摘要:【目的】從中條山野生毛葡萄中分離篩選出發(fā)酵性能優(yōu)良、香氣濃郁的產(chǎn)香酵母,并分析其對小芒森葡萄酒香氣成分和品質(zhì)的影響,為野生酵母資源開發(fā)利用及地域特色葡萄酒釀造提供理論基礎(chǔ)?!痉椒ā坎杉袟l山野生毛葡萄果實(shí)并進(jìn)行菌株分離,利用嗅聞法、杜氏管發(fā)酵法和電位滴定法篩選香氣濃郁、起酵速度快且產(chǎn)酯量高的產(chǎn)香酵母,并對其進(jìn)行分子生物學(xué)鑒定。分別采用單菌接種(釀酒酵母F15)和混菌接種(釀酒酵母F15和產(chǎn)香酵母菌株)發(fā)酵小芒森葡萄酒,測定2種酒樣的基礎(chǔ)理化指標(biāo),采用氣相色譜—質(zhì)譜法(GC-MS)分析香氣成分并進(jìn)行感官評價(jià)?!窘Y(jié)果】共分離獲得10株酵母菌,其中CL1菌株起酵速度快,產(chǎn)酯量達(dá)1.76 g/L,具有明顯果香味和酒香味。基于26SrDNA序列相似性構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育進(jìn)化樹,將CL1菌株鑒定為葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母(Hanseniasporauvarum)。將產(chǎn)香酵母CL1與釀酒酵母F15混菌接種發(fā)酵小芒森葡萄酒,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)其總酚含量較單菌接種(釀酒酵母F15)增加7.60 mg/L。混菌接種酒樣共檢測出36種香氣物質(zhì),比單菌接種增加12種,香氣物質(zhì)總含量增加39.83%,混菌接種酒樣的2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇、苯乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、乙酸己酯和丁酸乙酯氣味活性值(OAV)較高,對小芒森葡萄酒的香氣貢獻(xiàn)較大,賦予其奶油味、果香味和玫瑰香氣等。感官評價(jià)結(jié)果表明,混菌接種小芒森葡萄酒的香氣優(yōu)雅度、芳香持續(xù)性和口感濃郁度均明顯高于單菌接種。【結(jié)論】產(chǎn)香酵母菌株CL1具有良好的增香能力,與釀酒酵母混菌接種發(fā)酵對小芒森葡萄酒品質(zhì)提升有明顯作用,具有應(yīng)用于釀造地域特色葡萄酒的潛力。
關(guān)鍵詞:中條山野生毛葡萄;產(chǎn)香酵母;葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母;混菌接種;香氣成分
中圖分類號:S663.109.9;TS261.1文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號:2095-1191(2024)08-2342-09
Aroma-producing yeast selection and its impact on aroma components in wine
CHENG Wen SHI Shou-guo2*,LI Xin 2*
(1College of Food Science and Engineering,Shanxi Agricultural University,Jinzhong,Shanxi 03080 China;2LifeSciences Department,Yuncheng University/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Yuncheng Salt Lake Ecological Protectionand Resource Utilization,Yuncheng,Shanxi 044000,China)
Abstract:【Objective】The aroma-producing yeast with excellent fermentation performance and strong aroma was iso-lated and screened from Zhongtiao Mountain wild Vitis quinquangularis,and its effects on the aroma components and quality of Petit Manseng wine were analyzed,which provided theoretical basis for the development and utilization of wild yeast resources and regional characteristic wine brewing.