趙后秀 郝先哲 石峰 李軍宏 梁琪 王潭剛 田立文 羅宏海 王軍
doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.03.004
摘? 要:【目的】研究有機(jī)液體肥對新疆南疆膜下滴灌棉花冠層特征、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響。
【方法】選用塔河2號為參試品種,以單施化肥棉田為對照(CK),設(shè)置有機(jī)液體肥處理(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5),測定并分析不同處理下株高、主莖葉片數(shù)、葉面積指數(shù)、葉傾角、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的變化。
【結(jié)果】與CK相比,施用有機(jī)液體肥提高了棉花株高、主莖葉片數(shù)、葉面積指數(shù)、葉傾角與地上部生物量。當(dāng)籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上時,棉花株高、主莖葉片數(shù)、葉面積指數(shù)和葉傾角較CK分別增加1.3~10.3 cm、2.0~2.3片、1.7~2.9、5.6~9.3°,營養(yǎng)和生殖器官干物質(zhì)重較CK分別增加了1.3~25.7和0.1~44.5 g/株。且當(dāng)籽棉產(chǎn)量超過6 000 kg/hm2時,籽棉產(chǎn)量、單鈴重、總鈴數(shù)較CK分別增加了17.2%~31.9%、15.5%~28.8%和3.5%~10.1%。此外,與CK相比,施用有機(jī)液體肥還提高了棉花上半部纖維平均長度、整齊度和斷裂比強(qiáng)度。
【結(jié)論】與單施化肥相比,施用有機(jī)液體肥能夠改善棉花冠層結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)干物質(zhì)積累,增產(chǎn)提質(zhì),且成本低,易操作,適合新疆南疆棉區(qū)推廣應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞:棉花;有機(jī)液體肥;品質(zhì);產(chǎn)量;冠層特征
中圖分類號:S562??? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??? 文章編號:1001-4330(2024)03-0556-09
收稿日期(Received):
2023-08-05
基金項(xiàng)目:
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(32260539)
作者簡介:
趙后秀(1999-),男,江蘇宿遷人,碩士研究生,研究方向?yàn)樽魑锔弋a(chǎn)生理與節(jié)水栽培,(E-mail)2545747822@qq.com
通訊作者:
王軍(1980-),男,新疆人,研究員,博士,碩士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)樽魑锔弋a(chǎn)生理與節(jié)水栽培,(E-mail)108689011@qq.com
0? 引 言
【研究意義】新疆是我國重要的優(yōu)質(zhì)棉主產(chǎn)區(qū),棉花種植面積及產(chǎn)量均處于全國首位[1]。合理施肥可以構(gòu)建棉花優(yōu)良群體和個體結(jié)構(gòu),提高棉花產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)[2-3]。但過量施肥或化肥不合理施用,以及肥料施用比例失衡,會造成土壤肥力降低和土壤板結(jié)[4-5]。因此,研究有機(jī)液體肥合理施用協(xié)調(diào)增產(chǎn)的關(guān)系對新疆南疆有機(jī)液體肥的應(yīng)用有實(shí)際意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】有機(jī)無機(jī)配施是棉花獲得較高產(chǎn)量的重要措施[6]。王寧等[7] 研究發(fā)現(xiàn),單施化肥較有機(jī)無機(jī)肥配施會明顯降低棉花單株鈴數(shù),造成籽棉產(chǎn)量損失。殷彩云等[8]研究表明,在新疆南疆棉田墾區(qū),加大棉田有機(jī)肥、生物菌肥的施入,不僅可減少氮、磷、鉀肥的施用,還能促進(jìn)棉花生殖生長,進(jìn)而使產(chǎn)量水平得到大幅提高。以有機(jī)無機(jī)肥配施固體化肥或有機(jī)肥作基肥施用方式施用時耗時、費(fèi)力,且由于其肥效遲緩而難以及時供應(yīng)養(yǎng)分等問題[9]。有機(jī)液體肥是一種具有豐富有機(jī)質(zhì)的功能性液體肥料,其養(yǎng)分含量高,便于配方施肥和滴灌施肥,易于被農(nóng)作物直接吸收;在提高土壤肥力水平,增強(qiáng)作物抗病和抗逆能力的同時,還有利于棉花塑造優(yōu)質(zhì)株型,有效改良棉花冠層結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)棉花生物量向生殖器官分配,進(jìn)而增加棉花產(chǎn)量[10],世界上一些發(fā)達(dá)國家使用較普遍[11]。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】目前大部分研究主要集中于固體化肥減量投入方面,而對有機(jī)液體肥替代潛力的研究較少,導(dǎo)致有機(jī)液體肥未能在生產(chǎn)中廣泛使用,特別是在棉花生產(chǎn)中的推廣應(yīng)用仍然較少[12-13]。需研究有機(jī)液體肥對新疆南疆膜下滴灌棉花冠層特征、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以單施化肥處理為對照,分析施用有機(jī)液體肥后棉花的冠層結(jié)構(gòu)、干物質(zhì)積累和產(chǎn)量等變化,研究有機(jī)液體肥提高棉花產(chǎn)量的途徑,為新疆南疆棉花高效生產(chǎn)提供理論依據(jù)。
