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帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣在小腿外傷后骨裸露創(chuàng)面修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用

2024-03-04 07:33湯由之成智葛小靜朱喆辰蘇新
中國美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2024年2期

湯由之 成智 葛小靜 朱喆辰 蘇新

[摘要]目的:探討帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣在小腿外傷后骨裸露創(chuàng)面修復(fù)中的手術(shù)方法及術(shù)后效果。方法:選取2020年1月-2021年12月筆者醫(yī)院收治的因外傷致脛腓骨開放性骨折伴骨裸露的12例患者,根據(jù)缺損部位、面積,設(shè)計(jì)帶真皮的筋膜瓣,以翻轉(zhuǎn)180°的方式修復(fù)小腿外傷后的復(fù)雜創(chuàng)面,觀察患者治療效果及術(shù)后隨訪情況。結(jié)果:本組11例患者皮瓣完全成活,1例患者皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端退縮伴少量骨裸露,經(jīng)行對(duì)側(cè)翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣修復(fù)愈合。術(shù)后隨訪6~12個(gè)月,所有患者下肢外觀及功能恢復(fù)良好。結(jié)論:帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣修復(fù)小腿外傷后骨裸露創(chuàng)面可達(dá)到理想的外觀和功能恢復(fù),其具有設(shè)計(jì)靈活、操作簡潔、對(duì)皮瓣利用度高等特點(diǎn),可作為臨床上小腿外傷后可靠的早期修復(fù)方式。

[關(guān)鍵詞]翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣;帶真皮的筋膜瓣;小腿外傷;骨裸露;創(chuàng)面修復(fù)

[中圖分類號(hào)]R622? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ?[文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2024)02-0017-03

Application of Fasciocutaneous Turnover Flap in the Reconstruction of Traumatic Defects with Exposed Bone in Lower Legs

TANG Youzhi,CHENG Zhi,GE Xiaojing,ZHU Zhechen,SU Xin

(Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029,Jiangsu,China)

Abstract: Objective To discuss the surgical method and postoperative effect of fasciocutaneous turnover flap in repair of traumatic defects with exposed bone in crus. Methods? A total of 12 patients with open tibiofibular fractures with exposed bone caused by trauma admitted to the author's hospital from January 2020 to December 2021 were selected.Proper fasciocutaneous flaps were precisely designed according to the size and location of the wounds.The reconstructive surgery was completed by a 180° turnover flap with skin transplantation.Assessment was made by the patient’s treatment effect and postoperative follow-up. Results? 11 cases of turnover flaps survived completely.In 1 patient,a small amount of bone bared due to the distal retraction of the flap,and the wound was reconstructed by a symmetric turnover flap.The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 12 months and showed a desirable appearance and function of the lower extremities. Conclusion? Application of fasciocutaneous turnover flap in repairing traumatic defects with exposed bone in lower legs can achieve the ideal appearance and function recovery.It has the characteristics of flexible design,simple operation,and high utilization of the donor flap,which can be used as a reliable early repair method after calf trauma in clinical practice.

Key words: turnover flap; fasciocutaneous flap; lower leg trauma; exposed bone; wound repair

小腿外傷后的軟組織缺損常形成骨、肌腱或植入物裸露的創(chuàng)面,臨床上多用游離皮瓣、帶知名血管蒂的筋膜瓣、肌瓣或人工真皮支架進(jìn)行修復(fù),但這些方法手術(shù)難度大、治療費(fèi)用高、住院周期長[1]。另外,患有多種合并癥的老年患者一般不適用復(fù)雜皮瓣進(jìn)行重建。翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣修復(fù)作為一種較傳統(tǒng)方法更快、更簡單、治療費(fèi)用更低的方法,近年來被越來越多地應(yīng)用在臨床治療中。2020年1月-2021年12月,筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)用帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣修復(fù)12例外傷后脛腓骨開放性骨折伴骨裸露創(chuàng)面患者,隨訪6~12個(gè)月,獲得良好療效?,F(xiàn)將具體結(jié)果報(bào)道如下。