【Method】The Zhongtiao Mountain wild V.quinquangularis berries were collected and the strains were isolated.Based on olfactory method,Duchenne tube fermentation method and potentiometric titration,a yeast strain with strong aroma,fast fermentation speed,and high ester production was se-lected,and identified by molecular biology.Petit Manseng wine was fermented by single-strain inoculation(Saccharomy-ces cerevisiae F15)and mixed-strain inoculation(S.cerevisiae F15 and aroma-producing yeast strain)respectively.The basic physical and chemical indexes of the two wine samples were determined,and the aroma components were analyzedby gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and sensory evaluation was carried out.【Result】A total of 10 yeast strains were isolated.Among them,the CL1 strain had a fast fermentation speed and an ester yield of 1.76 g/L,with ob-vious fruity and wine aroma.The CL1 strain was identified as Hanseniasporauvarum based on the phylogenetic tree con-structed by 26S rDNA sequence similarity.The aroma-producing yeast CL1 and S.cerevisiae F15 were inoculated to fer-ment Petit Manseng wine,and the results showed that the total phenol content was 7.60 mg/L higher than that of single strain inoculation(S.cerevisiae F15).A total of 36 aroma substances were detected in the wine samples inoculated with mixed strains,which was 12 more than that inoculated with single strain,and the total content of aroma substances in-creased by 39.83%.Among them,the odor activity values(OAV)of 2,3-butanediol,phenylethyl alcohol,ethylphace-tate,ethyl lactate,hexyl acetate and ethyl butyrate in wine sample inoculated with mixed strains were higher,which con-tributed more to the aroma of Petit Manseng wine,giving it creamy,fruity and rose aroma.The results of sensory evalua-tion showed that the aroma elegance,aroma persistence and taste intensity of the wine inoculated with mixed strains were greatly higher than those inoculated with single strain.【Conclusion】The aroma-producing yeast strain CL1 has good aroma-enhancing ability,and the mixed inoculation fermentation with S.cerevisiae has obvious effect on the quality im-provement of Petit Manseng wine,which has the potential to be applied to brewing regional characteristic wine.