1? 材料與方法
1.1? 材 料
試驗(yàn)于2021年在新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)第三師主要植棉團(tuán)場(44團(tuán)、49團(tuán)、51團(tuán)、53團(tuán))進(jìn)行。棉花品種選用塔河2號,生育期為136 d左右,植株呈塔形,果枝為二式果枝,果節(jié)密,葉片較小,葉裂較深,主莖粗壯,葉枝發(fā)達(dá),果枝始節(jié)位6節(jié)左右,棉鈴較大,具有抗枯萎病,耐黃萎病的特性[14]。 表1
1.2? 方 法
1.2.1? 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計
放置有機(jī)液體肥5個處理(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5),以單施化肥為對照(CK),共計6個處理。表1~2
試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)棉花種植均采用205 cm超寬膜,1膜6行,寬窄行(66 cm+10 cm+66 cm)種植,株距為9.5 cm,密度14 000株/hm2。有機(jī)液體肥有效成分為可溶性有機(jī)物(腐殖酸≥ 30 g,氨基酸≥ 10 g/L)、微量元素(錳、鋅、硼≥ 1 g/L)、微生物菌群(枯草芽孢桿菌≥ 2×108g)和pH 4.5~6.5。棉花全生育期有機(jī)液體肥隨水滴施7次,總滴灌量4 200 m3/hm2,共施用肥料2 250 kg/hm2。常規(guī)用肥處理(CK)施用尿素(N 46%)600~675 kg/hm2,磷酸一銨(N 12%,P2O5 61%)225~300 kg/hm2,硫酸鉀(K2O 50%)150~225 kg/hm2,隨水滴施7次。田間其他管理同膜下滴灌高產(chǎn)棉田。表3
1.2.2? 測定指標(biāo)
1.2.2.1? 棉花冠層結(jié)構(gòu)
采用LAI-2200冠層儀測定棉花葉面積指數(shù)、平均葉傾角。將探頭水平放置于棉花冠層上方,按下測定按鈕,兩聲蜂鳴后將探頭放入群體內(nèi)地面上,仍保持水平,按下測定按鈕,兩聲蜂鳴后水平均勻移動探頭,選擇冠層內(nèi)不同位置測量4次,重復(fù)3次。并在每個取樣點(diǎn)隨機(jī)選取有代表性棉花5株,測定棉花株高、主莖葉片數(shù)。
1.2.2.2? 棉花干物質(zhì)積累量
于取樣點(diǎn)各選取有代表性棉花5株,從子葉節(jié)處剪去地上部植株,分成莖、葉、籽棉、鈴殼等器官分開洗凈后裝袋帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,105℃殺青0.5 h,80℃條件下烘干至恒重后稱重。
1.2.2.3? 棉花產(chǎn)量及纖維品質(zhì)
于收獲期,參照代表性面積為2.93 m×2.30 m的樣點(diǎn),重復(fù)3次,調(diào)查樣點(diǎn)內(nèi)全部株數(shù)和結(jié)鈴數(shù),折算出單位面積株數(shù)和單株鈴數(shù)。同時,在樣點(diǎn)內(nèi)選取長勢一致的棉株按自然高度分上部、中部、下部各取吐絮棉鈴50個,重復(fù)3次,分別裝入紙袋,裝袋帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室分別稱量,計算單鈴重。纖維品質(zhì)包括(上半部平均長度、整齊度、馬克隆值、斷裂比強(qiáng)度、伸長率),所用儀器為HFT9000型大容量纖維測試儀,校準(zhǔn)儀器用HVI校準(zhǔn)棉樣。
1.3? 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用Microsoft Office 2010和SPSS19.0整理分析處理數(shù)據(jù)并進(jìn)行相關(guān)分析,用Origin 2022作圖。
2? 結(jié)果與分析
2.1? 不同有機(jī)液體肥處理下棉花冠層結(jié)構(gòu)變化
2.1.1? 株 高
研究表明,有機(jī)液體肥處理下,棉花株高的生長速度動態(tài)變化呈現(xiàn)為盛花期前較快,盛花期后較慢的趨勢。其中T3、T5的株高在盛蕾期至盛鈴后期顯著高于其余條田(P<0.05),盛鈴期較CK分別提高了13.3%和9.7%。施用有機(jī)液體肥在棉花吐絮期除T3株高顯著高于CK外(P<0.05),其余條田較CK差異不顯著(P>0.05)。在盛花期至吐絮期內(nèi),施用有機(jī)液體肥T3、T5的株高較CK的增幅分別為12.5%和18.1%,且當(dāng)籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上時,株高表現(xiàn)為67~76 cm。圖1
2.1.2? 主莖葉片數(shù)
研究表明,棉花主莖葉片數(shù)總的變化趨勢從盛蕾期開始迅速增長,于盛鈴期至最高,而后逐漸下降。盛蕾期至盛鈴后期施用有機(jī)液體肥的棉花主莖葉片數(shù)高于CK,其中T2、T3的主莖葉片數(shù)在盛鈴期較CK顯著增加12.5%和15%。盛鈴后期至吐絮期各條田的棉花主莖葉片數(shù)大幅減少。施用有機(jī)液體肥實(shí)現(xiàn)籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上高產(chǎn)水平時,應(yīng)保持棉花盛鈴期的主莖葉片數(shù)不低于16片。圖2
