北京 昝亞娟
語法填空承載著在具體的語境中考查基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識的使命,通過語篇考查考生對基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識的運用能力。由于英語基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識紛繁復(fù)雜,因此語法填空題成為考生最容易失分的題型之一。
語法填空題的體裁多樣,主題語境較為豐富。命題人在語法填空的語篇中常巧妙融入中國元素,講述中國故事,弘揚中國文化,以提升考生的民族自豪感。同時,素材的內(nèi)容與時俱進(jìn),體現(xiàn)鮮明的時代特征,使考生能夠開闊視野,以發(fā)揮高考命題的育人功能,落實立德樹人的根本任務(wù)。表1 是對2023 年高考英語語法填空題語篇的分析。
表1 2023年高考英語語法填空題語篇分析
語法填空的設(shè)題方式包括已知提示類和上下文語境類兩種。已知提示類設(shè)空一般為6 至7 個,上下文語境類一般為3 至4 個。已知提示類的命題中,提示詞均為實詞。上下文語境類命題中考查的詞匯多為連詞和一些固定搭配。語篇中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和常見單詞的基本形式是考查的重點。
語法填空題保持了近幾年高考命題的特點:重視對基礎(chǔ)知識的考查,考點分布均勻,突出對主干知識的考查??疾榈闹攸c是謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞和復(fù)合句,包括名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。此外,上下句的邏輯關(guān)系和習(xí)慣用語也是必考的內(nèi)容。而冠詞、介詞和數(shù)詞等則是考查頻率相對較低的考點,通常對它們進(jìn)行間歇性的考查。表2是對2023年高考英語語法填空題的考點分析。
2023年高考英語語法填空題考點分析
值得注意的是,2023年新高考Ⅰ卷的語法填空并未考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、定語從句、名詞性從句等主干知識點,而是考查了4 個非謂語動詞。新高考Ⅱ卷的語法填空中,6 個題有提示詞,4 個題未給出提示詞。這充分說明高考命題并無真正的“規(guī)律”可言,這種命題創(chuàng)新方式提高了試題的區(qū)分度。2023 年新高考Ⅰ卷的語法填空對非謂語動詞考查的內(nèi)容更加全面:第57題考查whether to do 結(jié)構(gòu),第59 題考查過去分詞作定語,第61 題考查動詞不定式的被動式作賓語補足語,第65 題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。2023 年全國乙卷的第66 題考查現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式。與往年相比,試題的難度有所增加。由此可以推斷出,高考對英語語法填空的考查角度和方式更加靈活多樣,考點更加全面,對考生的語言能力提出了更高的要求。
我們來看幾個典型例題。
(1)Nanxiang aside, the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them 61.________(lift) out of the steamer basket without allowing them to be torn or spill any of their contents.(2023 年新高考Ⅰ卷)
【點撥】本題考查非謂語動詞。語境表明:除了南翔,最好的小籠包的皮非常勁道。當(dāng)它們被從蒸籠里夾出來的時候不會被夾破,包子餡也不會溢出來。本句考查了allow sb to do sth 的用法,意為“允許某人做某事”。結(jié)合語境可知,設(shè)空處表被動,所以應(yīng)用動詞不定式的被動式,故填to be lifted。
(2)No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems greedy,so I am always left 65.________(want) more next time.(2023年新高考Ⅰ卷)
【點撥】本題考查非謂語動詞。語境表明:無論我在哪里買小籠包,一屜總是不夠吃,而買兩屜又顯得太貪吃了,所以我總是想下次多買一些。本句考查了leave sb doing sth 的用法,意為“讓某人一直做某事”,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。故填wanting。
(3)66.________(visit) several times over the last 10 years, I 67.________(amaze)by the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遺產(chǎn)) while constantly growing.(2023年全國乙卷)
【點撥】第66 題考查非謂語動詞。句中的狀語several times over the last 10 years暗示visit 這一動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生多次,故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式Having visited,以表示該動作是主語發(fā)出的,且比謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生得更早。第67題考查謂語動詞。語境表明:在過去的十年中,我多次來北京參觀。我驚嘆于新與舊的共存,以及一個城市如何能夠在不斷發(fā)展的同時保持如此豐富的遺產(chǎn)。第67題考查的是be amazed by 的用法,故填am amazed。
語法填空題旨在具體的語境中考查考生對基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識的掌握情況,因此,在復(fù)習(xí)備考中要突出語境化的特點,堅持基于情境進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,重視基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識的應(yīng)用,以扎實地掌握基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識,培養(yǎng)答題能力。
考生復(fù)習(xí)備考的主要任務(wù)之一就是系統(tǒng)地復(fù)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)詞匯,并進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)脑~類轉(zhuǎn)換和拓展,科學(xué)地訓(xùn)練核心詞匯,使自己能夠在具體的語境中正確應(yīng)用詞匯。
在復(fù)習(xí)詞匯時,考生應(yīng)積累一些常見的構(gòu)詞法,如前綴、后綴、派生以及合成等。我們來看一組選詞填空題。___________________________________________
?