Key words:Zhongtiao Mountain wild Vitis quinquangularis;aroma-producing yeast;Hanseniasporauvarum;mixed-strain inoculation;aroma components
Foundation items:National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300111);Shanxi Science and Technology Inno-vation Talent Team Project(202204051001035);Shanxi Basic Research Project(202203021211114);Yuncheng Basic Re-search Project(YCKJ-2021034)
0引言
【研究意義】商業(yè)釀酒酵母(Saccharomyces cere-visiae)在葡萄酒釀造過程中應(yīng)用極為廣泛,導(dǎo)致葡萄酒口感、香氣特征同質(zhì)化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,無突出特色。為打破過度依賴商業(yè)釀酒酵母的現(xiàn)狀,利用非釀酒酵母進(jìn)行葡萄酒發(fā)酵,分析其對葡萄酒品質(zhì)和風(fēng)味多樣性提升作用的研究日益增加(Fenget al.,2021)。優(yōu)質(zhì)葡萄酒的釀造不僅取決于葡萄種類,也與釀酒葡萄中天然存在的各種微生物密切相關(guān),其中的產(chǎn)香酵母更是葡萄酒發(fā)酵的核心微生物,對葡萄酒的口感、香氣均有重要影響(呂楓等,2020;彭璐等,2020)。因此,篩選具有地域特色的優(yōu)良產(chǎn)香酵母,對促進(jìn)野生酵母資源的開發(fā)利用具有重要意義。【前人研究進(jìn)展】產(chǎn)香酵母是在自身代謝過程中可產(chǎn)生芳香氣味物質(zhì)的重要微生物,又被稱為產(chǎn)酯酵母(Hu etal.,2018)。目前,從葡萄汁中分離出來的產(chǎn)香酵母有40余種,常見的產(chǎn)香酵母屬有假絲酵母屬(Candida)、有孢圓酵母屬(Torulaspora)、有孢漢遜酵母屬(Hanseniaspora)、接合酵母屬(Zygosaccharo-myces)、畢赤酵母屬(Pichia)、裂殖酵母屬(Schizo-saccharomyces)、梅奇酵母屬(Metschnikowia)、類酵母屬(Saccharomycodes)、德巴利酵母屬(Debaryomyces)、克魯維酵母屬(Kluyveromyces)等(徐超等,2024)。產(chǎn)香酵母通過代謝產(chǎn)生糖苷a0b31a148e873f49a9699c423fc0e0d2酶和碳硫鍵裂解酶,增加萜烯類化合物,增加葡萄酒香氣成分種類和含量,降低揮發(fā)性硫醇類化合物含量,增強(qiáng)葡萄酒的品種香氣和發(fā)酵香氣特征(湯曉宏等,2023)。在酒精發(fā)酵后期,產(chǎn)香酵母可通過自溶增加氨基酸、脂肪酸、甘露糖蛋白等物質(zhì)含量,從而影響葡萄酒的口感(Gamero etal.,2016)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),產(chǎn)香酵母的酒精耐受性較差,酒精轉(zhuǎn)化能力較低,而與釀酒酵母混合(同時(shí)接種或順序接種)發(fā)酵葡萄酒,可明顯改善葡萄酒的典型性和顯著性香氣,提高葡萄酒的香氣特色和整體風(fēng)味,混菌發(fā)酵逐漸成為葡萄酒釀造的發(fā)展趨勢(Padilla et al.,2016)。Whitener等(2017)順序接種產(chǎn)香酵母與釀酒酵母進(jìn)行西拉葡萄酒混合發(fā)酵,發(fā)現(xiàn)澤普林假絲酵母(Candida zemplinina)、哈薩克斯坦酵母屬Kazachstania aerobia、耐熱克魯維酵母(Lachanceathermotolerans)、美極梅奇酵母(M.pulcherrima)、戴爾有孢圓酵母(T.delbrueckii)、克魯維畢赤酵母(P.kluyveri)等對葡萄酒香氣成分種類和含量均有不同程度的貢獻(xiàn)。Prior等(2019)將克魯維畢赤酵母和釀酒酵母混合接種發(fā)酵,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄酒中高級醇和乙基酯含量顯著提高,葡萄酒品質(zhì)明顯改善。我國葡萄酒產(chǎn)區(qū)眾多且各具特色,酵母資源豐富,本土微生物菌群更適應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂颉⑼寥篮臀⑸鷳B(tài)環(huán)境,應(yīng)用本土酵母菌進(jìn)行發(fā)酵有利于增強(qiáng)葡萄酒風(fēng)味多樣性和產(chǎn)區(qū)典型性(Zhang et al.,2022)。