1? 資料和方法

1.1 一般資料:本研究納入病例12例,其中男9例,女3例;年齡17~62歲,平均年齡53歲;平均住院時(shí)間17 d;創(chuàng)面面積3 cm×4 cm~10 cm×15 cm,其中脛骨裸露9例,腓骨裸露3例;翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣面積5 cm×6 cm~10 cm×15 cm,長寬比例為1:1~3:1。

1.2 手術(shù)方法

1.2.1 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備:所有患者均完善術(shù)前常規(guī)檢查,監(jiān)測、控制血糖、血壓,調(diào)整水、電解質(zhì)平衡,積極補(bǔ)充蛋白質(zhì)等營養(yǎng),積極控制影響創(chuàng)面愈合的各種基礎(chǔ)疾病。所有患者均已行骨折切開復(fù)位外固定術(shù),X線攝片評(píng)估骨折端對(duì)位對(duì)線良好。術(shù)前對(duì)創(chuàng)面進(jìn)行細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)及藥敏分析,創(chuàng)面積極換藥并根據(jù)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果行全身抗感染治療。對(duì)壞死組織較多或嚴(yán)重感染的創(chuàng)面,先徹底沖洗、清創(chuàng)去除壞死組織,封閉裸露髓腔,油紗保護(hù)骨膜缺失部位并給予封閉式負(fù)壓吸引治療,二期再行翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜真皮瓣修復(fù)[2]。

1.2.2 帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣設(shè)計(jì):根據(jù)骨裸露的缺損部位、形狀及大小,設(shè)計(jì)翻轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)(蒂部),翻轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)通常距創(chuàng)緣1.5 cm[3]以上,若翻轉(zhuǎn)組織量較大,可將翻轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)在深部肌間隔或肌間隙。在小腿,橫向的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣常有4處可靠的蒂部可供選擇:①脛骨后內(nèi)側(cè)緣的后內(nèi)側(cè)肌間隔;②腓骨后外側(cè)緣的后外側(cè)肌間隔;③腓骨前外側(cè)緣的前外側(cè)肌間隔;④脛骨外側(cè)緣的前肌間隔[4]。以蒂部所在體表投影位置為瓣的翻轉(zhuǎn)軸,以創(chuàng)面寬度、翻轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)與創(chuàng)緣間距、約1~2 cm的翻轉(zhuǎn)損失之和為瓣的寬,以創(chuàng)面長度為瓣的長,在遠(yuǎn)離創(chuàng)面的一側(cè)設(shè)計(jì)矩形或扇形的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣。

1.2.3 帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣的切取移植:沿設(shè)計(jì)線自翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣遠(yuǎn)端切開皮膚、皮下組織,直至深筋膜層深面。自此層次由遠(yuǎn)至近切取筋膜瓣,期間可予縫線牽開以充分暴露術(shù)野。在靠近蒂部(肌間隔)時(shí)需小心分離,以免損傷穿支血管。予手術(shù)刀或取皮刀切取皮瓣斷層皮片并留作備用,同時(shí)評(píng)估皮瓣血運(yùn)。將筋膜瓣自旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)翻折180°覆蓋骨外露創(chuàng)面,間斷無張力縫合固定,利于積血引出。將先前取下的皮片拉網(wǎng)或裁剪成“郵票”,以覆蓋供瓣區(qū)及翻轉(zhuǎn)后的皮瓣深筋膜面,若殘余創(chuàng)面較多可再行切取補(bǔ)充。油紗覆蓋后可打包并適當(dāng)加壓(避免蒂部受壓)或予負(fù)壓敷料覆蓋,持續(xù)負(fù)壓吸引。小腿中段橫截面解剖及手術(shù)方式示例見圖1。

