[摘要]轉(zhuǎn)移是晚期胃癌患者的主要表現(xiàn)及治療失敗的主要原因。部分胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)因子通過對上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化、黏附、遷移、侵襲、增殖、血管生成等過程的調(diào)控促進或抑制胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移。本文擬對胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)因子對胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移過程不同階段的作用及潛在分子機制作一綜述,明確其調(diào)控胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的機制及潛在的治療靶點,為胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移提供新的檢測手段及治療選擇。
[關(guān)鍵詞]胃癌;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)因子
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.02.021
Research Progress of Metastasis Related Factors in Gastric Cancer
Wei Xiuzhen1,2,Zhang Zhengjie3,Tan Yong4,Li Jiajia5,Zhang Baihong2**
1The First Clinical Medical School,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou730030;2Department of Oncology,the 940th Hospital ofJoint Logistics Support Force of People′s Liberation Army,Lanzhou730050;3Department of Gastroenterology,the Wu Wei Liang Zhou Hospital,Wuwei733000;4Department of Gastroenterology,the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People′s Liberation Army,Lanzhou730050;5Endoscopy Center of Gastroenterology Department,the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People′s LiberationArmy,Lanzhou730050
**Corresponding author:Zhang baihong,email:bhzhang@126.com
[Abstract]Metastasis is the main manifestation of advanced gastric cancer patients and the main cause of treatment failure.Some gastric cancer metastasis related factors promote or inhibit gastric cancer metastasis by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition,adhesion,migration,invasion,proliferation and angiogenesis.This article aims to provide a view of the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer metastasis related factors in different stages of gastric cancer metastasis,clarify their mechanisms of regulating gastric cancer metastasis and potential therapeutic targets,provide new detection methods for gastric cancer metastasis and new treatment options for patients with metastasis gastric cancer.
[Key words]Stomach cancer;Neoplasm metastasis;Metastasis related factors
據(jù)國際癌癥研究機構(gòu)發(fā)布的全球最新癌癥數(shù)據(jù),2020年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的胃癌患者占所有新發(fā)腫瘤患者的第5位,因胃癌死亡的患者居癌癥死因的第3位,導致胃癌死亡的主要原因是轉(zhuǎn)移[1]。由于胃癌早期缺乏特異性的臨床癥狀、體征及敏感性高的診斷方法,無法及時發(fā)現(xiàn)具有轉(zhuǎn)移傾向及微小轉(zhuǎn)移病灶,診斷時大多為晚期或局部晚期[2]。腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程包括腫瘤細胞從原發(fā)部位脫落、遷移、侵襲、內(nèi)滲、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)存活、外滲、腫瘤在新部位定植[3]。胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移過程中涉及許多因子,通過對腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過程和腫瘤細胞生物特性的調(diào)節(jié)而干預胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。隨著精準醫(yī)學的發(fā)展,為提高晚期胃癌的早診率和療效,有必要從分子層面研究影響胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的因素,探索新的治療策略。本文將對胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)因子的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能、分子機制及潛在治療靶標的研究進展進行綜述,以明確其分子機制,針對靶標精準治療,及早發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移性病變,延長患者生存時間。
1與上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)的因子及其作用