大量研究表明,本土產(chǎn)香酵母與釀酒酵母混菌發(fā)酵,有利于酯類、醇類及萜烯類化合物的生成,尤其是乙酸苯乙酯和苯乙醇,不僅可增強(qiáng)花香味和果香味,而且能使葡萄酒香氣更濃郁(Hu et al.,2018;李毅麗等,2022;夏鴻川,2022;周桂珍,2022)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】產(chǎn)香酵母在突出葡萄酒風(fēng)味、提升葡萄酒品質(zhì)等方面具有重要作用,發(fā)掘優(yōu)良本土產(chǎn)香酵母有助于釀造地域特色葡萄酒。地處山西省南部的中條山,地理環(huán)境與氣候條件獨(dú)特,野生毛葡萄資源豐富,蘊(yùn)藏著豐富多樣的產(chǎn)香酵母資源,是獲取產(chǎn)香酵母的重要新來源,亟需進(jìn)一步發(fā)掘和研究。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】從中條山野生毛葡萄果實(shí)中分離篩選發(fā)酵性能優(yōu)良、香氣濃郁的產(chǎn)香酵母,對其進(jìn)行分子生物學(xué)鑒定,將篩選出的產(chǎn)香酵母與釀酒酵母混合發(fā)酵小芒森葡萄酒,分析其對葡萄酒香氣成分和品質(zhì)的影響,為野生酵母資源開發(fā)利用及地域特色葡萄酒釀造提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1材料與方法
1.1試驗(yàn)材料
1.1.1樣品來源中條山野生毛葡萄采集自山西省運(yùn)城市絳縣,小芒森葡萄采集自山西省運(yùn)城市夏縣格瑞特酒莊;釀酒酵母F15購自法國LAFFORT公司。
1.1.2主要試劑酵母浸膏、蛋白胨、瓊脂和麥芽浸粉均購自北京奧博星生物技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司;葡萄糖購自天津市瑞金特化學(xué)品有限公司;無水硫酸鈉、焦亞硫酸鉀、二氯甲烷和2-辛醇均購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;酵母菌DNA提取試劑盒購自廣州飛揚(yáng)生物工程有限公司。
1.1.3培養(yǎng)基YPD液體培養(yǎng)基:蛋白胨2 g、葡萄糖2 g、酵母浸膏1 g,蒸餾水100 mL,自然pH,121℃滅菌20min備用。
YPD固體培養(yǎng)基:瓊脂2 g、蛋白胨2 g、葡萄糖2 g、酵母浸膏1 g,蒸餾水100 mL,自然pH,121℃滅菌20 min備用。
孟加拉紅固體培養(yǎng)基:瓊脂2 g、葡萄糖1 g、蛋白胨0.5 g、磷酸二氫鉀0.1 g、硫酸鎂0.05 g、氯霉素0.01 g、孟加拉紅0.0033 g,蒸餾水100 mL,pH 7. 121℃滅菌20min備用。
產(chǎn)酯培養(yǎng)基:麥芽浸粉13 g、氯霉素0.01 g,蒸餾水100 mL,121℃滅菌20 min備用。
1.2試驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1菌株分離篩選將野生毛葡萄擠壓破碎后,取1 mL葡萄汁,加入9 mL無菌水,混勻后接種于YPD液體培養(yǎng)基,28℃、150 r/min富集培養(yǎng)36 h(蘆文娟等,2016)。將富集菌懸液梯度稀釋10-5、10-6、10-7倍,分別吸取100μL接種于孟加拉紅固體培養(yǎng)基,涂布均勻,28℃靜置培養(yǎng)48h,通過嗅聞法篩選香氣濃郁的菌株(李歡歡等,2022)。采用杜氏管發(fā)酵法測定菌株起酵速度,將待測篩選菌株接種至放有倒置杜氏小管的YPD液體培養(yǎng)基試管中,28℃靜置培養(yǎng),觀察12、24、36和48 h的產(chǎn)氣情況。參考GB/T 10345—2022《白酒分析方法》,將待測菌株接種于100 mL產(chǎn)酯培養(yǎng)基,28℃靜置培養(yǎng)48h后蒸餾,取30 mL蒸餾液皂化回流1 h,采用電位滴定法測定菌株產(chǎn)酯量。綜合菌株的香氣、起酵速度和產(chǎn)酯量篩選產(chǎn)香酵母。
