甘怡群 黃慧清 張聰 吳雪冰 胡軍
摘要:在數(shù)字智能時(shí)代的背景下,個(gè)體所遭遇的社會(huì)壓力和心理挑戰(zhàn)日益復(fù)雜多元,使得應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)這一積極適應(yīng)策略的重要性愈發(fā)顯著.以數(shù)字智能時(shí)代為背景,闡述應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的定義及其相關(guān)性指標(biāo)(如抑制控制和認(rèn)知靈活性),并強(qiáng)調(diào)其在幫助個(gè)體應(yīng)對(duì)壓力和創(chuàng)傷后積極成長(zhǎng)的重要性.在論述認(rèn)知機(jī)制時(shí),提出認(rèn)知重評(píng)、自我肯定和意義建構(gòu)等適應(yīng)策略在推動(dòng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)方面的關(guān)鍵性作用.在神經(jīng)機(jī)制的討論中,基于三元情感神經(jīng)模型,推斷這3種認(rèn)知過(guò)程的對(duì)應(yīng)神經(jīng)機(jī)制,包括獎(jiǎng)賞系統(tǒng)、杏仁核以及默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)的激活.在對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的干預(yù)措施方面,數(shù)字化干預(yù)可能提供了一種實(shí)現(xiàn)應(yīng)激干預(yù)心理服務(wù)普及化和公平性的新途徑.建議未來(lái)的研究能夠考慮到個(gè)體差異,基于認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制,利用智能平臺(tái)的多模態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)提升評(píng)估的準(zhǔn)確性,同時(shí)采用機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)等前沿技術(shù)來(lái)提高干預(yù)的效果,從而提升個(gè)體的應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng).
關(guān)鍵詞:應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng); 認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制; 生理機(jī)制; 遺傳機(jī)制; 數(shù)字化干預(yù); 挑戰(zhàn)和創(chuàng)新
中圖分類號(hào):B845? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A? 文章編號(hào):1001-8395(2024)05-0576-11
doi:10.3969/j.issn.10018395.2024.
數(shù)智時(shí)代的全球化和科技化帶來(lái)的重大變革,對(duì)人類生活和心理健康產(chǎn)生了廣泛且深遠(yuǎn)的影響.信息過(guò)載和工作壓力增加等特征為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)領(lǐng)域帶來(lái)了獨(dú)特的挑戰(zhàn).調(diào)查顯示:全球每年有超過(guò)5億人受到與應(yīng)激相關(guān)的精神健康障礙的影響.在新時(shí)代背景下,新興科技和信息技術(shù)的不斷革新,深刻影響了我們的生產(chǎn)和生活方式[1].數(shù)智時(shí)代的變革提升了人類的生活質(zhì)量和工作效率,也對(duì)我們應(yīng)對(duì)和能力發(fā)展等諸多方面提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)[2].由于社會(huì)形勢(shì)的日益復(fù)雜化以及社交媒體的普及,個(gè)體所面臨的社會(huì)壓力和心理刺激變得更加復(fù)雜和多元,這也給研究帶來(lái)了挑戰(zhàn),需要更全面地考慮個(gè)體在數(shù)字化環(huán)境中的應(yīng)對(duì)策略.另一方面,跨學(xué)科合作的推動(dòng)以及人工智能的快速發(fā)展也為這一領(lǐng)域的研究創(chuàng)造了創(chuàng)新的機(jī)會(huì).因此,在數(shù)智時(shí)代探討應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)(stressrelated growth),既是一種挑戰(zhàn)也是一種機(jī)遇.
如何成功地應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激以及從應(yīng)激中獲得收益,是關(guān)系到全國(guó)人民乃至全人類福祉的重要課題.盡管與應(yīng)激有關(guān)的精神健康障礙研究在幾十年內(nèi)層出不窮,但是對(duì)于減少應(yīng)激帶來(lái)的精神健康方面的負(fù)面影響所做的努力收效甚微.因此,迫切需要新的理論,從應(yīng)激相關(guān)障礙的預(yù)防角度出發(fā),關(guān)注非臨床群體,指導(dǎo)干預(yù)措施,改善應(yīng)激應(yīng)對(duì),增加應(yīng)激相關(guān)的獲益,幫助個(gè)體更好地在應(yīng)激中習(xí)得應(yīng)對(duì)的策略[3].
對(duì)此,有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)激暴露會(huì)促進(jìn)其后的應(yīng)對(duì)過(guò)程,即應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)[4].值得注意的是,應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)采用的是與以往研究不同的新的策略——將研究的重點(diǎn)從以疾病為導(dǎo)向轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐越】禐閷?dǎo)向;重點(diǎn)研究應(yīng)激復(fù)原力,而不是應(yīng)激易感性;側(cè)重于幸福感,而不是精神病理學(xué).這在很多方面代表了臨床心理學(xué)和精神病學(xué)研究范式的轉(zhuǎn)變,具有巨大的潛力和研究?jī)r(jià)值[5];同時(shí),人工智能(AI)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)(ML)等技術(shù)的發(fā)展也為研究范式的轉(zhuǎn)變提供了更多可能性,包括應(yīng)激數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確化,生物和行為數(shù)據(jù)類型多樣化,數(shù)字干預(yù)形式便捷化等[6].