靜止的上皮細胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛羞\動能力的間充質(zhì)細胞的過程,稱為上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(Epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)。EMT通過E-鈣黏蛋白表達減少,N-鈣黏蛋白、波形蛋白、β-鏈蛋白、Snail蛋白和Slug蛋白表達增多促進腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。EMT是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的起始步驟,腫瘤細胞從原發(fā)灶脫離,通過EMT使腫瘤細胞獲得遷移和侵襲的能力,促進腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。與EMT相關(guān)的促進胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的因子主要有同源盒基因A10(Homeobox A10,HOXA10)、CXC趨化因子配體16(CXC motif "chemokine "ligand 16,CXCL16)、S100鈣結(jié)合蛋白A11(S100 calcium-binding protein A11,S100A11)。
HOXA10在胃癌組織中表達升高,EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E-鈣黏蛋白水平減少,同時Snail蛋白和Slug蛋白的表達升高,促進胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移[5]。DNA低甲基化修飾可導致促癌因子的過表達和激活。胃癌組織中HOXA10啟動子的DNA甲基化水平較非胃癌組織水平顯著降低,促進腫瘤的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移[6]。HOXA10高表達促進胃癌細胞的增殖、降低凋亡細胞的比率,促進胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,其作用的分子機制可能與轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子(Transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)/Smad蛋白/甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶3、Janus激酶1/信號轉(zhuǎn)導和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)等信號通路的激活有關(guān)[7]。因此,HOXA10因子有望成為胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的預測因子。
高CXCL16組胃癌組織中的EMT相關(guān)基因顯著富集[8]。CXCL16 mRNA水平在組織學分化差、分期晚、有遠處轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌患者中顯著升高,其表達水平與腫瘤浸潤淋巴細胞呈正相關(guān)。基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(Matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)10可調(diào)控CXCL16,進而激活CXCL16/CXC趨化因子受體6(CXC chemokine receptor 6,CXCR6)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(Serine/threonine kinase,Akt)、絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)、STAT3等細胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路啟動胃癌細胞的EMT,促進胃癌的增殖、遷移和侵襲。間充質(zhì)干細胞或基質(zhì)細胞產(chǎn)生的CXCL16通過激活胃癌細胞中的STAT3,促進胃癌細胞的體外增殖和遷移[9]。CXCL16與其配體CXCR6結(jié)合后通過EMT促進胃癌的轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。CXCL16可通過無創(chuàng)性液體活檢檢測,因此,可作為最有潛力的胃癌淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移促進因子的標志物。
S100A11是鈣結(jié)合蛋白成員之一,有研究表明,S100A11通過與E-鈣黏蛋白之間的相關(guān)作用影響EMT過程,促進腫瘤的遷移和侵襲,同時,S100A11還與腫瘤細胞的生長、增殖、分化和凋亡密切相關(guān)[11]。使用組織微陣列免疫組織化學對324份手術(shù)切除的胃癌組織標本及匹配的正常胃組織標本中S100A11蛋白的表達分析發(fā)現(xiàn),S100A11在組織學分化差和分期相對較晚的胃癌患者中表達水平高于早期胃癌,但無統(tǒng)計學意義,其促進胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的機制可能與MMP9和EMT有關(guān)[12]。S100A11在胃癌組織中的表達水平高于癌旁正常組織,并且其表達水平與MMP呈正相關(guān),與E-鈣黏蛋白呈負相關(guān)[13]。信號富集分析顯示, MAPK3、PI3K、cAMP反應(yīng)元件蛋白結(jié)合蛋白等多種信號有可能也參與S100A11對胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的促進作用。此外,S100A11水平升高使腫瘤細胞中半胱天冬酶-3/7活性減弱,導致胃癌細胞對順鉑或氟尿嘧啶的敏感度降低,增強了腫瘤細胞對化療藥物的抵抗力。因此,進一步探索S100A11促胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機制,有可能為胃癌的診斷及治療提供新的選擇。
2與侵襲和遷移相關(guān)的因子及其作用
脫離原發(fā)病灶的腫瘤細胞經(jīng)EMT獲得運動能力,向遠隔器官或組織運動,從一個區(qū)域遷移到另一個區(qū)域,進一步浸潤血管,促進腫瘤細胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。在這個過程中,鈣釋放激活的鈣調(diào)節(jié)素2(Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 2,CRACM2,又稱ORAI2)、和α-酮戊二酸依賴性雙加氧酶alkB同系物 5(Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 5,ALKBH5)等胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)因子參與。
ORAI2是一種鈣通道亞基,通過調(diào)節(jié)鈣池調(diào)控的鈣內(nèi)流(Store-operated calcium ion entry,SOCE),促進腫瘤細胞的增殖和遷移。ORAI2在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌患者中表達明顯上調(diào),其機制可能與促進SOCE、激活PI3K/Akt和MAPK/細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(Extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)信號通路有關(guān)[14]。ORAI2還參與胃癌腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移[15]。因此,ORAI2可作為胃癌淋巴結(jié)和腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移有潛力的預測因子。