1.2.2菌株26S rDNA序列分析提取產(chǎn)香酵母菌株基因組DNA,采用正向引物NL1(5'-GCATATCA ATAAGCGGAGGAAAAG-3')和反向引物NL4(5'-G GTCCGTGTTTCAAGACGG-3'),對菌株26S rDNA的D1/D2區(qū)片段進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增。PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物經(jīng)瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測后,委托北京三博遠(yuǎn)志生物技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司進(jìn)行測序。將測序結(jié)果在NCBI中進(jìn)行同源序列比對,利用MEGA 7.0的鄰接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)基于26S rDNA序列相似性構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育進(jìn)化樹,Bootstrap設(shè)為1000次。
1.2.3葡萄酒發(fā)酵將產(chǎn)香酵母菌株接種于YPD液體培養(yǎng)基,28℃、150 r/min培養(yǎng)24 h,8000 r/min離心5min,棄上清液,用無菌水洗滌2次后接入3 L發(fā)酵罐。選取顆粒完整、成熟度高的小芒森葡萄果實(shí)3kg,4℃冷浸漬24h,分別進(jìn)行單菌接種(釀酒酵母F15)和混菌接種(釀酒酵母F15和產(chǎn)香酵母菌株)。發(fā)酵過程中實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測發(fā)酵液比重和溫度變化,比重在0.991~0.995時(shí),視為發(fā)酵結(jié)束。分離皮渣后加入50 mg/L焦亞硫酸鉀,靜置澄清后裝瓶。
1.2.4葡萄酒基礎(chǔ)理化指標(biāo)測定葡萄酒樣品經(jīng)0.45μm濾膜過濾,參考GB/T 15038—2006《葡萄酒、果酒通用分析方法》,測定酒樣的酒精度、還原糖含量、游離二氧化硫含量和總二氧化硫含量;pH采用pH計(jì)測定;采用糖度計(jì)測定可溶性固形物含量;利用福林酚法測定酒樣總酚含量(牛雪,2015;Aleixandre-Tudo et al.,2017),采用高效液相色譜法(HPLC)測定酒樣有機(jī)酸含量(Hernández et al.,2009);以相同方法測定未接菌葡萄汁的基礎(chǔ)理化指標(biāo);設(shè)3次重復(fù)。
1.2.5葡萄酒香氣成分分析采用氣相色譜—質(zhì)譜法(GC-MS)測定酒樣香氣成分種類和含量,樣品預(yù)處理、GC-MS條件及定性定量分析參考柴紅等(2023)的方法并略作修改。色譜條件:色譜柱為DB-17ms(30 m×250μm×250μm);程序升溫:40℃保持2 min,以3°C/min升至130°C,再以5°C/min升至230°C,保持2 min;進(jìn)樣口溫度250℃;流速1 mL/min。質(zhì)譜條件:離子源溫度250℃;溶劑延遲2 min;質(zhì)量掃描范圍30~350 m/z。測定香氣物質(zhì)含量后計(jì)算氣味活性值(Odor activity value,OAV),OAV=物質(zhì)含量/氣味閾值。
1.2.6葡萄酒感官評價(jià)由6名具有豐富品酒經(jīng)驗(yàn)的評審人員對單菌接種和混菌接種發(fā)酵的酒樣進(jìn)行感官評價(jià),在符合品酒要求的環(huán)境條件下(溫度20~22℃,濕度60%~70%)(張志然等,2022),參考GB/T 15038—2006《葡萄酒、果酒通用分析方法》進(jìn)行盲樣品評。評價(jià)指標(biāo)分別為澄清度、色澤、香氣優(yōu)雅度、口感濃郁度、芳香持續(xù)性、典型性、口感協(xié)調(diào)度、總體感覺、香氣濃郁度和酒體結(jié)構(gòu),各評價(jià)指標(biāo)分值均為10分。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 27.0進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析,利用Origin 2021繪圖。
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1產(chǎn)香酵母的分離篩選結(jié)果
從中條山絳縣產(chǎn)區(qū)的野生毛葡萄果實(shí)中分離獲得10株酵母菌(表1)。通過嗅聞法初篩獲得5株香氣濃郁的菌株,分別為CL1、CL3、CL4、CL6、CL10。將5株菌株接種至放有倒置杜氏小管的YPD液體培養(yǎng)基試管中,28℃靜置培養(yǎng),觀察產(chǎn)氣情況,結(jié)果表明起酵速度快且產(chǎn)氣多的菌株為CL1、CL3和CL6(表2)。將復(fù)篩獲得的3株酵母菌CL1、CL3和CL6分別接種于產(chǎn)酯培養(yǎng)基靜置培養(yǎng)48 h,測定其產(chǎn)酯量,結(jié)果分別為1.76、0.71和0.74 g/L。根據(jù)菌株的感官評價(jià)、起酵速度和產(chǎn)酯量測定結(jié)果,篩選出具有明顯果香味和酒香味的產(chǎn)香酵母菌株CL1。
