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施肥調(diào)控對(duì)設(shè)施甜瓜生長(zhǎng)與產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響

2024-04-28 12:05梁其干張浩胡國(guó)智陳積豪馮烔鑫曹慶王敏符小發(fā)閆淼高強(qiáng)張學(xué)軍周勃王豪杰
新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2024年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:品質(zhì)甜瓜養(yǎng)分

梁其干 張浩 胡國(guó)智 陳積豪 馮烔鑫 曹慶 王敏 符小發(fā) 閆淼 高強(qiáng) 張學(xué)軍 周勃 王豪杰

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.03.009

摘? 要:【目的】研究海南省設(shè)施栽培條件下長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)甜瓜生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響。

【方法】以甜瓜品種納斯密為供試材料,設(shè)置不施肥(CK)、長(zhǎng)效肥(K1)、長(zhǎng)效肥(K2)、長(zhǎng)效肥(K3)、常規(guī)施肥(CF)共5個(gè)處理。在設(shè)施栽培條件下施用長(zhǎng)效肥普樂特(17-17-17)≥51%,在甜瓜伸蔓期、花果期、成熟期調(diào)查作物的農(nóng)藝生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo),成熟期測(cè)定甜瓜產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)指標(biāo),并測(cè)定土壤養(yǎng)分和植株各器官的氮、磷、鉀含量。

【結(jié)果】5個(gè)施肥處理中,CF處理的產(chǎn)量與裂果率均高于其它處理,CF和長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理品質(zhì)高于其它處理。長(zhǎng)效肥各處理甜瓜植株氮、磷、鉀積累量低于CF處理。

【結(jié)論】綜合產(chǎn)量、裂果率及品質(zhì)特征,長(zhǎng)效肥(K1)可保證設(shè)施甜瓜正常生長(zhǎng)并達(dá)到較高的商品產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。

關(guān)鍵詞:甜瓜;長(zhǎng)效肥;養(yǎng)分;產(chǎn)量;品質(zhì)

中圖分類號(hào):S652??? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A??? 文章編號(hào):1001-4330(2024)03-0599-08

收稿日期(Received):

2023-07-28

基金項(xiàng)目:

海南省院士創(chuàng)新科研專項(xiàng)(YSPTZX202116)項(xiàng)目;海南省院士創(chuàng)新平臺(tái);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金(2023D01B38);新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院青年科技骨干項(xiàng)目(xjnkq-2019021);新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院自主培育專項(xiàng)(xjnkyzzp2022006);海南省自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(319MS109);海南省自然科學(xué)基金青年基金(321QN382);新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2021D01B59)

作者簡(jiǎn)介:

梁其干(1995-),男,海南定安人,助理研究員,碩士,研究方向?yàn)樽魑锓肿舆z傳育種,(E-mail)591337475@qq.com

通訊作者:

胡國(guó)智(1983-),男,新疆塔城人,研究員,碩士,研究方向?yàn)樘鸸显耘嗌砼c施肥,(E-mail)hgz0901@ 126.com

王豪杰(1985-) 男,浙江永康人,高級(jí)農(nóng)藝師,研究方向?yàn)樘鸸显耘嗯c育種, (E-mail) 331008937@qq com

0? 引 言

【研究背景】海南省年均氣溫22~27℃,年光照時(shí)間1 750~2 650 h,年平均降水量1 639 mm,適合甜瓜冬季反季節(jié)種植[1-2]。大水大肥會(huì)造成土壤鹽漬化、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)降低[3]。氮、磷、鉀是植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育必需肥料元素,影響甜瓜生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)。甜瓜生長(zhǎng)過程中對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分中的N、P、K含量需求較敏感。長(zhǎng)效肥具有養(yǎng)分利用率高、增產(chǎn)效果明顯等優(yōu)勢(shì)[4-5]。隨著甜瓜集約化種植面積在海南的日益擴(kuò)大,基于簡(jiǎn)化施肥、降低勞動(dòng)力成本的需要,長(zhǎng)效肥栽培技術(shù)研究在規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)中日益受到重視。因此,研究長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)海南設(shè)施甜瓜養(yǎng)分吸收利用及產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】施用長(zhǎng)效肥能夠顯著提高西瓜[6]、甜瓜[7-9]、莧菜[10]、水稻[11-13]、玉米[14-16],小麥[17]、土豆[18-20]的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),解決作物在生長(zhǎng)中營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素供應(yīng)不足等問題。此外,長(zhǎng)效肥還可以有效控制養(yǎng)分釋放,提高養(yǎng)分的利用率,并減少土壤污染[21]。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】海南省是我國(guó)冬季甜瓜主產(chǎn)區(qū),長(zhǎng)效肥相對(duì)于普通肥具有高效、省工等優(yōu)點(diǎn),此措施可視為甜瓜輕簡(jiǎn)化栽培施肥技術(shù)的重要組成部分。但目前施用長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)海南省設(shè)施甜瓜產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響缺少系統(tǒng)的分析和研究。需通過長(zhǎng)效肥和常規(guī)施肥,對(duì)比分析甜瓜養(yǎng)分吸收利用及其對(duì)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以甜瓜品種納斯密為供試材料,設(shè)置不施肥(CK)、長(zhǎng)效肥(K1)、長(zhǎng)效肥(K2)、長(zhǎng)效肥(K3)、常規(guī)施肥(CF)共5個(gè)處理,分析長(zhǎng)效肥在海南設(shè)施甜瓜生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用效果,為長(zhǎng)效肥在甜瓜生產(chǎn)的推廣應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。