2.1.3? 葉面積指數(shù)
研究表明,棉花葉面積指數(shù)隨著生育時期的推進(jìn)呈現(xiàn)先增后減的變化趨勢,盛花期至盛鈴后期達(dá)到峰值后,于吐絮期逐漸下降。在整個生育進(jìn)程中,除T1于盛鈴期和吐絮期的葉面積指數(shù)接近CK外,其余條田棉花各生育時期的葉面積指數(shù)均高于CK,其中T2、T3于盛鈴后期的葉面積指數(shù)為5.7和7.1,較CK分別增加了44.9%和41.2%。施用有機(jī)液體肥棉花的葉面積指數(shù)于吐絮期仍能保持在4.5以上(T1除外),較單施化肥提高了13.3%~22.8%。圖3
2.1.4? 葉傾角
研究表明,在生育期內(nèi)各條田棉花葉傾角均呈單峰折線,盛鈴后期出現(xiàn)峰值。施用有機(jī)液體肥各條田于盛花期至盛鈴期棉花葉傾角增長速率較?。挥谑⑩徠谥潦⑩徍笃诔尸F(xiàn)快速增長趨勢,且與CK相比,施用有機(jī)液體肥棉花的葉傾角在盛鈴后期提高了6.5%~18.3%,葉片較直立。籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上時,棉花盛鈴后期葉傾角表現(xiàn)為47~51°,較CK提高了11.8%~18.3%。圖4
2.2? 不同有機(jī)液體肥處理下棉花干物質(zhì)積累變化
研究表明, T1、T3的地上營養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)重在盛鈴后期至吐絮期高于CK,其中,盛鈴后期施用有機(jī)液體肥營養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)重較CK分別增加38.6%和50.1%,在吐絮期較CK提高了31.5%和36.3%。同時,施用有機(jī)液體肥棉花的生殖器官干物質(zhì)重于盛鈴后期至吐絮期較CK有所增長,分別增加了21.6%~35.0%和23.4%~50.0%。T3在整個生育期內(nèi)的地上營養(yǎng)器官和生殖器官干物質(zhì)重顯著高于CK,其中生殖器官干物質(zhì)重在盛蕾期、盛花期、盛鈴后期較CK顯著增長了82.1%、66.1%和60.3%。表4
2.3? 產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成
研究表明,施用有機(jī)液體肥T2、T3條田籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上,籽棉產(chǎn)量顯著高于CK(P<0.05),分別提高17.2%和31.9%。有機(jī)液體肥處理棉花單鈴重顯著高于CK(T4除外),T2、T3的單鈴重較CK顯著增加了15.5%和25.8%。除T3的單株鈴數(shù)顯著高于CK,T5的單株鈴數(shù)顯著低于CK外,其余各條田的棉花單株鈴數(shù)較CK差異不顯著。施用有機(jī)液體肥各處理籽棉產(chǎn)量差異明顯,各處理間籽棉產(chǎn)量水平差異性較大。若籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上,應(yīng)保證單鈴重大于5.8 g,總鈴數(shù)大于109×104個/hm2。 表5
2.4? 纖維品質(zhì)
研究表明,施用有機(jī)液體肥T1、T3條田的上半部纖維平均長度、整齊度、斷裂比強(qiáng)度和伸長率高于CK。籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上時,T3的上半部平均長度、整齊度、斷裂比強(qiáng)度和伸長率較CK分別高出11.1%、1.8%、13.1%和4.3%。同時,施用有機(jī)液體肥也提高了棉花馬克隆值(T1除外),籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上時,T2、T3的馬克隆值較CK分別增長8.5%和20.4%。在該地區(qū)施用有機(jī)液體肥能夠增加棉花籽棉產(chǎn)量至6 000 kg/hm2以上,且提高棉花上半部纖維平均長度、整齊度、斷裂比強(qiáng)度和伸長率,一定程度提高了棉花纖維品質(zhì)。表6
2.5? 棉花生育時期參數(shù)的相關(guān)性
研究表明,在P1時期,單鈴重與葉傾角呈顯著正相關(guān);籽棉產(chǎn)量與主莖葉片數(shù)、葉面積指數(shù)和地上生殖器官干物質(zhì)重呈顯著正相關(guān)。在P2時期,單鈴重與地上營養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)重呈顯著正相關(guān);籽棉產(chǎn)量與葉面積指數(shù)呈顯著正相關(guān)。在P3時期,單鈴重與地上營養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)重呈顯著正相關(guān);籽棉產(chǎn)量與葉面積指數(shù)呈顯著正相關(guān)。單鈴重和籽棉產(chǎn)量的增加與地上部干物質(zhì)重的增加直接相關(guān),地上部干物質(zhì)重的增加能顯著提高棉花單鈴重。表7
3? 討 論
3.1