2.2產(chǎn)香酵母菌株的鑒定結(jié)果
2.2.1形態(tài)學(xué)鑒定如圖1-A所示,菌株CL1菌落形態(tài)大而厚,不黏稠,白色不透明,中間隆起,表面較粗糙,邊緣呈不規(guī)則狀。在顯微鏡下觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)菌株CL1的細(xì)胞形態(tài)呈橢圓形,無假菌絲,直徑約5μm,為典型的酵母菌細(xì)胞形態(tài)(圖1-B)。
2.2.2分子生物學(xué)鑒定將菌株CL1的26S rDNA測序結(jié)果提交NCBI(登錄號ON055591),基于測序結(jié)果進(jìn)行同源性比對,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)菌株CL1與葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母(H.uvarum)NRRL Y-1614相似度最高,達(dá)99%以上。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果表明,菌株CL1與葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母NRRL Y-1614聚為同一分支,確定CL1菌株為葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母,命名為H.uvarumstrain CL1(圖2)。
2.3小芒森葡萄酒理化指標(biāo)測定結(jié)果
2.3.1基礎(chǔ)理化指標(biāo)如表3所示,2種發(fā)酵酒樣的殘留還原糖含量均小于4.00 g/L,符合GB/T 15037—2006《葡萄酒》中的干型葡萄酒標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。酒精度均為13.40%,符合GB/T 15037—2006《葡萄酒》中的酒精度要求(≥7.0%)。pH對葡萄酒的穩(wěn)定性和口感均有重要作用,單菌、混菌接種酒樣pH分別為3.29和3.36?;炀臃N酒樣的可溶性固形物含量為1040.40 g/L,較葡萄汁和單菌接種酒樣分別降低62.70%和0.28%。經(jīng)測定發(fā)現(xiàn),單菌、混菌接種酒樣的總酚含量分別為252.90和260.50 mg/L,較葡萄汁的總酚含量分別增加43.94%和48.26%,其中混菌接種酒樣較單菌接種酒樣增加7.60 mg/L。
2.3.2有機(jī)酸含量如表4所示,單菌和混菌接種酒樣的各有機(jī)酸含量由高到低均依次為酒石酸>琥珀酸>蘋果酸>乙酸>檸檬酸,其中酒石酸含量最高,是酒樣主體酸。混菌接種酒樣中,酒石酸、琥珀酸和檸檬酸含量分別為4.25、2.53和0.46 g/L,分別較單菌接種顯著降低29.75%、26.24%和28.13%(r<0.05,下同),同時(shí)蘋果酸含量也顯著降低,乙酸含量降低但無顯著差異(r>0.05)。
2.4不同接種方式對小芒森葡萄酒香氣成分的影響
采用GC-MS測定單菌接種和混菌接種的葡萄酒香氣成分種類和含量,在2種酒樣中共鑒定出46種香氣物質(zhì),包括醇類物質(zhì)6種、酯類物質(zhì)14種、酸類物質(zhì)4種、醛酮類物質(zhì)4種、芳香類物質(zhì)5種、烯萜類物質(zhì)5種和其他BJ2i9Vp98TPZ6CS0JYNER8UWbKY5XaltcHgDFznMbDo=物質(zhì)8種(表5)。
混菌接種使葡萄酒香氣物質(zhì)種類和含量明顯增加,混菌接種酒樣共檢測出36種香氣物質(zhì),比單菌接種多12種,混菌接種酒樣的香氣物質(zhì)總含量為93.87 mg/L,較單菌接種增加39.83%。酯類物質(zhì)是酒精發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的典型副產(chǎn)物之一,混菌接種酒樣具有7種單菌接種酒樣所沒有的酯類物質(zhì),其中丁酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、乙酸己酯OAV均高于0.10(表6),增強(qiáng)了葡萄酒的果香味,提升了香氣復(fù)雜性。單菌接種和混菌接種酒樣的醇類物質(zhì)總含量分別為49.16和74.24 mg/L,其中苯乙醇含量在2種酒樣中均為最高,且混菌接種酒樣的苯乙醇含量較單菌接種提高77.55%,其OAV高于1.00,是對葡萄酒香氣貢獻(xiàn)最大的醇類物質(zhì),賦予葡萄酒玫瑰香氣;2,3-丁二醇具有奶油味和水果香味,在混菌接種酒樣中含量較高,其OAV高于0.10,在葡萄酒中起協(xié)同增香作用;此外,醇類物質(zhì)中含量較高的1-壬醇和1-庚醇均對葡萄酒有輔助增香作用。酸類和醛酮類物質(zhì)則在濃度較低時(shí)可調(diào)節(jié)酒體香氣平衡,使葡萄酒呈淡淡的脂肪氣味。將產(chǎn)香酵母CL1與釀酒酵母F15混合發(fā)酵,可明顯降低酒樣的辛酸和癸酸含量,同時(shí)增加己酸等單菌接種酒樣沒有的酸類物質(zhì),且其OAV高于0.10,是葡萄酒中潛在的增香物質(zhì)。混菌接種酒樣含有麝香酮和2H-吡喃-2,6(3H)-二酮,二者在單菌接種酒樣中均未檢測到;2種酒樣的苯甲醛含量差異不明顯。