1? 材料與方法

1.1? 材 料

試驗(yàn)于2022年1月進(jìn)行,試驗(yàn)地為沙壤土,以甜瓜納斯密為供試材料。瓜苗選取長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致的種植,按株距0.5 m,行距1.0 m進(jìn)行定植,每壟定植100株。瓜苗移栽前對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行整地施肥、覆膜、滴灌帶,滴灌路富達(dá)(拜耳)對(duì)根結(jié)線蟲和地下害蟲進(jìn)行觸殺、預(yù)防。

1.2? 方 法

采用設(shè)施栽培,設(shè)置5個(gè)施肥處理(CK、K1、K2、K3、CF),CK全程生育期滴灌清水處理,K1、K2、K3為長(zhǎng)效肥(N-P2O5-K2O)普樂特(17-17-17)≥51%,CF作為常規(guī)肥挪威(15-15-15)≥ 45%。小區(qū)面積S=100 m2,隨機(jī)排列,重復(fù)3次。表1

在甜瓜伸蔓期、花果期調(diào)查植株株高、莖粗、葉片大小等農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)。在成熟期對(duì)不同處理按照根、莖、葉等器官分開,105℃殺青0.5 h,65℃烘干至恒重,將烘干植株樣品進(jìn)行粉碎,用0.5 mm過篩保存。

在移栽期、成熟期兩個(gè)生育期取地下40.0 cm土壤測(cè)定pH、有機(jī)質(zhì)、堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀指標(biāo)含量。

植物各器官氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分含量測(cè)定,用H2SO4-H2O2消煮,凱氏定氮法測(cè)定氮素含量,鉬銻抗比色法測(cè)定磷素含量,火焰光度計(jì)法測(cè)定鉀素含量[22]。

每個(gè)處理隨機(jī)抽取具有代表性10個(gè)甜瓜,測(cè)量果實(shí)品質(zhì)、產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)。農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)測(cè)量中,株高、果肉、皮厚用直尺測(cè)量,莖粗用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量,鮮重、干重指標(biāo)用電子秤稱量,品質(zhì)指標(biāo)折光糖度用手持測(cè)糖儀測(cè)定。

1.3? 數(shù)據(jù)處理

試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel 2019和SPSS 26.0軟件對(duì)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。

2? 結(jié)果與分析

2.1? 長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)甜瓜各生育期生長(zhǎng)特性的影響

研究表明,甜瓜伸蔓期,長(zhǎng)效肥和常規(guī)肥幾個(gè)處理之間的株高、葉片直徑等農(nóng)藝性狀指標(biāo)無(wú)顯著性差異?;ü?,CK處理各指標(biāo)值降低,5個(gè)處理株高表現(xiàn)為K1>CF>K2>K3>CK。CF和長(zhǎng)效肥處理株高在155.1~163.3 cm,4個(gè)處理株高無(wú)顯著性差異,CK處理株高最低為133.2 cm。在莖粗指標(biāo),CK最低為0.7 cm,與其他處理存在顯著差異。在葉片橫、縱徑指標(biāo)和各處理葉片大小表現(xiàn)為CF>K1>K2>K3>CK。CK的葉片橫、縱徑為19.3、12.6 cm,CF處理葉片橫、縱徑分別為22.8、15.8 cm。K1處理的橫、縱徑分別為23.1、14.8 cm,K1葉片大小和CF差異不顯著。圖1

2.2? 長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)甜瓜各器官干物質(zhì)的影響

研究表明,甜瓜干物質(zhì)量,甜瓜伸蔓期長(zhǎng)效肥3個(gè)處理中K1處理效果最佳,各器官干物質(zhì)量根(0.4 g/株)、莖(4.1 g/株)和葉片(8.4 g/株)比CF處理分別高33.3%、28.1%、23.5%?;ü冢珻F處理的各器官干物質(zhì)量分別為根(0.4 g/株)、莖(28.2 g/株)、葉(42.6 g/株)比長(zhǎng)效肥(K1)處理分別提高33.3%、9.7%、17.0%。CK處理各器官干物質(zhì)最低,根、莖、葉分別為0.2、12.1、16.6 g/株。成熟期干物質(zhì)量在5個(gè)處理中表現(xiàn)為CF>K1>K2>K3>CK,K1處理的根、莖、葉為0.7、29.7、44.4 g/株,比CF處理分別降低22.2%、22.4%、26.2%,對(duì)照(CK)的長(zhǎng)勢(shì)最弱,根、莖、葉分別為0.6、36.1、56.5 g/株。圖2