1 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)
文獻(xiàn)[7]提出個(gè)體在經(jīng)歷應(yīng)激生活事件后的積極變化被稱為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)(stressrelated growth),主要表現(xiàn)在增強(qiáng)的社會(huì)資源、提升的個(gè)人資源、發(fā)展或改變的應(yīng)對(duì)技能等3個(gè)方面[8].在短期視角上,應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)為在新的應(yīng)激情景下,認(rèn)知損耗及負(fù)性情緒的減少;從長(zhǎng)期視角上,應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)為個(gè)體經(jīng)歷應(yīng)激后在主觀幸福感和生活滿意度等更高級(jí)的心理健康結(jié)果上的提升.
與創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)不同的是,應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)更關(guān)注日常生活中的應(yīng)激事件帶來(lái)的個(gè)體成長(zhǎng),這類事件往往激烈程度沒(méi)有創(chuàng)傷性事件強(qiáng),不具備自然災(zāi)害帶來(lái)的無(wú)法抵抗的無(wú)力感,常常彌散地存在于生活中,如職業(yè)應(yīng)激和人際關(guān)系問(wèn)題等慢性應(yīng)激;或是以急性應(yīng)激的形式出現(xiàn),如面試或突然的任務(wù)等.研究表明,應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)常常伴隨著較少的抑郁、焦慮、心理困擾和更高的生活質(zhì)量[9].
基于應(yīng)激接種理論,應(yīng)激水平與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)可能存在倒U型曲線關(guān)系.應(yīng)激接種理論認(rèn)為生命早期暴露在適當(dāng)水平的應(yīng)激中,能幫助個(gè)體對(duì)未來(lái)的應(yīng)激事件形成更好的應(yīng)對(duì)和復(fù)原力[10].考慮到個(gè)體未來(lái)可能會(huì)面對(duì)的應(yīng)激情景,如果預(yù)先“接種”適度的應(yīng)激事件,并且?guī)椭鷤€(gè)體在此過(guò)程中成功應(yīng)對(duì),這樣的經(jīng)歷也能讓個(gè)體的應(yīng)對(duì)和復(fù)原力有所變化[11].靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物和嚙齒類動(dòng)物中均發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)程的應(yīng)激接種現(xiàn)象:在嬰兒期暴露在覓食應(yīng)激下的動(dòng)物個(gè)體,在成年后表現(xiàn)出較少的問(wèn)題行為[12]和更強(qiáng)的應(yīng)激復(fù)原力.
2 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的認(rèn)知行為表征及機(jī)制
2.1 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的認(rèn)知行為表征 在已有應(yīng)激相關(guān)研究中,雖然應(yīng)激帶來(lái)的積極效應(yīng)已經(jīng)受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注,但多數(shù)集中在現(xiàn)象學(xué)層面,缺乏對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的心理機(jī)制的探究.研究者認(rèn)為認(rèn)知功能是應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的重要表征[13],且研究發(fā)現(xiàn),創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)是由執(zhí)行功能預(yù)測(cè)的,而不是記憶力或處理速度[14].而于執(zhí)行功能中與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)存在密切關(guān)聯(lián)的2個(gè)核心成分為抑制控制與認(rèn)知靈活性.這表明,抑制控制和認(rèn)知靈活性可以作為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知行為指標(biāo).
抑制控制功能可以幫助個(gè)體停止不恰當(dāng)?shù)姆磻?yīng),從而靈活地適應(yīng)和應(yīng)對(duì)環(huán)境變化[15].應(yīng)激應(yīng)對(duì)過(guò)程中這一功能十分關(guān)鍵,對(duì)應(yīng)激事件的反芻和應(yīng)激引發(fā)的消極情緒如果能得到及時(shí)的控制,就更有可能成功地應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激[16].研究證據(jù)也表明抑制控制功能可提升個(gè)體的社會(huì)情感適應(yīng)[17].而對(duì)于社會(huì)適應(yīng)力的增強(qiáng)也是應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的重要成分之一.因此,抑制控制功能可以作為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知表征之一.
對(duì)于抑制控制這一認(rèn)知表征的測(cè)量,Go/Nogo任務(wù)是最常用的范式之一[18],Go/Nogo任務(wù)中通常會(huì)呈現(xiàn)2種刺激:Go刺激和Nogo刺激.實(shí)驗(yàn)要求被試在Go刺激出現(xiàn)時(shí)盡快做出反應(yīng),而在Nogo刺激出現(xiàn)時(shí)不做反應(yīng),因此,被試在Nogo條件下需要對(duì)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行抑制,Go和Nogo條件下行為指標(biāo)的差異被認(rèn)為反映了行為抑制控制過(guò)程[19].