1.2.4 術(shù)后處理:術(shù)后常規(guī)給予抗炎、抗凝、抗痙攣及改善微循環(huán)等治療。一般術(shù)后5~7 d拆除包堆或負(fù)壓敷料,給予換藥治療。創(chuàng)面基本愈合后給予網(wǎng)狀彈性繃帶壓迫,以抑制瘢痕生長。

2? 結(jié)果

12例患者中,11例帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣完全成活,1例因創(chuàng)周瘢痕增生,術(shù)后皮瓣遠(yuǎn)端退縮致少量骨性結(jié)構(gòu)裸露,行對(duì)側(cè)帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣修復(fù)后愈合。術(shù)后經(jīng)6~12個(gè)月隨訪,所有患者對(duì)肢體功能及外形恢復(fù)滿意。

3? 典型病例

某男,62歲,因“左下肢外傷后劇烈疼痛、流血伴活動(dòng)障礙1 d”入院,CT提示左脛腓骨上中段粉碎性骨折,既往有吸煙史30余年,未戒煙。入院后于骨科急診行骨折清創(chuàng)+外固定支架固定術(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)后因左小腿軟組織缺損較多并伴骨裸露轉(zhuǎn)入筆者科室。因創(chuàng)面污染嚴(yán)重伴較多壞死組織,遂先行清創(chuàng)術(shù)及負(fù)壓吸引治療。術(shù)后6 d拆除負(fù)壓敷料,創(chuàng)面基本清潔,脛骨中段有約4 cm×11 cm骨外露創(chuàng)面伴小腿外側(cè)皮膚缺損。于創(chuàng)面內(nèi)側(cè)的后內(nèi)側(cè)肌間隔投影為旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn),設(shè)計(jì)并切取小腿內(nèi)側(cè)10 cm×15 cm扇形筋膜皮瓣。切取皮瓣后去表皮,沿旋轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)翻轉(zhuǎn)皮瓣180°,并以縫線間斷固定皮瓣四周。殘余創(chuàng)面予“郵票”皮片覆蓋,油紗覆蓋后-100 mmHg持續(xù)負(fù)壓吸引治療。術(shù)后5 d拆除負(fù)壓敷料,皮瓣、皮片成活可。術(shù)后隨訪6個(gè)月,患者對(duì)下肢功能及外形恢復(fù)滿意。見圖2。

4? 討論

外傷引起的小腿復(fù)雜創(chuàng)面有多種修復(fù)方式,臨床上以皮瓣修復(fù)為主,常用的有游離皮瓣、腓腸肌神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)皮瓣、脛后動(dòng)脈穿支島狀皮瓣等[5-6]。在小腿,傳統(tǒng)皮瓣因組織量受限、受區(qū)血管條件差等因素常不能較好地修復(fù)這些創(chuàng)面,并有較高的可能導(dǎo)致皮瓣壞死[7-8]。部分皮瓣在切取深筋膜時(shí)還需合并主要神經(jīng)、血管,這不僅增加了供區(qū)的損傷,也增大了皮瓣的厚度,使得受區(qū)臃腫,部分患者遠(yuǎn)期還需行皮瓣修薄術(shù),得不償失[9]。通過對(duì)小腿解剖結(jié)構(gòu)及血供的研究,Thatte RL等[10]首先提出了翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣的術(shù)式進(jìn)行修復(fù)。研究表明,小腿擁有豐富的筋膜穿支血管,并在深筋膜層次相互吻合形成密集的深筋膜血管網(wǎng),并通過穿支血管與真皮下血管網(wǎng)相互交通,組成立體的網(wǎng)狀血管系統(tǒng)[11],并且這些穿支血管的直徑通常大于5 mm[12]。因此將蒂部設(shè)計(jì)于此的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣擁有充沛的血運(yùn)[11]。帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣較傳統(tǒng)的筋膜瓣其優(yōu)勢在于保留了真皮下血管網(wǎng)這一立體交通,在去除皮瓣表皮減少組織負(fù)荷的同時(shí)使開放的真皮層少量引出瘀血,促進(jìn)創(chuàng)基肉芽組織形成、愈合。