2.3? 長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)甜瓜成熟期各器官氮、磷、鉀含量的影響

研究表明,在葉片中CF的氮、磷、鉀含量最高,分別為0.3%、3.6%、3.2%,比長(zhǎng)效肥處理的指標(biāo)值高0.1%~0.2%、1.2%~1.8%、0.3%~0.6%。長(zhǎng)效肥3個(gè)處理K1處理的氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分含量最高,為0.2%、2.4%、2.8%,不施肥(CK)處理的氮、磷、鉀含量最低分別為0.1%、0.9%、1.7%。莖器官中,CF的氮、磷、鉀含量分別為0.3%、3.8%、2.4%,長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理的氮、磷、鉀含量分別為0.2%、2.2%、1.7%,CF處理比K1處理分別提高0.1%、1.7%、1.9%。CF葉片的氮含量最高,達(dá)2.4%,與長(zhǎng)效肥3個(gè)處理存在顯著性

差異。

長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理磷的含量最高,達(dá)2.2%,比常規(guī)CF處理高出0.4%。在果實(shí)器官中CF常規(guī)肥處理氮、磷、鉀等指標(biāo)高于其他處理,氮、磷、鉀含量分別為1.6%、0.3%、2.7%。CF通過后期追肥可提高植株各器官氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分含量。圖3

2.4? 長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)移栽期、成熟期土壤含量指標(biāo)的影響

研究表明,pH值指標(biāo)CK處理在移栽期和成熟期均最低,分別為5.7、5.8,CF和長(zhǎng)效肥土壤pH值指標(biāo)在6.2~6.8,無(wú)顯著差異。各施肥處理有機(jī)質(zhì)含量在0.3%~0.5%,含量最低為CK處理,與其他4個(gè)處理差異顯著。甜瓜成熟期的長(zhǎng)效肥處理,堿解氮、有效磷、速效鉀等含量后期呈下降趨勢(shì),堿解氮37.3~51.5 mg/kg、有效磷32.5~47.8 mg/kg、速效鉀38.0~44.8 mg/kg。CF處理土壤養(yǎng)分含量最高,堿解氮達(dá)到77.0 mg/kg;有效磷為101.0 mg/kg、速效鉀為107.5 mg/kg,且與長(zhǎng)效肥處理存在顯著差異性。圖4

2.5? 長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)甜瓜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)的影響

研究表明,CK處理下,甜瓜納斯密果實(shí)外表網(wǎng)紋比較稀疏,瓜皮偏綠,表現(xiàn)最差。果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑最大為CF處理,分別為12.7、17.0 cm、肉厚3.0 cm,果腔直徑為5.6 cm,比CK處理的高24.5%、21.8%、23.3%、9.8%。長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理最優(yōu),果實(shí)橫徑、縱徑分別為11.9、15.5 cm;果皮0.5 cm,肉厚2.9 cm,果腔直徑為5.1 cm。成熟期CF處理單果重(1.4 kg)和產(chǎn)量(25 380.0 kg/hm2)最高;其次為長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理,各個(gè)處理裂果率分別為4.6%、12.0%、6.0%、6.0%、8.0%,裂果率直接影響到商品瓜產(chǎn)量和果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)。CF和長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理的折光糖度差異性不明顯,各施肥處理心糖為15.3%~15.8%,邊糖為10.8%~11.5%,質(zhì)地口感為果肉細(xì)松脆,口感好。不施肥(CK)的心、邊糖分別為14.1%、8.8%,質(zhì)地口感為果實(shí)緊密,口感差。綜合產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)特征,長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理可保證甜瓜生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。表2