N6-甲基腺苷(N6-methyladenosine,m6A)是真核生物RNA最常見的修飾形式,m6A甲基化與癌癥診斷和治療具有相關(guān)性[16]。m6A甲基化對不同腫瘤具有雙重作用,可抑制或促進腫瘤的發(fā)生,因此,去甲基酶ALKBH5也具有雙面性。在胃癌細胞系中,甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶14水平下降,去甲基酶ALKBH5升高,m6A甲基化受抑制,促進胃癌細胞增殖和侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[17]。一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ALKBH5作為抑癌基因參與胃癌細胞遷移過程,在有淋巴結(jié)和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌中表達水平顯著降低[18]。ALKBH5診斷胃癌的靈敏度和特異度均較高,有望成為早期診斷胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的新型生物標志物。
3與黏附相關(guān)的因子及其作用
黏附因子(如E-鈣黏蛋白)、黏著斑激酶(Focal adhesion kinase,F(xiàn)AK)在腫瘤細胞間或腫瘤細胞與血管基質(zhì)的黏附中起重要作用,脂質(zhì)磷酸磷酸酶相關(guān)蛋白4型(Lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 4,LPPR4)、整合素亞基α5(Integrin subunit alpha 5,ITGA5)等通過對黏附因子、FAK的調(diào)節(jié)而控制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。
LPPR4在細胞內(nèi)外均具有生物活性,降解多種磷脂,使細胞間黏附力減弱,與腫瘤細胞存活、遷移等有關(guān)[19]。LPPR4為胃癌預后和腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因,通過調(diào)節(jié)特異性蛋白1/整合素a/FAK信號通路,影響細胞黏附分子和細胞外基質(zhì)和受體的相互作用,促進胃癌腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移[20]。一項基于腫瘤微環(huán)境與胃癌基因的預后特征相關(guān)性分析顯示,LPPR4與胃癌具有相關(guān)性,尤其在胃癌腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移組織中高表達[21]。
ITGA5是整合素家族之一,是一類黏附分子,起到細胞間連接和信號轉(zhuǎn)導的功能。ITGA5在胃癌中高表達,與胃癌增殖、遷移、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、細胞干性、化療耐藥性等均有密切關(guān)聯(lián)[22-23]。ITGA5促腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移作用與FAK有關(guān)[24]。FAK是位于細胞內(nèi)整聯(lián)蛋白黏著斑連接處的一個高度酪氨酸磷酸化的蛋白,F(xiàn)AK與酪氨酸蛋白激酶結(jié)合,協(xié)調(diào)黏附周轉(zhuǎn)和肌動蛋白細胞骨架動力學,以促進腫瘤細胞遷移。ITGA5通過激活FAK/AKT/PI3K信號通路促進胃癌細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移,這與生物信息學數(shù)據(jù)庫預測的結(jié)果相一致[25]。
4與血管生成的相關(guān)因子及其作用
腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的始末均有賴于血管生成。干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子2結(jié)合蛋白2(Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein,IRF2BP2)、血小板反應(yīng)素1(Thrombospondin 1,THBS1)通過影響結(jié)締組織生長因子、血管生成生長因子等調(diào)控腫瘤新生血管的生成。
IRF2BP2是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子,參與控制細胞周期、細胞分化、細胞凋亡、炎癥、血管生存和免疫反應(yīng)等細胞功能。IRF2BP2與結(jié)締組織生長因子結(jié)合參與腫瘤血管生成和免疫逃逸[26]。IRF2BP2可促進胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和血管浸潤,促進胃癌細胞的增殖和侵襲[27]。IRF2BP2與轉(zhuǎn)錄輔助因子蛻變樣蛋白4結(jié)合參與免疫逃逸和血管生成,并負調(diào)控結(jié)締組織生長因子促進腫瘤細胞增殖、遷移和EMT,增加胃癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率[27]。
THBS1屬于血小板反應(yīng)蛋白家族,抑制血管生成[28]。可能通過激活MAPK信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路、Wnt信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路,促進胃癌侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。一項對92例胃癌患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胃癌患者THBS1甲基化發(fā)生率明顯高于正常對照組患者,在腹腔灌洗液和血液中檢測的結(jié)果與組織中檢測的結(jié)果相一致[29]。并且,腹腔灌洗液和血液中甲基化THBS1 DNA診斷腹膜播散的靈敏度>80%,特異度為100%,提示THBS1甲基化可預測胃癌腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移和不良預后。THBS1除了抑制腫瘤血管生成,還與胃癌的免疫和化療耐藥性有關(guān)[30]。
5結(jié)語
腫瘤的治療已進入精準治療時代,本文介紹了HOXA10、CXCL16、S100A11、ORAI2、ALKBH5、LPPR4、ITGA5、IRF2BP2、THBS1等胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)因子對胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移不同過程及腫瘤細胞特性的影響,進一步探究了其具體的分子機制,為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)微轉(zhuǎn)移病灶和胃癌的精準治療提供了理論依據(jù)。但是,由于胃癌的異質(zhì)性、轉(zhuǎn)移的復雜性和基因調(diào)控的多樣性,各個因子介導胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的具體分子機制還需深入研究,在體外或體內(nèi)試驗驗證,以期獲得有希望的治療新靶標。
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(2023-07-12收稿)