認(rèn)知靈活性指的是我們能夠根據(jù)外界環(huán)境以及內(nèi)部狀態(tài)的變化,準(zhǔn)確并迅速地調(diào)節(jié)自身的想法和行為的能力[20].圖式重建過(guò)程是應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)模型的一個(gè)核心假設(shè),該理論認(rèn)為現(xiàn)有圖式的積極改變是應(yīng)激事件的結(jié)果[21].實(shí)證研究結(jié)果也表明認(rèn)知靈活性水平高的個(gè)體,能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激源,遭遇逆境后具有更積極的適應(yīng)[22],經(jīng)歷逆境后有更高的生活滿意度,獲得更多的成長(zhǎng)[23].因此,認(rèn)知靈活性功能是應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的另一關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知表征之一.
測(cè)量認(rèn)知靈活性的范式需要被試在面對(duì)不同情境時(shí)切換自己的反應(yīng)模式.任務(wù)切換范式(taskswitching,TS)是認(rèn)知靈活性研究中最常用的范式之一[24].在該任務(wù)中,每一個(gè)試次由提示線索和目標(biāo)刺激兩部分組成,目標(biāo)刺激是具有雙維度屬性的字母、數(shù)字或圖形,在目標(biāo)刺激呈現(xiàn)之前會(huì)首先呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)提示線索,不同的提示線索對(duì)應(yīng)著需要對(duì)目標(biāo)刺激的不同屬性進(jìn)行反應(yīng).因此,TS任務(wù)中的行為結(jié)果可作為認(rèn)知靈活性功能的指標(biāo).
除了認(rèn)知行為實(shí)驗(yàn)外,還可以使用自我報(bào)告量表來(lái)測(cè)量抑制控制與認(rèn)知靈活性,如情緒抑制量表[25]、行為抑制量表[26],以及認(rèn)知靈活性量表[27]等.近年來(lái),隨著計(jì)算機(jī)(網(wǎng)絡(luò))的普及,對(duì)于各種類別數(shù)據(jù)的采集已趨于常態(tài)化,包括線上問(wèn)卷中的自我報(bào)告分?jǐn)?shù)以及手機(jī)或計(jì)算機(jī)記錄的實(shí)驗(yàn)反應(yīng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)與頻率等,這種針對(duì)同一個(gè)對(duì)象,通過(guò)多種測(cè)量方式記錄的多樣性數(shù)據(jù),即可稱為多模態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)[28].而在智能時(shí)代背景下,多模態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)的使用能夠?yàn)閭€(gè)體提供更全面的反饋與診斷精度[29].
2.2 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的認(rèn)知行為機(jī)制 Tabibnia[30]提出構(gòu)建應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng),包括降低消極因素、增加積極因素和超越自我3條途徑,而認(rèn)知重評(píng)、自我肯定和意義建構(gòu)分別代表了3條途徑中典型的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,能夠調(diào)節(jié)個(gè)體的想法、情緒與行為,可以作為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)鍵認(rèn)知行為機(jī)制.
認(rèn)知重評(píng)通過(guò)改變對(duì)情緒事件和場(chǎng)景的主觀評(píng)估或解釋,能夠改變情緒反應(yīng)[31].研究證據(jù)表明認(rèn)知重評(píng)與增加積極心理健康和減少消極心理健康結(jié)果之間存在著密切聯(lián)系[32].認(rèn)知重評(píng)對(duì)應(yīng)激的負(fù)性結(jié)果具有重要的緩沖作用,在較高應(yīng)激水平人群中,認(rèn)知重評(píng)能力能降低抑郁情緒[33].因此,積極的認(rèn)知重評(píng)策略對(duì)成功應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激事件至關(guān)重要,也是個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)發(fā)生的先決條件之一.
自我肯定通過(guò)表現(xiàn)個(gè)人能力,如對(duì)重要的個(gè)人價(jià)值觀、個(gè)人特征和個(gè)人能力進(jìn)行思考[34],從而令個(gè)體感受到自我完整性[35].以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了自我肯定與增加積極情緒和緩解應(yīng)激反應(yīng)之間的密切關(guān)系.而且,自我肯定理論(selfaffirmation theory)強(qiáng)調(diào)人們有動(dòng)機(jī)保持自我完整[35],認(rèn)為肯定自我能夠幫助個(gè)體充分適應(yīng)威脅性環(huán)境,在新的威脅環(huán)境中能夠更好地適應(yīng)[30].因此,自我肯定能夠增加個(gè)體的應(yīng)對(duì)資源,是一種適應(yīng)性應(yīng)對(duì)策略[36].
