王來民

（河南鹿邑縣高級(jí)中學(xué)校）

高考閱讀理解是思維的載體，命題人通過對(duì)閱讀設(shè)題，考查學(xué)生的推理，歸納，邏輯，批判等思維能力，進(jìn)行選拔人才和指導(dǎo)教學(xué)。受應(yīng)試教育的影響，學(xué)生的思維訓(xùn)練通常只停留在試卷刷題上，這對(duì)于細(xì)節(jié)方面的考查很有幫助，但在高階思維考查方面，存在明顯不足。本文通過對(duì)英語高考閱讀試題命題的分析和歸納，就推測(cè)隱含意義的微技能進(jìn)行探討研究。

一、依據(jù)內(nèi)容，合情推測(cè)

合情推測(cè)就是依據(jù)文中所提供的信息，結(jié)合主題意義，分析信息，推出作者所表達(dá)的真實(shí)意圖。由于推測(cè)涉及學(xué)生的心智特征，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生推理超出原文信息，或縮小原文信息，造成淺層推理，或無中生有等混亂邏輯，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選答案。根據(jù)推測(cè)內(nèi)容和設(shè)問方式，可以把推測(cè)隱含意義分為語義推理、上下段銜接推理、目的意圖推理、同義推理、出處推理、情感推理、數(shù)字推理、猜詞推理等。

1.語義推測(cè)

語義推測(cè)是指根據(jù)句意和上下句之間的關(guān)系，深挖作者的意圖。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)句外之意的理解，換句話說，就是弦外之音。由于學(xué)生對(duì)句意理解停留在表層，往往會(huì)誤選答案。針對(duì)語義推理，要看上下句之間的關(guān)系和考慮作者用意，不能膚淺理解句意。

（2023 新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）34.What did the followup study focus on?

A.The size of the groups.

B.The dominant members.

C.The discussion process.

D.The individual estimates.

【解析】原文中的tend to go with，follow，happened表明了參與實(shí)驗(yàn)的學(xué)生在討論中的表現(xiàn)，并不能單純理解對(duì)他們的詢問，句子之間強(qiáng)調(diào)的是參與實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)生所做的事情，整體來看，是參與者的表現(xiàn)行為，由此推出follow-up study 集中的是參與者表現(xiàn)過程，故選C。

2.上下段推測(cè)

上下段推測(cè)是借助于段落之間的銜接，而非某一段，該題型旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)上下段之間的關(guān)系把握。此類推理跨度大，對(duì)學(xué)生來說，該題型有一定的難度。解這類題時(shí)，要關(guān)注上下段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，考慮全面。

（2023 浙江1 月）26.What can we infer about the author?

A.She is quite good at cooking.

B.She respects others’privacy.

C.She enjoys being a housewife.

D.She is a determined person.

【解析】根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知作者零浪費(fèi)的行為并沒有被其父親認(rèn)可，再結(jié)合第四段“Yet as the months of reducing waste continued,I did what I could that was within my own reach...”可知，作者并沒有因?yàn)楦赣H的不贊成而放棄自己的零浪費(fèi)行為，以此推出作者是意志堅(jiān)定的人，故選D。

3.目的意圖推測(cè)

目的意圖推測(cè)就是對(duì)文章用途或文章中某一段的安排，用詞、用句的用意進(jìn)行推測(cè)，了解作者的意圖，從而更好地理解文章主旨意義。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生能否在文章中找到表達(dá)作者的目的段落或詞句。該類型題需要學(xué)生依據(jù)主題意義進(jìn)行推理。

（2023 新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）25.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?

A.To feed the animals.

B.To build an ecosystem.

C.To protect the plants.

D.To test the eco-machine.

