There be結(jié)構(gòu)
there be 意為“某處有某物”。如:
There is a park in front of our school. 我們學(xué)校前有個(gè)公園。
there be 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“某地存在某物或某人”。它的基本句式為:there be +主語(名詞)+地點(diǎn)狀語,其中there 是引導(dǎo)詞,本身無詞義,也不發(fā)生變化,而真正的主語是后面的名詞,相當(dāng)于:主語(名詞)+ be + 地點(diǎn)狀語。如:
There is a restaurant next to the park. 緊挨著公園有個(gè)飯店。
there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問句只需把be 動(dòng)詞提前,回答時(shí)根據(jù)主語變化用Yes,there is/ are. 或No, there isn’t/ aren’t. 如:
—Are there any teachers in the office? 辦公室里有老師嗎?
—No, there aren’t. 不,沒有。
由there 引導(dǎo)的這種結(jié)構(gòu),動(dòng)詞be (is, are)放在主語之前,需與其在單復(fù)數(shù)方面保持一致,主語是不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用is,若為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用are。當(dāng)there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞be 應(yīng)與鄰近的主語在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致,即“就近原則”。如:
There is a girl and two boys in the classroom. 教室里有一個(gè)女孩和兩個(gè)男孩。
There is some bread and eggs on the table. 桌上有一些面包和幾個(gè)雞蛋。
一般過去時(shí)
句式結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)be 動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的句式:
否定句是在was/ were 后面加not;一般疑問句是把was/ were 提前放到句首。
(2)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的句式:
①肯定式:主語+動(dòng)詞過去式+其他
②否定式:主語+ did not (didn’t) +動(dòng)詞原形+其他
③一般疑問式:Did +主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他?
④特殊疑問式:特殊疑問詞+ did +主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他?
活動(dòng)環(huán)境
(1)主要用于過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),句中通常有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語;
(2)表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,此時(shí)常與often, always 等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用;
(3)敘述逝者的情況;
(4)如果有些情況發(fā)生的時(shí)間不是很清楚,但實(shí)際上是過去發(fā)生的,也應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。
時(shí)間狀語
(1)yesterday 及其構(gòu)成的短語,如:
yesterday morning 昨天早上
(2)由“l(fā)ast +時(shí)間名詞”構(gòu)成的短語,如:
last week 上周
(3)由“介詞+表示過去的時(shí)間名詞”構(gòu)成的短語,如:
in 1990 1990 年
(4)由“一段時(shí)間+ ago”構(gòu)成的短語,如:
a year ago 一年之前
(5)其他一些表示過去時(shí)間的短語,如:
just now 剛才
祈使句
祈使句常常用來表達(dá)命令、請(qǐng)求或者建議。主語you 通常省略,并且謂語動(dòng)詞用原形。句尾用感嘆號(hào)或句號(hào),讀的時(shí)候用降調(diào)。
(1)肯定句式結(jié)構(gòu):
be 動(dòng)詞+其他成分。如:
Be a good boy! 做個(gè)好孩子!
Let +人(或者人稱代詞的賓格) +動(dòng)詞原形。如:
Let me have a look. 讓我看一看。
其他動(dòng)詞類。如:
Stand up, please! 請(qǐng)起立!
(2)否定句式結(jié)構(gòu):
祈使句的否定句式結(jié)構(gòu)通常是在肯定結(jié)構(gòu)前加Don’t。如:
Don’t ask me when I’m busy! 別在我忙的時(shí)候問我!
(3)特殊用法:
即“無動(dòng)詞祈使句”,常常用于一些表示禁止的標(biāo)語牌上。如:
No parking! 禁止停車!
No smoking! 禁止吸煙!
No swimming! 禁止游泳!
(4)加強(qiáng)語氣的祈使句:Do +動(dòng)詞原形。如:
Do write to me soon! 一定要快點(diǎn)給我寫信呀!
Do be careful! 一定要小心點(diǎn)!
Do study hard! 一定要努力學(xué)習(xí)呀!
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)。由“系動(dòng)詞be(am, is, are)+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(v-ing)”構(gòu)成。其中am, is, are 在人稱和數(shù)上要與主語保持一致。
句式結(jié)構(gòu):
肯定式:主語+ am/ is/ are + v-ing
否定式:主語+ am/ is/ are + not + v-ing
一般疑問式及其回答:
—Am/ Is/ Are +主語+ v-ing?
—Yes, 主語+ am/ is/ are.
—No, 主語+ am not/ isn’t/ aren’t.
特殊疑問式:特殊疑問詞+ am/ is/ are +主語+ v-ing?
判定方法院
(1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)在多數(shù)情況下是通過now 來判定的。
(2)以動(dòng)詞Look! 或Listen! 等開頭的句子,提示我們說話時(shí)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
(3)描述圖片中人物的動(dòng)作時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),以示生動(dòng)。
(4)通過前后的語言環(huán)境、時(shí)間等來說明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,也可由特定的語境來表達(dá)。
訓(xùn)練基地
Ⅰ. 單項(xiàng)選擇。
( )1. Look! The girls ________ cards over there.
A. play B. playing C. is playing D. are playing
( )2. —What are the girls doing?
—They ________.
A. are looking English books B. are watching a film
C. are listening the music D. watching a film
( )3. ________ weekend, I ________ an old friend in London.
A. Last; visited B. Last; visiting
C. This; visit D. This; am visit
( )4. ________ there a bike and two men under the tree?
A. Is B. Are C. Have D. Has
( )5. —________ take off your coat, Kate. It’s cold today.
—OK.
A. Don’t B. Can’t C. You’d better D. Please
( )6. —________ you in Australia last year?
—Yes, I ________.
A. were; was B. were; were C. was; were D. was; was
( )7. —How did you ________ the weekend?
—I helped my mother cook food.
A. spend B. to spend C. spending D. spent
( )8. We ________ the end-of-year exam yesterday.
A. have B. had C. are D. are having
( )9. —When ________ you ________ the room?
—Last Monday.
A. do; clean B. did; clean C. are; cleaning D. does; clean
( )10. —________ yesterday?
—It was rainy.
A. How was the weather like B. What was the weather
C. How is the weather D. What was the weather like
Ⅱ. 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。
1. I can take Wang Gang there when he ________ (come) to visit.
2. ________ her brother ________ (like) playing football every day?
3. It’s nine o’clock. His grandfather ________ (lie) in bed.
4. He ________ (have) fun in the Palace Museum yesterday.
5. Many people ________ (run) in the park every Sunday morning.
6. How ________ (be) the weather last winter?
7. On weekdays, when ________ you ________ (get) up?
8. Jim’s cousin James ________ (do) his homework every day. But he ________ (not"do) it yesterday.
9. Look! The boy ________ (put) on his sweater by himself.
10. I ________ (buy) a new dictionary the day before yesterday.
11. —________ you ________ (know) the boy over there?
—Which boy?
—The boy who is ________ (sit) near the window of the classroom.
12. I like ________ (read), but I like ________ (go) to the cinema this evening.
13. Would you like ________ (go) to the park this afternoon?
14. Don’t ________ (talk) with him. He’s busy.
15. They ________ (practice) writing at school now.