意義建構(gòu)使個(gè)體通過(guò)改變個(gè)人評(píng)估情境的方式,協(xié)調(diào)自己的信念和目標(biāo)來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)壓力情境[37].Park等[38]提出的意義建構(gòu)模型被廣為接受,該模型認(rèn)為,個(gè)體遭受創(chuàng)傷性事件后,對(duì)全局意義和情境意義之間的評(píng)估產(chǎn)生了差異,而意義建構(gòu)是減少意義差異,從而獲得更好適應(yīng)結(jié)果的一種有效的方法[39].在2010年,Park[40]綜述了大量文獻(xiàn)后,將應(yīng)激事件也納入意義建構(gòu)模型中.根據(jù)修訂后的模型,個(gè)體在面對(duì)應(yīng)激事件時(shí),同樣感受到了整體意義和情境意義之間的差異,而采取意義建構(gòu)的方式,可以改變其對(duì)情境意義的評(píng)估,讓個(gè)人的信念和目標(biāo)更加適應(yīng)性地應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激情境,從意義建構(gòu)到意義獲得,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)個(gè)體的應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng).
目前對(duì)于直接探究認(rèn)知重評(píng)與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的研究尚未檢索到,且目前研究大多關(guān)注自我肯定減少應(yīng)激的負(fù)面結(jié)果,較少關(guān)注自我肯定對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的促進(jìn)作用[35].
另外,目前研究大多集中于意義建構(gòu)對(duì)創(chuàng)傷后成長(zhǎng)的促進(jìn)作用,較少關(guān)注意義建構(gòu)與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系.因此,未來(lái)研究可對(duì)意義建構(gòu)、自我肯定、認(rèn)知重評(píng)與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系及其正面結(jié)果進(jìn)行更深入的探索.
3 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)生理機(jī)制
3.1 適應(yīng)性應(yīng)對(duì)策略促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制 以往對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的研究大多是從自我報(bào)告或行為實(shí)驗(yàn)的角度切入,對(duì)更為客觀的神經(jīng)機(jī)制的探究還不夠.根據(jù)三元情感神經(jīng)模型(tripartite affective neuroscience model)[30],提升應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)有以下3種路徑:1) 降低消極因素,2) 增加積極因素,3) 超越自我(見(jiàn)圖1).這3種路徑對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的促進(jìn)表現(xiàn)出不同的神經(jīng)生理機(jī)制.具體而言,在第1種路徑中,通過(guò)降低消極因素(如認(rèn)知重評(píng))的方法,減少應(yīng)激引起的與情感相關(guān)的杏仁核激活,進(jìn)而降低個(gè)體在應(yīng)激下的消極情感狀態(tài),并提高執(zhí)行功能,改善個(gè)體面對(duì)應(yīng)激時(shí)的情緒和行為表現(xiàn),有助于更好地面對(duì)下一次應(yīng)激.第2種路徑則通過(guò)增加積極因素(如自我肯定)的方法,激活獎(jiǎng)賞網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)腦區(qū)(如腹側(cè)紋狀體、內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層),增加個(gè)體應(yīng)激后的積極狀態(tài)(如更加樂(lè)觀),提高個(gè)體執(zhí)行功能(解決問(wèn)題和自我控制能力),進(jìn)而緩解當(dāng)下應(yīng)激的負(fù)面影響,并有助于個(gè)體適應(yīng)未來(lái)的應(yīng)激.第3種路徑則通過(guò)超越自我(如意義建構(gòu))的方法,減少與自我反芻相關(guān)的默認(rèn)模式網(wǎng)絡(luò)(default mode network,DMN)的激活,促進(jìn)個(gè)體獲得自我超越的體驗(yàn),有助于個(gè)體在應(yīng)激后思考應(yīng)激對(duì)建構(gòu)自我的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)意義,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)個(gè)體獲得應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng).
神經(jīng)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展為揭示上述3種適應(yīng)性應(yīng)對(duì)策略的神經(jīng)機(jī)制提供了可能.在認(rèn)知重評(píng)方面,功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)的研究表明,認(rèn)知重評(píng)能夠有效增強(qiáng)與認(rèn)知控制相關(guān)的腦區(qū)激活,例如前額葉和前扣帶皮層,同時(shí)抑制與情緒產(chǎn)生和情緒評(píng)估相關(guān)的腦區(qū)活動(dòng),例如杏仁核[4143].另外,有研究結(jié)合有監(jiān)督和無(wú)監(jiān)督的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)方法對(duì)認(rèn)知重評(píng)的神經(jīng)環(huán)路進(jìn)行了解碼,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),顳葉海馬旁回前額葉網(wǎng)絡(luò)中較高的灰質(zhì)密度可以預(yù)測(cè)認(rèn)知重評(píng)策略的使用[44].事件相關(guān)電位(event related potential,ERP)研究證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),認(rèn)知重評(píng)誘發(fā)了更小振幅的晚期正電位(late positive potentials,LPP)波幅,約在刺激出現(xiàn)后200 ms,且持續(xù)超過(guò)1 500 ms,并且該晚期正波的振幅與負(fù)性情緒強(qiáng)度正相關(guān)[45],這表明與認(rèn)知重評(píng)相關(guān)的LPP振幅的降低反映了認(rèn)知重評(píng)策略能有效地調(diào)節(jié)大腦皮層對(duì)情緒刺激的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)[46].最近的研究表明,積極重評(píng)是應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的重要作用機(jī)制[16].但是,認(rèn)知重評(píng)加工過(guò)程的腦電時(shí)程特征和腦區(qū)空間激活模式揭示認(rèn)知重評(píng)對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制,仍缺乏系統(tǒng)性的考察.
