肖寒
要說山東人能吃辣,估計很多人都會搖頭。在大眾的印象里,吃辣是云貴川渝一帶的口味,以咸鮮本味著稱的山東并非食辣區(qū)。然而,位于魯南地區(qū)的棗莊,地域不廣卻偏偏食辣尤甚,說十菜九辣都不為過。
辣味,在五味之中獨占鰲頭,在中國的美食地圖上幾乎占據(jù)了半邊天。殊不知辣椒屬于外來品種,進入中國只有短短300多年,直到清朝時期才有入菜記錄,至于何時傳到黃河中下游的棗莊,無證可考。據(jù)推斷,辣椒是隨明代京杭大運河通航被帶入棗莊,再加上運河南北交流,很早就形成了棗莊菜與魯菜同中有異,而異大于同的事實。
那么,棗莊緣何全民吃辣?究其原因,一說,古代棗莊大部分地域曾兩次歸屬古楚國管轄,楚治時間較長,且楚人食辣,大抵棗莊人的血液里也流淌著食辣的基因。又說,明代棗莊地廣人稀,山西移民眾多,山西人食辣又嗜醋,其生活習慣和口味愛好被完整地保留并流傳至今。再者,成立于光緒年間的中興煤礦公司匯聚了天南地北的人,鼎盛時期多達數(shù)萬人,這些人不僅刺激了礦區(qū)周邊餐飲市場的繁榮,又因井下潮濕,養(yǎng)成了食辣味以排濕氣的習慣。
棗莊人從小便被灌輸著“能吃辣,能當家”的思想,然后就開始學習吃辣。食者一頓無辣不下飯,做者一菜無辣怕沒味,這是棗莊人普遍的飲食習慣和口味愛好。棗莊菜以鮮辣、香辣著稱,辣咸鮮香是其靈魂,有很多有名堂的辣菜,其中辣子雞成了棗莊人的最愛。
相傳在清朝晚期,臨城(今薛城)人徐子華曾為宮中御廚,其告老還鄉(xiāng)后開了一家餐館,根據(jù)自己多年御廚的經(jīng)驗心得創(chuàng)造出“辣子雞”這道菜,因而餐館每日高朋滿座。他創(chuàng)造出來的辣子雞辣中有香、辣而不過,吃起來滿頭大汗,令食客流連忘返。此后,辣子雞便成了棗莊人家餐桌上必不可少的一道美食,“炒盤辣子雞喝酒”“上盤辣子雞吃飯”,成了棗莊人日常里的口頭禪。
烹炒辣子雞選料講究,做法也特別。雞肉多選用本地特有的孫枝雞,肉質(zhì)緊致嫩滑,嚼起來筋道爽口。辣椒品種雖多,棗莊人專愛“一窩蜂”,這種辣椒種在山坡地或平原地,施用羊糞、麻糝、豆粕,椒果皮薄籽少、辣味濃烈,嫩時鮮香,老硬時辣香,紅熟時甜香。每年農(nóng)歷七月十五前后,農(nóng)村遍地的鮮辣椒漸漸變紫泛紅,這時摘下幾串辣椒,再逮一只散養(yǎng)的仔雞,鮮嫩的雞肉加入大量鮮辣椒、米醋爆炒,滋味十足。值得一提的是,各地辣子雞調(diào)味很少有烹醋的,烹醋卻讓棗莊辣子雞有了靈魂,這更加印證了“山西移民”一說。
一盤辣子雞中,雞肉和辣椒各半,一口下去,雞肉鮮嫩多汁,獨有的辣味充斥唇齒之間,越嚼越濃。不嗜辣者,吃到一半的時候便會辣得不住哈起氣來,為了能繼續(xù)大快朵頤,必須喝幾口涼水解解辣。在棗莊的飯館里,常能聽到一句話:“忒適味了!”邊吃邊脫口而出的這句棗莊方言,是食客對辣子雞的欲罷不能,也是棗莊人對辣子雞香辣鮮味的由衷贊嘆。
對于山東人來說,吃雞的方法有很多種,在棗莊周邊地區(qū),就有臨沂的王小二炒雞、濟寧的馬集燒雞,但唯獨棗莊因吃辣子雞獲得了一個響亮的頭銜——中國辣子雞之鄉(xiāng)。2016年,棗莊被中國烹飪協(xié)會授予“中國辣子雞之鄉(xiāng)”榮譽稱號;2021年,棗莊辣子雞烹飪技藝入選山東省第五批省級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表性項目名錄。如今,棗莊辣子雞已經(jīng)成為一種具有濃厚地域情結(jié)的文化。自2017年開始,棗莊每年都會舉行辣子雞文化節(jié),來自全國各地的上千名美食專家在炒雞爭霸賽現(xiàn)場一飽口福。
在棗莊當?shù)貜N師中流行著這樣一句調(diào)侃的話:沒有一只雞能夠活著離開棗莊,也沒有一位炒不好雞的廚師能留在棗莊。這句話不是說說而已。在棗莊,人們評價一位廚師的廚藝,一定是看他炒辣子雞的水平;一個餐館生意的好壞,也取決于它能給胃口刁鉆的食客所提供的辣子雞的味道;辣子雞是宴席上齊菜的信號,再好的宴席,如果把“壓軸菜”辣子雞做砸了,前面所有的付出都將歸零……一盤辣子雞何以成為評判廚師能力的標準?還得食客移步當?shù)赜H自探尋答案。
編輯/郭曉娟
In the popular mind, spiciness is the flavor of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Chongqing, and Shandong famous for its salty and fresh flavor is not a spicy cuisine area. However, Zaozhuang in southern Shandong, though not vast in area, has lots of spicy food. In a manner of speaking, nine out of ten dishes are spicy.
The people of Zaozhuang have been instilled with the thought that“whoever eats spicy food can have a decisive say at home” since their childhood, thus learning to eat spicy food. Eaters may have no ap- petite when there is no spicy food; cooks add chilies to every dish, for fear of tastelessness. This is the general dining habit and taste preference of the people of Zaozhuang. Zaozhuang cuisine is famous for fresh & spicy, and spicy flavors, and spiciness, saltiness, freshness and fragrance are its soul. There are many famous spicy dishes, among which, Spicy Chicken is the natives favorite.
For the people of Shandong, there are many ways of eating chicken. In surrounding areas of Zaozhuang, there is Wang Xiaoer Stir-Fried Chicken from Linyi, Maji Roast Chicken from Jining. But only Zaozhuang won a resounding title because of eating Spicy Chicken. In 2016, Zaozhuang was awarded the honorary title of “Land of Spicy Chicken in China” by the China Cuisine Association. Now, Zaozhuang Spicy Chicken has become a culture with a strong regional complex. Since 2017, Zaozhuang has held the Spicy Chicken Culture Festival every year. Thousands of gourmets from all parts of China could feast their eyes at the stir-fried chicken competition.