【解析】該題考查作者意圖，首先要弄清楚John 是干什么的，他想干什么。根據(jù)“He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.”可知，他的目的是檢測(cè)生態(tài)機(jī)器，這是表達(dá)作者意圖的句子，故選D。若僅憑“A dirty stream,for example,often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.”就單純認(rèn)為動(dòng)物把污泥當(dāng)作食物，可能誤選A。

4.同義推測(cè)

同義推理就是選項(xiàng)與文中信息表達(dá)一致，選項(xiàng)換了一種表達(dá)，而詞義表達(dá)內(nèi)容是一致的，旨在考查同義表達(dá)，重點(diǎn)在于詞語對(duì)應(yīng)，有的學(xué)生詞語積累不豐富，對(duì)同義詞不了解，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選。

(2023 全國乙卷)25.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?

A.Proper time management.

B.Good shooting techniques.

C.Adventurous spirit.

D.Distinctive styles.

【解析】最后一段“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”中，wisely與proper 在語義上相對(duì)應(yīng)，故選A。

(2023 全國乙卷)26.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake?

A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.

B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.

C.They reached the shooting spot later than expected.

D.They had problems with their equipment.

【解析】根據(jù)最后一段“However,we did not mark the route（路線）so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.”可知，later than expected與 missing the sunset entirely 語義表達(dá)對(duì)等，表明他們沒有及時(shí)趕到，故選C。

5.數(shù)字推測(cè)

數(shù)字推測(cè)就是選項(xiàng)的數(shù)字從文中間接獲得，進(jìn)行一定的計(jì)算或轉(zhuǎn)換，從而得出答案。該題型旨在考查數(shù)字的轉(zhuǎn)化。學(xué)生若對(duì)數(shù)字表達(dá)的理解存在缺陷，就容易因計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選答案。

(2023 全國乙卷)30.Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?

A.20%. B.24%. C.25% D.33%.

【解析】第三段“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients（配料）than they used to,and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”中 one third 表示三分之一，進(jìn)行數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)化，可知答案為D。

6.情感推測(cè)

情感推測(cè)是指依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和語句表達(dá)，通過詞語表達(dá)的積極性或消極性，判斷作者所隱藏的情感，該題型旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)作者情感的把握。由于學(xué)生對(duì)語句，詞匯理解和經(jīng)歷可能存在差異，對(duì)情感理解若存在誤解，就會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選答案。

(2023 全國乙卷)27.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake?

A.Amusing. B.Satisfying.

C.Encouraging. D.Comforting.

【解析】根據(jù)“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”中的 some of my best shots 可知，作者認(rèn)為拍的照片是最好的，而“though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”使用了虛擬語氣，其中的 could have been so much better 讓一部分學(xué)生認(rèn)為是不太好，所以他們誤選了D.Comforting（令人安慰的）。這就是語言理解上存在差異，作者借助于虛擬語氣表達(dá)一點(diǎn)遺憾，但整體上是滿意的。

7.態(tài)度推測(cè)

態(tài)度推理是在文中對(duì)所牽涉到的人或作者對(duì)某件事的看法，比如，贊成、反對(duì)，或?qū)δ呈挛锏脑u(píng)價(jià)。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生從語句中推測(cè)出作者或他人的態(tài)度。如果態(tài)度在語句中凸顯出來，學(xué)生在做此類題時(shí)，就不易丟分。

（2023 新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?

A.Unclear B.Dismissive

C.Doubtful D.Approving

【解析】根據(jù)“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decisionmaking are enormous.”可知，盡管 Navajas 團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究存在著一些問題，對(duì)小組的討論和做出決定的潛在影響是巨大的，所以作者的態(tài)度是贊成的。

(2023 全國乙卷)28.What do people usually think of British food?

A.It is simple and plain.

B.It is rich in nutrition.

C.It lacks authentic tastes.

D.It deserves a high reputation.