在自我肯定方面,以往fMRI的研究顯示,自我肯定能夠激活與獎(jiǎng)賞系統(tǒng)相關(guān)腦區(qū),包括中腦邊緣多巴胺獎(jiǎng)賞通路和左腦腹側(cè)紋狀體[3435].ERP研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)自我肯定與負(fù)性圖片誘發(fā)的LPP波,不確定性選擇誘發(fā)的消極反饋相關(guān)(feedbackrelated negativity,F(xiàn)RN)波幅[47],及錯(cuò)誤反應(yīng)誘發(fā)的錯(cuò)誤相關(guān)負(fù)性(errorrelated negativity,ERN)波幅[48]有關(guān),但目前自我肯定促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中的腦影像機(jī)制,即對(duì)自我肯定的精細(xì)加工過(guò)程也暫未有探究.
在意義建構(gòu)方面,fMRI的研究表明,意義建構(gòu)與默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能連通性有關(guān)[49].默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)是大腦中一個(gè)廣泛分布的功能網(wǎng)絡(luò),當(dāng)個(gè)體不需要從事外部注意的時(shí)候,該網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)出現(xiàn)協(xié)同激活.默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的激活與個(gè)體的自我卷入顯著正相關(guān),當(dāng)個(gè)體沉迷于與自我相關(guān)的反芻時(shí),默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)會(huì)有較高的激活[50].關(guān)于默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)研究已經(jīng)將這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分離成3個(gè)功能上和解剖上可分離的子系統(tǒng).這些子系統(tǒng)包括:(a)內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉(medial temporal lobe,MTL)子系統(tǒng),包括海馬形成、副海馬皮層、脾后皮層和后頂下葉;(b)背內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層(dorsal medial prefrontal cortex,dMPFC)子系統(tǒng),包括dMPFC、側(cè)顳葉皮層和顳葉頂葉交界處;(c)核心子系統(tǒng),涉及后扣帶皮層(posterior cingulate cortex,PCC)和腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層(ventral medial prefrontal cortex,vMPFC)[5152].一項(xiàng)靜息態(tài)fMRI的研究表明,內(nèi)側(cè)顳葉網(wǎng)絡(luò)(大腦默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一個(gè)子網(wǎng)絡(luò))的連通性增強(qiáng)與自我報(bào)告的意義感相關(guān)[49].在三元情感神經(jīng)模型中也發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)超越自我的方式(如正念的干預(yù))可以減少默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的激活,降低自我卷入[30].但是對(duì)意義建構(gòu)過(guò)程中默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的激活情況和默認(rèn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能連通性的探究及與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)聯(lián)目前尚無(wú)研究提供證據(jù)支持.基于此,我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室近期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在意義建構(gòu)過(guò)程中,DMN的激活和功能連接降低,并且DMN的大腦活動(dòng)可以中介積極應(yīng)激事件與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系[53].
綜上所述,基于fMRI和ERP的方法來(lái)探討3種適應(yīng)性應(yīng)對(duì)策略促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制,有助于為理論的發(fā)展和臨床干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)(如基于神經(jīng)調(diào)控干預(yù)的腦區(qū)定位)的確定提供更多的實(shí)證依據(jù),從而更好地幫助民眾應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激、提升心理健康水平.
3.2 遺傳基因?qū)?yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的調(diào)控作用 除了神經(jīng)機(jī)制層面的證據(jù)外,遺傳基因?qū)τ诶斫鈶?yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)也具有重要作用.盡管有證據(jù)表明,應(yīng)激水平與應(yīng)對(duì)能力之間的關(guān)系可以用倒“U”形曲線來(lái)描述,即中等水平的應(yīng)激水平可以預(yù)測(cè)最高的應(yīng)對(duì)能力.然而,“中等水平”是一個(gè)模棱兩可的術(shù)語(yǔ),因?yàn)閭€(gè)體在壓力敏感性上存在差異.之前的研究也表明,暴露在一定的應(yīng)激水平下可能對(duì)一些個(gè)體有益,而對(duì)另一些個(gè)體有害[54].這表明,個(gè)體差異在理解特定壓力水平和應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系方面非常重要.個(gè)體水平變量被認(rèn)為在壓力暴露和復(fù)原力發(fā)展之間的關(guān)聯(lián)中起著調(diào)節(jié)作用[5556].遺傳成分被廣泛視為個(gè)體水平的變量,其重要性已在消極和積極的心理健康中得到證明[54].先前的遺傳學(xué)研究也表明,并不是每個(gè)人都能在經(jīng)歷早年生活逆境后獲得應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)[54].最近的研究回顧了許多與應(yīng)激復(fù)原力和應(yīng)激適應(yīng)相關(guān)的多態(tài)性,如CRHR1、5HTTLPR、COMT、NPY和BDNF[55],并指出基因可能是這種關(guān)系中個(gè)體差異的關(guān)鍵因素.我們最近的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),基因可以與應(yīng)激相互作用,不同基因型的個(gè)體應(yīng)激暴露的最佳劑量可能有差異,從而提出了應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的分化閾值模型[57].