(1)________, everything worked out all right in the end.
(2)The artist died in poverty in 1947, but his art is worth a ________.
(3)David managed to escape, but the others were not so ________.
(4)You are not the only person to have suffered ________ in life.
(5)I intended to arrive here an hour ago, but ________ I missed the train.
(6)It was very ________ that the power went out during the movie.
【答案】(1)Fortunately (2)fortune (3)fortunate (4)misfortune(5)unfortunately (6)unfortunate
通過填寫以上的六個句子,考生掌握了由fortune 通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)換變化而來的單詞的用法。考生不僅復(fù)習(xí)了前綴 un-和mis-以及后綴-ate 和-ly 的用法,而且掌握了它們在句中的用法。在語境中應(yīng)用詞匯,考生不僅掌握了這些詞匯的基本用法,熟悉了英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu),而且為使用英語進(jìn)行表達(dá)做了充分的積累。
脫離語境孤零零地記憶單詞的做法耗時較多,且容易遺忘,因此詞匯的復(fù)習(xí)應(yīng)堅持“詞不離句,句不離文”的原則。在句子中復(fù)習(xí)詞匯時,考生需要理解句意,判斷單詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞?,然后選擇單詞的正確形式。我們再來看一組選詞填空題。_______________________________________________________________
?
(1)It is reported that the experiment was a big ________.
(2)Scientists claim they ________ in finding a cure for cancer so far.
(3)As a businessman, Arthur has been highly ________.
(4)Unfortunately, the advertising campaign has been largely ________.
(5)A number of patients have been ________ treated with the new drug.
(6)When she was young, she tired ________ to start several small businesses.
【 答 案】(1)success (2)have succeeded (3)successful (4)unsuccessful
(5)successfully (6)unsuccessfully
通過完成上面這組選詞填空題,考生掌握了與success 相關(guān)單詞的用法,梳理和鞏固了不同詞類的用法,可謂一舉多得。
高考常考的基礎(chǔ)語法知識主要包括謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、主謂一致、復(fù)合句、名詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞。重點考點包括謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、主謂一致、復(fù)合句、名詞、形容詞、副詞等。在復(fù)習(xí)備考時,考生既要全面復(fù)習(xí),系統(tǒng)梳理,又要突出重點,強化主干知識的學(xué)習(xí)??忌鷳?yīng)深入研究近五年的高考試題,弄清楚高考的熱點和考生的易錯點。下面以動詞考點為例,我們來看看如何復(fù)習(xí)備考。
用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
(1)English ________(teach) in middle schools in China.
(2)Mr Smith is a foreign teacher who ________(teach) English in China.
(3)Mr Smith ________(teach) spoken English in Xinhua Middle School this term.
(4)Mr Smith ________(teach) English in China since 2001.
(5)Mr Smith ________(teach) English in China last year.
(6)Mr Smith ________(teach) English in China next year.
(7)Mr Smith ________(teach) in the US for ten years before he came to work in China.
(8)Mr Smith enjoys ________(teach) English in China.
(9)Mr Smith expects ________(teach) English drama next term.
(10)I still remember the English song ________(teach) by Mr Smith.
(11)Mr Smith has many years of experience in ________(teach) English in China.
(12)I dream of becoming a ________(teach) when I grow up.
【答案】(1)is taught (2)teaches (3)is teaching (4)has taught/has been teaching(5)taught (6)will teach (7)had taught (8)teaching (9)to teach (10)taught(11)teaching (12)teacher
通過完成上面這組語法填空題,考生復(fù)習(xí)了謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動詞以及動詞與名詞的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。解題時,考生應(yīng)關(guān)注句中的時間狀語,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),從而選用正確的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、非謂語動詞形式或其他恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~形。
謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、名詞性從句和定語從句既是語法填空題的高頻考點,也是試題的難點和易錯點。在復(fù)習(xí)時,考生要勤于動腦,分析命題特點,掌握解題方法。
用所給單詞的正確形式填空。
(1)________(put) your heart into your lessons, you will make greater progress.
(2)While ________(visit) the British Museum, I saw some Chinese cultural relics on display.
(3)________(be) a medical expert, Dr Zhong Nanshan devotes a lot of his time to doing scientific research.