施用生物有機(jī)液體肥能夠促進(jìn)棉花干物質(zhì)的積累及其向生殖器官分配的平衡,提高單株結(jié)鈴數(shù)和單鈴重,進(jìn)而增加棉花產(chǎn)量[15]。孫桂蘭等[16]研究表明,施用有機(jī)肥提高了棉花單鈴重和絨長,顯著提高了籽棉產(chǎn)量,且增產(chǎn)效果隨著有機(jī)肥用量的增大愈加明顯。有機(jī)肥替代化肥施用可以提高棉花的單株鈴數(shù),單鈴重,增產(chǎn)效果極顯著[17]。試驗(yàn)表明,施用有機(jī)液體肥較單施化肥,產(chǎn)量有所提高,其中有機(jī)液體肥T2、T3處理較單施化肥增產(chǎn)效果顯著,籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到了6 000 kg/hm2以上,增幅為17.2%~31.9%,且籽棉產(chǎn)量的增加主要表現(xiàn)為單鈴重和鈴數(shù)的提高。黃炳川等[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),花鈴期施用適量有機(jī)液體肥可提升棉花葉片的凈光合速率,加速地上部干物質(zhì)積累,進(jìn)而提高棉花產(chǎn)量。有機(jī)液體肥能夠促進(jìn)棉花營養(yǎng)生長,提高根系對氮、磷、鉀的吸收量,明顯增加棉花中后期干物質(zhì)積累[19]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),施用有機(jī)液體肥增加了棉花地上部生殖器官干物質(zhì)重,進(jìn)而加速了營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)向花蕾鈴器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),從而使產(chǎn)量得到大幅提高。當(dāng)灌溉水中鈉離子含量較高時,則會抑制棉花生長和產(chǎn)量形成[20]。新疆南疆地區(qū)淡水資源缺乏,長期滴灌咸水會造成土壤鹽漬化加劇和出苗率降低[21]。研究中,施用有機(jī)液體肥各處理籽棉產(chǎn)量差異明顯,是由于灌溉水礦化度高,長期灌溉造成土壤中鈉離子含量過高,加劇了土壤次生鹽漬化,導(dǎo)致處理間產(chǎn)量水平差異性較大。
3.2
李鵬兵等[22]研究表明提高棉花株高、葉面積指數(shù)能顯著增加棉花成鈴數(shù),進(jìn)而形成較高的籽棉產(chǎn)量水平。棉花株高、葉傾角與葉面積指數(shù)的增加,加速了營養(yǎng)器官干物質(zhì)積累,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)鈴數(shù)和籽棉產(chǎn)量的增加[23]。研究中,施用有機(jī)液體肥籽棉產(chǎn)量可達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上,得益于棉花株高、主莖葉片數(shù)的提升和冠層結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化??赡芘c施用有機(jī)液體肥后提高棉花葉綠素含量,降低生長后期葉面積指數(shù),改善了冠層中下部的光分布,保證了生育后期較高的群體光合速率有關(guān)[24]。
3.3
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),施用有機(jī)液體肥較單施化肥提升了蛋白質(zhì)含量、脂肪含量等品質(zhì)指標(biāo)[25]。郝先哲[26]研究表明,施用有機(jī)液體肥對棉花纖維品質(zhì)無顯著影響。研究結(jié)果表明,施用有機(jī)液體肥增加了棉花上半部纖維平均長度、整齊度、斷裂比強(qiáng)度和馬克隆值,是由于馬克隆值受鈴期最高溫度的影響,當(dāng)棉花鈴期受到高溫脅迫時,馬克隆值極顯著增加[27],而新疆南疆地區(qū)夏季氣溫高,極限高溫區(qū)間為37~38℃[28]。
4? 結(jié) 論
施用有機(jī)液體肥可以促進(jìn)棉花形成合理的冠層結(jié)構(gòu),與單施化肥相比,其株高、主莖葉片數(shù)、葉面積指數(shù)和葉傾角分別增加1.3~10.3 cm、2.0~2.3片、1.7~2.9和5.6~9.3°,葉片表現(xiàn)密集且直立,棉花有效養(yǎng)分吸收率提升,且當(dāng)籽棉產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6 000 kg/hm2以上時,干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、積累加速,棉花鈴數(shù)和單鈴重顯著提高,最終產(chǎn)量水平大幅增長。
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Effects of organic liquid fertilizer on canopy characteristics,yield and quality of cotton
ZHAO Houxiu1,HAO Xianzhe2,SHI Feng1,LI Junhong1,LIANG Qi1, WANG Tangang3,TIAN Liwen4,LUO Honghai2,WANG Jun1