應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的分子遺傳學(xué)研究有重要的意義.基于基因研究的結(jié)果,探究不同基因位點(diǎn)共同的生理、認(rèn)知或神經(jīng)過(guò)程,即中間表型,能更穩(wěn)定地解釋相關(guān)基因位點(diǎn)的作用機(jī)制,這可能是進(jìn)一步探尋應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)機(jī)制的新途徑[11].與應(yīng)激相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵基因如CRHR1、FKBP5和SLCA4均表現(xiàn)出風(fēng)險(xiǎn)修飾的特性,3種基因均表現(xiàn)出對(duì)下丘腦垂體腎上腺軸的應(yīng)激激素系統(tǒng)一致的影響,即風(fēng)險(xiǎn)基因型表現(xiàn)出對(duì)應(yīng)激激素系統(tǒng)的擴(kuò)大或延長(zhǎng)[58].
已有研究表明應(yīng)激相關(guān)障礙和應(yīng)激復(fù)原力均受到基因和環(huán)境的共同影響,CRHR1基因、OXTR基因和SCLA4基因均能調(diào)控早期創(chuàng)傷事件與心理健康水平之間的關(guān)系[5960].有研究在地震幸存者和職業(yè)應(yīng)激群體中均發(fā)現(xiàn)了NPY rs16147的基因多態(tài)性和應(yīng)激暴露水平對(duì)應(yīng)激復(fù)原力的交互效應(yīng):T等位基因的攜帶者在不同程度的創(chuàng)傷暴露水平下應(yīng)激復(fù)原力的水平始終保持一致,而未攜帶T等位基因的個(gè)體在高創(chuàng)傷暴露水平下表現(xiàn)出較低的應(yīng)激復(fù)原力[57].基因的多態(tài)性也能調(diào)節(jié)早期生活事件壓力和積極心理資源的關(guān)系,對(duì)某些特定基因型的人而言,早期生活事件的二次項(xiàng)能顯著預(yù)測(cè)積極心理資源;但對(duì)某些特定基因型個(gè)體而言并未出現(xiàn)反彈點(diǎn),早期生活事件的三次項(xiàng)曲線是成立的.
候選基因分析和全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析是常見(jiàn)的基因研究的思路.候選基因分析聚焦于特定的遺傳位點(diǎn)或區(qū)域,探究特定位點(diǎn)的不同基因型對(duì)表型的影響[61].但是候選基因需要基于研究者的先驗(yàn)判斷,是有假設(shè)的檢驗(yàn),需要對(duì)特定位點(diǎn)有較深入的研究基礎(chǔ)和合理的邏輯推斷[62].此外,由于復(fù)雜疾病的多基因特征,候選基因策略只能解釋來(lái)自單個(gè)位點(diǎn)的少量變異,無(wú)法對(duì)疾病的遺傳基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行更全面的解釋.因此,候選基因經(jīng)常配合全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析使用,在全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析確認(rèn)位點(diǎn)后,更換樣本用候選基因分析進(jìn)行交互驗(yàn)證.全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析是探究可遺傳性中最常用的方法,主要用于在無(wú)先驗(yàn)假設(shè)的前提下探索與性狀關(guān)聯(lián)的基因和在遺傳過(guò)程中隨機(jī)組合概率發(fā)生偏移的非隨機(jī)區(qū)域,即連鎖不平衡(linkage disequilibrium,LD)區(qū)域.
為了規(guī)避檢驗(yàn)效力的問(wèn)題,多基因分?jǐn)?shù)(polygenic scores,PGS)的使用越來(lái)越流行,主要方法是用一個(gè)單一的測(cè)量方法捕獲更多的性狀相關(guān)遺傳變異,使用PGS的方法可以得到某一性狀的方差在多大程度上可以由遺傳變異解釋.具體來(lái)說(shuō),使用PGS時(shí),先使用全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究(genomewide association studies,GWAS)得到與某一性狀相關(guān)的所有等位基因,之后加權(quán)加分計(jì)算遺傳變異在性狀中的作用[62].這種基于大型GWAS元分析的PGS,已經(jīng)被證明可以解釋精神病表型(如精神分裂癥)中相當(dāng)大比例的變異[63],并且深度神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的PGS可精準(zhǔn)區(qū)分在經(jīng)歷重大生活應(yīng)激后心理韌性和抑郁癥狀的發(fā)展軌跡[64].
