氏囊中的增殖而迅速升高,脾臟中轉(zhuǎn)錄水平變化更快,而IBDV減少后Mx的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平下降,為Mx蛋白與法氏囊病毒之間作用的抗病毒機(jī)制提供進(jìn)一步研究的理論依據(jù)。通過(guò)對(duì)Mx基因的多態(tài)性的檢測(cè),可以篩選能夠產(chǎn)生對(duì)傳染病具有抗性的品種,為抗病育種提供借鑒。Mx蛋白的抗病毒能力與基因位點(diǎn)、來(lái)源以及易感性有關(guān)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雞Mx蛋白在631氨基酸位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性可以改變抗病毒活性和細(xì)胞內(nèi)分布位置,雞Mx蛋白的抗病毒特異性由羧基末端的氨基酸取代決定。Gosu 等通過(guò)分子建模與動(dòng)態(tài)模擬,揭示了野生型和突變型chMx之間結(jié)構(gòu)和動(dòng)力學(xué)差異的信息,為研究與chMx蛋白抗病毒活性相關(guān)的S631N突變體的結(jié)構(gòu)特征提供幫助。Sironi等使用PCR-RFLP基因分型的方案,再次解釋了與S631N突變相關(guān)的Mx基因多態(tài)性。
通過(guò)分析多個(gè)雞系和祖先品種與禽流感病毒復(fù)制的抗性或易感性相關(guān)的Mx基因密碼子,發(fā)現(xiàn)肉雞品系相對(duì)于蛋雞品系,在易感性等位基因方面具有較高的頻率,且該差異在祖先品種中也存在。
2.4 NRAMP
天然抗性相關(guān)巨嗜蛋白(NRAMP)家族可以通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜運(yùn)輸必需的過(guò)渡金屬微量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,如鐵和錳,在生物體內(nèi)充當(dāng)金屬離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,并且和細(xì)胞內(nèi)病原體的耐藥性相關(guān)。NRAMP1和NRAMP2是NRAMP的同源物,NRAMP1可以從吞噬體中提取必需金屬來(lái)幫助殺死被吞沒(méi)的病原體,有利于先天免疫系統(tǒng)的金屬抑制防御;NRAMP2可以促進(jìn)飲食中的鐵攝取和供應(yīng)紅細(xì)胞前體的鐵的全身分布。目前在家雞上研究較多的是NRAMP1,它與雞沙門氏菌的抗性有關(guān),遺傳的差異取決于基因的多態(tài)性。Dar等發(fā)現(xiàn),受感染鼠傷寒沙門氏菌的雞的盲腸、肝臟和脾臟中NRAMP基因mRNA表達(dá)顯著增加,表明NRAMP1和NRAMP2基因在鼠傷寒沙門氏菌誘導(dǎo)疾病中具有特定作用。Liu等將近交系肉雞父系和3種不同的高自交系雜交產(chǎn)生的F后代接種致病性SE,檢測(cè)脾臟和盲腸細(xì)菌負(fù)荷和抗體水平。結(jié)果表明,NRAMP1基因的Ser379位SNP與SE感染后雛雞的脾臟細(xì)菌減少相關(guān),也與SE疫苗的抗體產(chǎn)生有關(guān)。Hu等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與易感雛雞相比,抗SE感染的雛雞中由異嗜性粒細(xì)胞和脾臟中NRAMP1 mRNA上調(diào)而引起的宿主免疫增強(qiáng)更明顯和出現(xiàn)更早。關(guān)于NRAMP與家雞免疫相關(guān)的報(bào)道較少,國(guó)內(nèi)將NRAMP1基因與免疫性狀進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析,為分子標(biāo)記育種提供新依據(jù)。胡國(guó)順等采用PCR - SSCP 技術(shù)檢測(cè)如皋雞和隱性白羽雞Nramp1基因第 9 外顯子的多態(tài)性,并對(duì)不同基因型與免疫性狀進(jìn)行聯(lián)合分析。結(jié)果初步顯示,如皋雞的綜合免疫性能優(yōu)于隱性白羽雞,AA 基因型的綜合免疫性能優(yōu)于 AB 型和 BB 型。仇玲玲等研究表明,斗雞AA基因型的綜合免疫性能要優(yōu)于AB和BB型,可作為一種高抗性基因型。
2.5 IFN
干擾素(IFN)是一類廣譜的抗病毒劑,對(duì)DNA病毒和RNA 病毒都具有抑制作用,能夠增強(qiáng)宿主自然殺傷有害細(xì)胞的活性,調(diào)節(jié)免疫的自身穩(wěn)定。IFN不會(huì)直接殺死或抑制病毒,而是通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)錄誘導(dǎo)大量干擾素刺激的基因(ISG)發(fā)揮抗病毒作用。Dai等采用RNA測(cè)序技術(shù),在雞中鑒定了25種Ⅰ型、299種Ⅱ型和421種Ⅲ型干擾素刺激基因(ISG)。Ⅰ型IFN是雞先天免疫系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵抗病毒劑,尤以IFN-α和IFN-β代表。與IFN途徑的激活相關(guān)的細(xì)胞模式識(shí)別受體(PRRs)主要包括RLRs家族、TLR家族和DNA傳感器家族。chISG可防止病毒在雞細(xì)胞內(nèi)的復(fù)制和傳播,是針對(duì)禽流感病毒病原體的有效抗病毒藥物。雞TRIM25可以抑制雞的白血病病毒的復(fù)制并上調(diào)雞中MDA5受體介導(dǎo)的Ⅰ型干擾素反應(yīng)。Susta等將雞IFN-γ基因的編碼序列插入高毒力NDV菌株的基因組中,測(cè)定IFN-γ表達(dá)量。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),相比對(duì)照組,在4周齡雞中致病性顯著降低,表明IFN-γ的早期表達(dá)對(duì)雞中高毒力新城疫病毒感染的影響具有顯著的保護(hù)作用。