(1.Agricultural College of Shihezi University /Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Shihezi Xinjiang 832003,China; 2.Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Oasis Agriculture in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Institute of Farmland Water Conservancy and Soil Fertilizer,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences,Shihezi Xinjiang 832000,China; 3.Institute of Agricultural Science,the Third Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Tumushuke Xinjiang 843900,China; 4.Institute of Economic Crops,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China)
Abstract:【Objective】 To ascertain the effects of organic liquid fertilizer on canopy characteristics,yield and quality of cotton under membrane drip irrigation in southern Xinjiang.
【Methods】? Tahe No.2 was selected as the test variety,and the cotton field with single fertilizer application was used as the control(CK).Organic liquid fertilizer treatment(carried out in the five fields of T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5) was set.The changes of plant height,main stem and leaf number,leaf area index,leaf dip angle,yield and quality under different treatments were measured and analyzed.
【Results】? Compared with CK,the application of organic liquid fertilizer increased plant height,leaf number,leaf area index,leaf inclination and aboveground biomass of cotton.When the seed cotton yield reached 6,000 kg/hm2,plant height,leaf number of main stem,leaf area index and leaf inclination angle increased by 1.3-10.3 cm,2.0-2.3,1.7-2.9 and 5.6-9.3° compared with CK,respectively.Compared with CK,the dry matter weight of nutrition and reproductive organs increased by 1.3-25.7 g/plant and 0.1-44.5 g/plant,respectively.When the seed cotton yield exceeded 6,000 kg/hm2,the seed cotton yield,single boll weight and total boll number increased by 17.2%-31.9%,15.5%-28.8% and 3.5%-10.1% compared with CK,respectively.In addition,compared with CK,the average length,uniformity and breaking strength of the top half of cotton were improved by applying organic liquid fertilizer.
【Conclusion】 Compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,the application of organic liquid fertilizer can improve cotton canopy structure,promote dry matter accumulation,increase yield and improve quality with low cost and easy operation,which is suitable for popularization and application in cotton area in southern Xinjiang.
Key words:cotton; organic liquid fertilizer; quality; yield; canopy characteristics
Fund project: National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260539)
Correspondence author:WANG Jun(1980-),male,from Xinjiang, researcher,doctor,research direction of high yield physiology and water-saving cultivation of crops,(E-mail) 108689011@qq.com