4 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的數(shù)字化干預(yù)
隨著數(shù)字時(shí)代的發(fā)展,低成本的數(shù)字干預(yù)越來(lái)越多地被開(kāi)發(fā)用于提升個(gè)體的應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng).已有干預(yù)中,應(yīng)激接種訓(xùn)練(stress inoculation training, SIT)被證實(shí)是一種有力的干預(yù)方式,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)和手機(jī)移動(dòng)端的SIT的循證研究證據(jù)也有了一定積累[65].SIT認(rèn)為人們應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)激時(shí)的最佳反應(yīng)是根據(jù)特定的環(huán)境和具體的應(yīng)激源靈活地使用應(yīng)對(duì)策略.其背后的臨床原理是,通過(guò)讓來(lái)訪者暴露于較輕微的應(yīng)激,在應(yīng)激暴露之前訓(xùn)練有效的應(yīng)對(duì)技巧,來(lái)增強(qiáng)其應(yīng)對(duì)能力,使他們?cè)谌粘I钪杏龅筋愃魄闆r時(shí)能夠做好準(zhǔn)備[62].
根據(jù)三元情感神經(jīng)模型[30],認(rèn)知重評(píng)、自我肯定和意義建構(gòu)這些適用性策略可以作為潛在有效促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn).具體而言,認(rèn)知重評(píng)可以通過(guò)重新解釋和理解事件,改變個(gè)體對(duì)于壓力和創(chuàng)傷的認(rèn)知評(píng)價(jià),從而降低負(fù)面情緒的影響,促進(jìn)心理成長(zhǎng)和適應(yīng)[31,33].自我肯定則強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體的自我價(jià)值和自尊,增強(qiáng)個(gè)體的自信心,減輕壓力的影響,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)[6667].而意義建構(gòu)則是個(gè)體在面對(duì)壓力和創(chuàng)傷時(shí)重新審視事件的意義和價(jià)值,從中尋找積極的生活意義,促進(jìn)心理成長(zhǎng)和適應(yīng)[40,68].綜合這些策略,基于SIT的以認(rèn)知重評(píng)、自我肯定和意義建構(gòu)為核心的訓(xùn)練,有望為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的干預(yù)提供有力的支持,并幫助個(gè)體更好地理解和應(yīng)對(duì)生活中的挑戰(zhàn).
進(jìn)一步地,行為干預(yù)在神經(jīng)影像學(xué)上的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),行為干預(yù)主要通過(guò)緩沖應(yīng)激反應(yīng)或增加自上而下的調(diào)節(jié)信號(hào)來(lái)影響應(yīng)激系統(tǒng),主要區(qū)域包括杏仁核、背側(cè)前扣帶回和前扣帶下皮層等[69].杏仁核和其他邊緣結(jié)構(gòu)的聯(lián)系越強(qiáng),對(duì)應(yīng)激源的生理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)就越強(qiáng);下丘腦和腦干作為關(guān)鍵的樞紐,將應(yīng)激的高層次皮質(zhì)表征與外周生理應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系起來(lái).大腦情緒回路在應(yīng)對(duì)急性和慢性應(yīng)激時(shí)都具有可塑性[70],特別是海馬、杏仁核和前額皮質(zhì)中樹(shù)突棘密度和樹(shù)突長(zhǎng)度及分支的改變.行為干預(yù)也被證實(shí)能夠使前額葉特定部位的激活增強(qiáng),使杏仁核的激活減少.這些功能上的改變還伴隨著結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化,即前額葉體積的增加和杏仁核體積的減少.與此同時(shí),干預(yù)還會(huì)對(duì)獎(jiǎng)賞系統(tǒng)和自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生作用.靜息態(tài)或任務(wù)態(tài)的功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)結(jié)果能在一定程度上反映干預(yù)的有效性.已有的心理干預(yù)在干預(yù)前后都發(fā)現(xiàn)了特定腦區(qū)的靜息態(tài)或任務(wù)態(tài)fMRI的顯著變化[71,73].因此,探究應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)干預(yù)前后的神經(jīng)變化有助于進(jìn)一步了解應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的腦機(jī)制.
此外,社會(huì)支持網(wǎng)絡(luò)也被認(rèn)為對(duì)于應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)至關(guān)重要.一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),良好的社會(huì)支持可以緩解創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(PTSD)的發(fā)展,并促進(jìn)個(gè)體的應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)[74].因此,建立和加強(qiáng)社會(huì)支持網(wǎng)絡(luò),提供情感支持、信息支持和實(shí)質(zhì)性支持,對(duì)于個(gè)體的心理健康和應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)都具有積極作用.最后,身心健康促進(jìn)活動(dòng)也被證明對(duì)于促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)具有益處.例如瑜伽、冥想和運(yùn)動(dòng)等身心健康促進(jìn)活動(dòng)可以幫助個(gè)體緩解壓力、調(diào)節(jié)情緒,并提升自我意識(shí)和自我調(diào)節(jié)能力,從而促進(jìn)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[75].
綜上,有望通過(guò)上述適應(yīng)性應(yīng)對(duì)策略的干預(yù)促成個(gè)體的應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng).以往鮮少有研究直接將應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)作為評(píng)估干預(yù)有效性的結(jié)果指標(biāo),并且對(duì)于干預(yù)前后的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)變化并不清楚.因此,未來(lái)需要更多的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)以及神經(jīng)影像學(xué)研究去驗(yàn)證應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的有效干預(yù)成分及其認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制.