【解析】根據(jù)“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips,or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables.But is British food really so uninteresting?” 可知，英國食物通常是fish and chips,所以人們認(rèn)為英國食物并沒有什么特別的東西，很平常，故選A。

8.出處推測(cè)

出處推測(cè)就是對(duì)文章來源進(jìn)行推理，該題型旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇類型的掌握。新聞報(bào)道類，社會(huì)報(bào)道等往往出自報(bào)紙，文章節(jié)選往往出自某書等。學(xué)生根據(jù)語篇類型和內(nèi)容分析，加上自己閱讀經(jīng)歷，便可選出正確答案，但由于部分學(xué)生閱讀少，會(huì)出現(xiàn)誤選現(xiàn)象。

(2023 全國乙卷)15.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?

A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World.

B.A Short History of Australia.

C.A History of the World in 100 Objects.

D.How Art Works Tell Stories.

【解析】根據(jù)“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t.”中some chapters of this book 可知，這是一本書，再根據(jù)“If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts...”可知，其內(nèi)容是關(guān)于如何講述歷史的，故選C。

9.猜詞推測(cè)

猜詞推測(cè)就是根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容或文章大意就畫線的某一個(gè)詞推出其在語境中的語義或所指代內(nèi)容。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生的語言能力，在語境中靈活運(yùn)用語義。學(xué)生對(duì)畫線部分單詞往往感到陌生，所以學(xué)生只能借助于句意或段意進(jìn)行推理，然后把推出的詞義替換所畫線的詞，再進(jìn)行閱讀，確定其是否合適。

(2023 全國甲卷)24.Which is closest in meaning to“a dab hand”in paragraph 1?

A.An artist. B.A winner.

C.A specialist. D.A pioneer.

【解析】根據(jù)“Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.”可知，Terri Bolton 擅長(zhǎng)搭建書架和組合家具，由此推出a dab hand 是某一領(lǐng)域的行家，故選C。

二、依據(jù)主題，推測(cè)主旨

依據(jù)主題，推測(cè)作者意圖就是依據(jù)主題和作者寫作意圖，根據(jù)情節(jié)和文章結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)段意或文章主旨進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)主題意義的掌握，在歸納時(shí)，會(huì)出現(xiàn)各方面的干擾，往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)以偏概全或偏離主題等現(xiàn)象。

(2023 全國乙卷)32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?

A.How past events should be presented.

B.What humanity is concerned about.

C.Whether facts speak louder than words.

D.Why written language is reliable.

【解析】根據(jù)“If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not...”中的 tell the history，texts，writing，things可歸納為歷史是通過文字、實(shí)物講述的，也就是歷史如何被記載的，故選A。

（2023 浙江1 月）35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay.

B.Solar Energy: Hope for the Future.

C.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture.

D.Solar Farms: A New Development.

【解析】根據(jù)文中“Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible,so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them ”可知，太陽能板安裝后，開發(fā)者對(duì)太陽能板下的空間并沒有在意，導(dǎo)致人們不想安裝太陽能板。再根據(jù)“Over the past few years,many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators,resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.”可知，太陽能開發(fā)者關(guān)注了太陽能板下的空間，已經(jīng)改變?cè)瓉磙r(nóng)田荒蕪的狀態(tài)，逐漸開發(fā)使用，通過整體分析可知，本文講述了太陽能田地的開發(fā)使用，故選D。

三、依據(jù)語境，推測(cè)辨析

推測(cè)辨析就是借助語境信息，對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分析、論證，直至將干擾項(xiàng)排除，最終推測(cè)出正確答案。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)干擾項(xiàng)的辨別和對(duì)正確答案的推測(cè)論證。由于干擾項(xiàng)的存在，批判性思維尤為重要，需要學(xué)生全面深入思考，推測(cè)出干擾項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤，從而推測(cè)出命題者要考查的意圖，選出正確答案。

（2023 全 國 乙 卷）33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?

A.His report was scientific.

B.He represented the local people.

C.He ruled over Botany Bay.

D.His record was one-sided.