3? 討 論

鉀肥量不變的情況下,作物的產(chǎn)量較傳統(tǒng)常規(guī)施肥增加[22-23]。長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)橘子[24]、玉米[25-27]產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)也有改善作用,長(zhǎng)效肥可減少植物生長(zhǎng)過程中養(yǎng)分損失,具有緩釋特性,充分提高肥料利用率,同時(shí)減少了施肥次數(shù),省工省肥。海南三亞設(shè)施種植的土壤主要為砂性土壤,保水保肥性效果較差,根系弱,瓜苗需每天滴灌澆水,加上前茬作物輪作種植殘留下病蟲害,后期出現(xiàn)瓜苗抵抗力下降,葉片缺元素發(fā)黃等現(xiàn)象。在同等養(yǎng)分投入條件下,長(zhǎng)效緩控釋肥對(duì)植物養(yǎng)分吸收、肥料利用率及產(chǎn)量的影響很大。長(zhǎng)效肥對(duì)甜瓜產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)有一定影響。在長(zhǎng)效肥試驗(yàn)中,同等養(yǎng)分的K1和CF中,在輕簡(jiǎn)施肥的條件下,長(zhǎng)效肥處理產(chǎn)量略低于CF處理,但裂瓜率較低。裂果率也同時(shí)直接影響瓜外觀和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,病蟲害加重,采摘市容易感染及不耐儲(chǔ)存。在總養(yǎng)分含量同等情況下,CF處理通過后期追肥產(chǎn)量高于長(zhǎng)效肥處理,在減肥處理K2、K3產(chǎn)量較K1處理出現(xiàn)減產(chǎn)趨勢(shì),砂質(zhì)土壤保肥性差,后期養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)不足造成。因此,長(zhǎng)效肥的肥效持久性有待在后期甜瓜栽培應(yīng)用中進(jìn)一步試驗(yàn)探索。

4? 結(jié) 論

甜瓜植株整體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)表現(xiàn)為CF>K1>K2>K3>CK,長(zhǎng)效肥最佳處理為K1,CF顯著增加各器官干物質(zhì)積累和氮、磷、鉀含量,甜瓜成熟期,綜合產(chǎn)量與裂果率長(zhǎng)效肥K1處理效果最佳,產(chǎn)量為20 700 kg/hm2。4個(gè)施肥處理心糖為15.3%~15.8%,沒有顯著差異。長(zhǎng)效肥作為基肥一次性施用后,有效控制養(yǎng)分緩慢釋放,減少養(yǎng)分流失,降低裂果率,可起到簡(jiǎn)化施肥操作,降低勞動(dòng)成本,適應(yīng)甜瓜簡(jiǎn)約化栽培。

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Growth,yield and quality of muskmelon in fertilization control facilities

LIANG Qigan1,ZHANG Hao1,HU Guozhi2,CHEN Jihao1,F(xiàn)ENG Tongxin2, CAO Qing1,WANG Min3,F(xiàn)U Xiaofa1,YAN Miao2,GAO Qiang1,ZHANG Xuejun1,ZHOU Bo1,WANG Haojie2

(1.Hainan Sanya Crop Breeding Test Center,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Sanya Hainan 572014,China; 2.Cantaloupe Research Center,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China; 3.Vegetable Research Institute,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Haikou 571100,China)

Abstract:【Objective】 To simplify fertilization and study the effect of long-acting fertilizer on the growth,yield and quality of muskmelon under the conditions of protected cultivation in Hainan.

【Methods】 With the melon "Nasmi" as the test material,the experiment set up 5 treatments including no fertilization(CK),long-term fertilizer(K1),long-term fertilizer(K2),long-term fertilizer(K3) and conventional fertilizer(CF).Under the condition of protected cultivation,the long-acting fertilizer of Prolete(17-17-17) ≥ 51%? was applied to investigate the agronomic growth index of crops at the melon extension stage,flowering and fruit stage and mature stage,and then to measure the yield and quality of melon at the mature stage,and measure the soil nutrients and the nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium content of each organ of the plant.

【Results】 Among the five fertilization treatments,the yield and fruit cracking rate of CF treatment were higher than those of other treatments,and the quality of CF and K1 treatment was higher than those of other treatments.The accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in muskmelon plants under different treatments of long-acting fertilizer was lower than those under CF treatment.

【Conclusion】 According to the yield,fruit cracking rate and quality characteristics,the treatment of long-acting fertilizer (K1) can ensure the normal growth of muskmelon in the facility to achieve higher commercial yield and quality.

Key words:melon; long-term fertilizer; nutrient; yield; quality

Fund projects:Hainan Academician Innovation and Scientific Research Project " Hainan Academician Innovation Platform ”(YSPTZX202116); Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Platform Capacity Improvement Projet of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation(2023D01B38); Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Youth Science and Technology Backbone Projeet (xjnkq-2019021); Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences ( xjnkyzp2022006);

Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Platform Capacity Improvement Project of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(xjnkyzzp2022006);General Project of Hainan Natural Science Foundation(319MS109); Project of Hainang Natural Science Foundation(321QN382);Project of Xinjiang Natural Science Foundation(2021D01B59)

Correspondence author: HU Guozhi(1983 -),male,from Tacheng,Xinjiang,master's degree,researcher,mainly engaged in melon cultivation physiology and fertilization research,(E-mail)hgz0901@126.com

WANG Haojic (1985-), from Yongkang, Zhejiang. senior agronomist,bachelor's degree in mclon cultivation and breeding,(E-mail)331008937@qq.com

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