(4)________(use) modern technology, China has successfully sent its spacecraft to land on the moon.
(5)Li Shizhen climbed high mountains, ________(collect) all kinds of herbs.
(6)Tu Youyou read ancient Chinese books again and again, eventually ________(find) a cure for malaria.
【答案】(1)Putting (2)visiting (3)Being (4)Using (5)collecting (6)finding
上面這組句子的共同特點就是主語是分詞動作的發(fā)出者, 故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,表示一個主動的動作。
對比下面兩組句子。
(1)A.________(design) in the shape of a bird's nest, the National Stadium looks magnificent.
B.________(look) like a bird's nest, the National Stadium has become a popular tourist attraction in Beijing.
(2)A.________(build) by hand in ancient times, the Great Wall is considered as one of the seven wonders in the world.
B.________(wind) its way across North China, the Great Wall is like a huge dragon.
【答案】 (1)A.Designed B.Looking (2)A.Built B.Winding
分析以上兩組句子可知,如果主語是動作的發(fā)出者,且動作正在進(jìn)行,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。如果主語是動作的承受者,且動作已經(jīng)完成,應(yīng)用過去分詞作狀語。通過這種對比,考生可以掌握現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的特點,從而避免犯錯。
在復(fù)習(xí)備考時,考生要盡量減少死記硬背基礎(chǔ)詞匯和語法知識;相反,考生可以在語篇中反復(fù)使用它們。在使用的過程中,考生可以把語言知識轉(zhuǎn)換為語言技能。
We live in a competitive society that has both winners and losers.Experts, teachers and life coaches mainly teach us (1)________ to become winners.Few teach us a much more (2)________(value) lesson—how to cope with failure.
A society that worships winners tends(3)________(make) horrible choices, whether considered from a moral or a practical perspective.Consider the widespread practice of(4)________(prefer) job applicants with a near-perfect grade point average over those with more varied scores.
The conventional view is (5)________ someone with a near-perfect GPA will become a near-perfect employee.Yet, there is a glaring flaw in this reasoning.A straight-A student is not a perfect person but someone(6)________ has never done badly in a course.This(7)________(mean) that he has never really been tested.If he has not been tested to the extent of receiving at least some weak grades, then he has also missed out on learning to cope with failure.Such individuals tend to be perfectionists, and this trait is (8)________(associate) with low resilience in response to failure.
An untested employee is likely to break down under pressure from real-world difficulties and (9)________(challenge).Even if he does not fall apart (10)________(emotion), he tends to be weak-minded and uncreative.
【答 案】(1)how (2)valuable (3)to make (4)preferring (5)that (6)who(7)means (8)associated (9)challenges (10)emotionally
近年的高考命題逐步加大對考生思維品質(zhì)的考查力度,因此,考生應(yīng)使用多種訓(xùn)練方法,強化對思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。例如,在進(jìn)行復(fù)合句復(fù)習(xí)時,尋找一組主句和一組從句,把主從句進(jìn)行匹配??忌挥凶x懂句子,理解句意和邏輯關(guān)系,才能把從句放在主句中,使句意通順、合乎邏輯,從而培養(yǎng)自己的思維品質(zhì)。
選出下列主句對應(yīng)的從句。
(1)You never know ________ until you try.(2)People with goals succeed because they know________.(3)Success is ________.(4)The day you stop caring ________ is the day your life begins.(5)Always stay true to yourself and never sacrifice________for anyone.(6)Be strong enough to stand alone, smart enough to know________, and brave enough to ask for it.(7)________ depends on your own efforts today.(8)When you feel like quitting, think about ________.____________________________A.who you are B.why you started C.what you can do D.when you need help E.where they are going F.what other people think of you G.Whether you will succeed tomorrow H.how high you bounce when you hit the bottom
【答案】 (1)C (2)E (3)H (4)F (5)A (6)D (7)G (8)B
在復(fù)習(xí)備考期間,考生應(yīng)養(yǎng)成反思的好習(xí)慣,總結(jié)成功的經(jīng)驗和教訓(xùn),改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)方法,提高學(xué)習(xí)效果。在總結(jié)和分析高考考點的基礎(chǔ)上,考生可以站在命題人的角度對短文進(jìn)行設(shè)空并設(shè)計試題,以更加深入地掌握命題的方法和技巧。
總之,語法填空題的復(fù)習(xí)備考應(yīng)堅持系統(tǒng)梳理,突出重點,重視在情境中應(yīng)用的原則。只要方法科學(xué),訓(xùn)練扎實,考生就能夯實基礎(chǔ),發(fā)展能力,從而更加輕松自如地應(yīng)對高考。