【解析】根據(jù)“From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.”可知，單從英國這一方面看，A 項(xiàng)是正確的，實(shí)際上存在片面。再根據(jù)“The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.”可知，Botany Bay 是沖突的發(fā)生地，Aboriginals 是發(fā)生矛盾的對(duì)象，由此推出B 項(xiàng)和C 項(xiàng)是望文生義。由“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t.”可知，歷史僅僅憑文字是不夠的，應(yīng)該是既有文字又有物證，這才是科學(xué)的，故選D。

四、依據(jù)情節(jié)，推測(cè)結(jié)局續(xù)寫

推測(cè)結(jié)局續(xù)寫就是根據(jù)文章的主旨意義和最后一段的主要內(nèi)容，對(duì)文章的后續(xù)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)，該題型旨在考查學(xué)生的輸出能力。要想做好正遷移，需要把握主題意義，分析文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和最后一段關(guān)鍵句型，才能選出正確的選項(xiàng)。

(2023 全國乙卷)11.What might the author continue talking about?

A.The art of cooking in other countries.

B.Male chefs on TV programmes.

C.Table manners in the UK.

D.Studies of big eaters.

【解析】根據(jù)“Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.”可知，英國雖然烹飪技術(shù)并不高，但它們的一流廚師不斷出現(xiàn)在電視上，并且他們的烹飪書是最暢銷的，由此推斷，英國電視上的廚師節(jié)目很受歡迎，同時(shí)也可以得出文章主要講電視上的廚藝；再由最后一段中的“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,it’s no longer‘uncool’for boys to like cooking.”便推出男廚師越來越多出現(xiàn)在電視上，結(jié)合全文主旨，由此可知接下來是圍繞在電視上的男廚師展開話題，故選B。

備考建議

1.把握主題意義

主題意義是推測(cè)隱含意義訓(xùn)練的核心，學(xué)生如果不知道一篇文章的主題意義，推測(cè)隱含意義微技能訓(xùn)練就會(huì)落為空談。有了對(duì)主題意義的把握，才會(huì)對(duì)所有的推測(cè)隱含意義訓(xùn)練提供有力的佐證，所以在閱讀前要分析文本結(jié)構(gòu)，梳理文章主線，得出主題意義。

2.定期推測(cè)隱含意義訓(xùn)練

每天對(duì)不同的推測(cè)隱含意義內(nèi)容進(jìn)行針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練，在把握主題意義的條件下，對(duì)問題進(jìn)行合理分析，推斷，論證，對(duì)獨(dú)自完成不了的情況，與同學(xué)或老師進(jìn)行討論，直到解決問題。定期對(duì)有價(jià)值的問題，進(jìn)行反思，調(diào)整自己的思維模式。

3.分析句子

句子在思維品質(zhì)訓(xùn)練上也起到重要作用，學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)句子的分析，推測(cè)出真實(shí)的語義，也就為掌握文章主題意義提供了關(guān)鍵的一步。要定期歸納句子及其所用的詞，積累其在語境中的意義，并加以鞏固復(fù)習(xí)。

總之，高考閱讀命題本著無思維，不命題的原則，所以高考閱讀對(duì)學(xué)生推測(cè)意義考查是高考的重點(diǎn)，也是英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)。熟知命題人的考查思維方式是備考的捷徑，對(duì)推測(cè)隱含意義的針對(duì)性的訓(xùn)練是提升思維品質(zhì)的有效途徑。

【針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練】

For Canaan Elementary’s second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.，today is speech day,and right now it’s Chris Palaez’s turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.

But he’s nervous.“I’m here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“-ld”，a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls（回想起）how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.

Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student,”Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language,to feel confident enough to say,‘I don’t know,but I want to know.’”

Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸耀）about themselves.

“Boasting about yourself,and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”

1.What does the underlined word“stumbles”in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.

C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.

2.We can infer that the pupose of Whaley’s project is to _______________.

A.help students see their own strengths

B.assess students’ public speaking skills

C.prepare students for their future jobs

D.inspire students’ love for politics

3.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?

A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.

C.Caring. D.Demanding.