5 未來(lái)展望
面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn),我們看到了數(shù)智時(shí)代下應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)研究的創(chuàng)新.首先,跨學(xué)科的研究方法可以為應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的研究提供新的視角和思路,未來(lái)的研究還應(yīng)該深入探討應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)與生理基礎(chǔ).近年來(lái),神經(jīng)科學(xué)的發(fā)展為我們提供了研究應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的新視角,但以往針對(duì)應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)機(jī)制的研究并不多[53].雖然壓力的積極作用越來(lái)越受到重視,但大多數(shù)研究都集中在現(xiàn)象層面,缺乏對(duì)機(jī)制和個(gè)體差異的探討,需要進(jìn)一步討論應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的神經(jīng)心理學(xué)中介機(jī)制和遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[7677].通過(guò)神經(jīng)影像技術(shù)和分子生物學(xué)方法,我們可以更好地理解應(yīng)激對(duì)大腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的影響,以及這些變化如何與不同情境下的應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)相關(guān)聯(lián)[7879].而通過(guò)多基因分?jǐn)?shù)(polygenic scores,PGS),我們可以從遺傳變異的角度去描繪心理韌性在重大事件后的發(fā)展軌跡[64].
人工智能等技術(shù)在甄別不同類型的應(yīng)激狀態(tài)方面具有巨大的潛力[1].智能手機(jī),機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能等技術(shù)的可用性是壓力與應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)等主題研究的新窗口;可穿戴設(shè)備和手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序等數(shù)字技術(shù)的使用可以助力生物應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量,多模態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)的分析呈現(xiàn),可以從壓力跡象中辨別出異質(zhì)的多維信息,并以此預(yù)測(cè)潛在后果,提供和賦權(quán)更有效的干預(yù)措施[80].基于應(yīng)激普遍性和應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的個(gè)體差異,以及心理咨詢資源的不足,亟須開(kāi)發(fā)個(gè)性化、便捷的心理干預(yù)方案.機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)為個(gè)體干預(yù)效果預(yù)測(cè)和干預(yù)方案的精準(zhǔn)匹配提供了重要的方法論基礎(chǔ),在個(gè)體特征識(shí)別、干預(yù)效果預(yù)測(cè)和干預(yù)方案匹配等方面具有巨大的應(yīng)用潛力[8182].未來(lái)研究有望于在機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的輔助下能夠開(kāi)發(fā)個(gè)體化的數(shù)字干預(yù)方案,利用手機(jī)應(yīng)用和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)等,提供可移動(dòng)、沉浸式的干預(yù)方式,讓個(gè)體能夠根據(jù)自身情況獲得及時(shí)的干預(yù),以促進(jìn)其應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)[83].研究者們可以依托可穿戴設(shè)備和數(shù)字化平臺(tái)實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)、動(dòng)態(tài)的監(jiān)測(cè)和個(gè)性化的干預(yù),并以此為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品,推動(dòng)理論研究與實(shí)踐的結(jié)合.基于此,我們需要深入探索應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng)的相關(guān)機(jī)制,結(jié)合先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)為不同人群量身定制個(gè)性化的干預(yù)措施,讓時(shí)代和技術(shù)的紅利造福心理健康領(lǐng)域[1].
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Stressrelated Growth: Challenges and Innovations in Stress Research in the Era of Digital Intelligence
GAN Yiqun, HUANG Huiqing, ZHANG Cong, WU Xuebing, HU Jun
(School of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences & Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871)
In the context of the era of digital intelligence, the social pressures and psychological challenges encountered by individuals are becoming more complex and diverse, which makes the importance of stressrelated growth as a positive adaptation strategy more and more significant. In the context of the digital intelligence era, this paper expounds the definition of stressrelated growth and its correlation indicators (such as inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility), and emphasizes its importance in helping individuals cope with stress and trauma to grow positively. In the discussion of neural mechanisms, we infer the corresponding neural mechanisms of these three cognitive processes, including the reward system, the amygdala, and the activation of the default pattern network, based on the ternary affective neural model. Based on the cognitive neural mechanism, the multimodal data of the intelligent platform are used to improve the accuracy of the assessment, and cuttingedge technologies such as machine learning are used to improve the effect of intervention, so as to improve the stressrelated growth of individuals.
stressrelated growth; cognitive neural mechanism; physiological mechanism; genetic mechanism; digital intervention; challenge and innovation
(編輯 鄭月蓉)
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(32171076和3217070197)
第一作者簡(jiǎn)介:甘怡群(1966—),女,教授,主要從事應(yīng)激、應(yīng)對(duì)和健康心理的研究,Email:ygan@pku.edu.cn
引用格式:甘怡群,黃慧清,張聰,等. 應(yīng)激相關(guān)成長(zhǎng):數(shù)智時(shí)代應(yīng)激研究的挑戰(zhàn)和創(chuàng)新[J]. 四川師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),2024,47(5)[JP]:576586.