對(duì)于小腿創(chuàng)面,傳統(tǒng)皮瓣因旋轉(zhuǎn)角度及蒂長的限制,常用于修復(fù)供瓣區(qū)同側(cè)創(chuàng)面。翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣則可設(shè)計(jì)于創(chuàng)面的任意一側(cè),可以橫向翻轉(zhuǎn)(如利用小腿內(nèi)側(cè)組織修復(fù)脛前及小腿外側(cè)創(chuàng)面),也可以縱向翻轉(zhuǎn),或是兩側(cè)向創(chuàng)面中央翻轉(zhuǎn)[3-4,7,13-15]。這大大提高了其可用于修復(fù)的面積。而皮瓣大小也與創(chuàng)面大小相當(dāng),提高了對(duì)皮瓣的利用度。同時(shí),對(duì)供瓣區(qū)的選擇非常靈活,不易受外固定支架占位、局部軟組織缺損等因素的影響。在切取皮瓣時(shí)亦無需游離知名血管,減少了手術(shù)難度及血管損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)骨折端裸露的創(chuàng)面,通過翻轉(zhuǎn)將真皮層與創(chuàng)面接觸,較傳統(tǒng)筋膜瓣擁有更好的組織韌性,可減少貼骨瘢痕的形成[3]。同時(shí)皮瓣翻轉(zhuǎn)前切取的斷層皮片可回植于供瓣區(qū)及創(chuàng)面,充分利用皮膚組織。

本組患者通過帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣修復(fù)小腿創(chuàng)面獲得了良好的療效。其中1例因創(chuàng)周瘢痕增生致部分骨裸露創(chuàng)面暴露,經(jīng)再次手術(shù)修復(fù)后愈合。所有患者術(shù)后瘢痕無明顯萎縮。同時(shí),供瓣區(qū)為臨近組織,修復(fù)后外形、質(zhì)地與原形態(tài)相近。經(jīng)過多次手術(shù)實(shí)踐與討論,筆者團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)該術(shù)式心得總結(jié)如下:①對(duì)嚴(yán)重感染的創(chuàng)面,應(yīng)先行清創(chuàng),減輕炎癥負(fù)荷,并可聯(lián)合負(fù)壓吸引治療,皮瓣移植后亦可行負(fù)壓吸引治療充分引流[2];②皮瓣的組織量較大時(shí),盡量將蒂部設(shè)計(jì)于肌間隔,并增加翻轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)距創(chuàng)緣的距離至2 cm,以獲得充足的血運(yùn);③皮瓣的長寬比一般不超過3:1,對(duì)較大創(chuàng)面可行雙側(cè)翻轉(zhuǎn)皮瓣修復(fù);④分離深筋膜時(shí)盡量緊貼肌膜,必要時(shí)可攜帶肌膜[16];⑤若預(yù)設(shè)皮瓣的肌間隔內(nèi)未見穿支血管,可適當(dāng)將切口向兩側(cè)延長,盡可能包含1條穿支血管在內(nèi)[17],術(shù)前行超聲定位后再行設(shè)計(jì)將更有保障;⑥若I期修復(fù)創(chuàng)面,皮片移植時(shí)選擇刃厚、薄中厚皮片,采用拉網(wǎng)、“郵票”移植方法成活率更高[18];⑦對(duì)病程較長的患者,因創(chuàng)周瘢痕增生,皮瓣常不能無張力翻轉(zhuǎn)180°,需謹(jǐn)慎使用。

綜上所述,帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣血運(yùn)可靠,韌性較強(qiáng),設(shè)計(jì)靈活,操作簡潔,對(duì)皮瓣利用度高,是臨床上小腿外傷后可靠的早期修復(fù)方式之一。

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[收稿日期]2022-10-08

本文引用格式:湯由之,成智,葛小靜,等.帶真皮的翻轉(zhuǎn)筋膜瓣在小腿外傷后骨裸露創(chuàng)面修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(2):17-19.

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