Masuda等研究表明,雞肉IFN-λ抑制雞胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞中的流感病毒復(fù)制;與雞肉IFN-γ和IFN-β相比,需要更高的劑量來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的抗病毒活性并誘導(dǎo)ISG。張貝從全基因組水平上對(duì)雞IFITM/IFIT基因家族成員進(jìn)行鑒定,研究表明IFITM2、IFITM3和IFIT5參與禽流感病毒誘發(fā)的免疫反應(yīng),IFIT5是H5N1病毒早期誘導(dǎo)免疫應(yīng)答的樞紐基因。Kint等研究報(bào)道,感染伽馬冠病毒(IBV)會(huì)誘導(dǎo)原代腎細(xì)胞、氣管上皮細(xì)胞和雞細(xì)胞系中I型IFN反應(yīng)的激活,IBV的輔助蛋白3a和3b參與調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)錄以及I型IFN的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生,首次全面分析了伽馬冠病毒與禽類先天免疫反應(yīng)的宿主病毒相互作用。
2.6 IL
白細(xì)胞介素(IL)是在白細(xì)胞或免疫細(xì)胞間相互作用的細(xì)胞因子,可以刺激B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞增殖以及CTL活化,參與炎癥反應(yīng),在免疫調(diào)節(jié)和疾病防控方面越來(lái)越被人們重視。白介素種類眾多,雞IL-6是一種熱休克基因,是炎癥的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子。雞IL-9可能是一種分子量為25 kD的糖基化蛋白質(zhì),重組 IL-9在激活單核細(xì)胞/巨噬細(xì)胞和促進(jìn) CD3 T 細(xì)胞增殖方面具有生物學(xué)活性。雞IL-26在T細(xì)胞中表達(dá),通過(guò)JAK / STAT和NF-κB信號(hào)通路激活T細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的分子結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)促炎細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)。白細(xì)胞介素治療成本較高,在動(dòng)物疾病中應(yīng)用較少,但是蛋白純化效果較好,在疫苗開發(fā)有很大前景。Huo 等研究報(bào)道,雞chIL-2和chIL-7具有協(xié)同增效的作用,可以增強(qiáng)VP2 DNA疫苗在雞中針對(duì)雞傳染性法氏囊病毒的免疫性和保護(hù)功效。崔凱玲等采用基因佐劑配合雞球蟲活疫苗對(duì)雛雞進(jìn)行免疫攻毒試驗(yàn),研究結(jié)果表明,IL-4 和 IL-2重組基因佐劑可提高雞球蟲活疫苗的免疫效果,縮短免疫產(chǎn)生期和免疫間隔。Wang等對(duì)180只感染的京海黃雞DNA進(jìn)行測(cè)序,用于檢測(cè)IL-8基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)中的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)。結(jié)果顯示,IL-8基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的突變對(duì)球蟲病耐藥指數(shù)具有顯著的調(diào)控作用。Wang 等從無(wú)特異性(SPF)雞胚胎脾臟細(xì)胞中克隆了全長(zhǎng)雞IL-18基因,通過(guò)聯(lián)合注射IL-18質(zhì)粒和滅活新城疫病毒疫苗,在雞中檢查ChIL-18質(zhì)粒的潛在遺傳佐劑活性。結(jié)果表明,IL-18質(zhì)粒和NDV疫苗的共用能夠增強(qiáng)體液和細(xì)胞水平上的免疫反應(yīng),是一種適用于NDV疫苗接種的新型免疫佐劑。
3 結(jié)語(yǔ)
該研究重點(diǎn)從免疫防治和疾病方向綜述了TLRs、MHC、MX、IFN、NRAMP和IL 等影響家雞免疫性狀的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控基因,可以為抗病新品種的培育提供理論基礎(chǔ)。隨著養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的變革,疾病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重威脅整個(gè)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,飼養(yǎng)過(guò)程中大量濫用抗生素的現(xiàn)象將不復(fù)存在,如何減少藥物或疫苗使用量,減少病原體在宿主中的傳播,提高動(dòng)物的抗病力和免疫力,是今后疾病防控的趨勢(shì)?,F(xiàn)代分子生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用可以為今后家禽免疫系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能研究、抗病與免疫基因的發(fā)掘利用、免疫信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制以及臨床免疫和抗病育種提供技術(shù)支撐。目前對(duì)免疫機(jī)制的研究報(bào)道更多的是關(guān)注特異性免疫,在未來(lái)的研究中,需要更加關(guān)注非特異性免疫,為疾病的防控與治療提供新的思路。
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