2.5小芒森葡萄酒感官評價(jià)結(jié)果
對單菌接種和混菌接種的小芒森葡萄酒進(jìn)行感官評價(jià),各評價(jià)指標(biāo)得分結(jié)果如圖3所示?;炀臃N小芒森葡萄酒的各評價(jià)指標(biāo)得分均高于單菌接種。在外觀方面,2種小芒森葡萄酒均有較好的澄清度和色澤,且無明顯差異。在香氣方面,混菌接種小芒森葡萄酒的香氣優(yōu)雅度和芳香持續(xù)性明顯高于單菌接種。在口感方面,混菌接種小芒森葡萄酒的口感濃郁度較單菌接種明顯提高。
3討論
葡萄酒釀造過程中多種微生物相互作用,其中產(chǎn)香酵母是葡萄酒釀造的關(guān)鍵微生物,其代謝產(chǎn)物為葡萄酒提供多種風(fēng)味物質(zhì),賦予葡萄酒復(fù)雜的口感及香氣。本研究從中條山野生毛葡萄中分離篩選出1株起酵速度快、產(chǎn)酯量高且香氣濃郁的優(yōu)良產(chǎn)香酵母菌株CL 系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析結(jié)果表明其為葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母。作為典型的半發(fā)酵型非釀酒酵母,葡萄汁有孢漢遜酵母的生長代謝在改善葡萄酒風(fēng)味方面具有重要作用(張晴雯等,2024)。
葡萄酒發(fā)酵是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,為保證葡萄酒品質(zhì),本研究對單菌接種(釀酒酵母F15)和混菌接種(釀酒酵母F15和產(chǎn)香酵母菌株CL1)酒樣進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)理化指標(biāo)檢測,結(jié)果表明均符合我國葡萄酒國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。總酚對葡萄酒口感、復(fù)雜性和抗氧化性能等具有重要影響,是評價(jià)葡萄酒品質(zhì)的主要指標(biāo)之一(Gutiérrez-Escobar et al.,2021)。本研究中混菌接種較單菌接種酒樣的總酚含量明顯增加,可能是混菌接種過程中某些代謝產(chǎn)物或失活菌體有助于提升葡萄酒總酚含量,與李俊娥等(2017)、劉曉燕(2022)關(guān)于混菌接種對干紅葡萄酒酚類物質(zhì)含量影響的研究結(jié)果一致。有機(jī)酸是葡萄酒的重要成分,其含量及種類組成比例對葡萄酒的口感品質(zhì)及穩(wěn)定性會產(chǎn)生較大影響(Chidi et al.,2018)。本研究中,2種酒樣中酒石酸含量均為最高,其次是琥珀酸,檸檬酸含量最低,與龐敏等(2019)研究結(jié)果一致。添加產(chǎn)香酵母菌株CL1進(jìn)行混菌接種能不同程度降低葡萄酒的酒石酸、蘋果酸、琥珀酸、乙酸和檸檬酸含量,使葡萄酒口感更加醇厚豐富,與衛(wèi)春會等(2021)研究結(jié)果相似。葡萄酒香氣成分種類和含量的增加對葡萄酒品質(zhì)有積極影響,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),混菌接種酒樣中香氣物質(zhì)種類及含量均有增加,與趙書田等(2023)研究結(jié)果一致。高級醇是酵母糖代謝的副產(chǎn)物,當(dāng)其總含量低于300 mg/L時(shí),能使葡萄酒的香氣更為復(fù)雜、濃郁,但當(dāng)其總含量超過400 mg/L時(shí),會產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的刺鼻味并給人帶來不悅感(李毅麗等,2022)。本研究中,2種酒樣的高級醇物質(zhì)總含量均低于300 mg/L,其中苯乙醇對葡萄酒香氣提升具有重要作用,混菌接種較單菌接種酒樣的苯乙醇含量提高77.55%,苯乙醇能使葡萄酒增加清甜的玫瑰香氣,提升酒體香氣的復(fù)雜性(Cordenteetal.,2021;張春芝等,2024)。酯類物質(zhì)是葡萄酒的典型性香氣成分,主要形成于酒精發(fā)酵過程和葡萄酒陳釀過程(李紅玉等,2023)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于釀酒酵母F15單菌接種,產(chǎn)香酵母CL1與釀酒酵母F15混菌接種酒樣獨(dú)有的酯類物質(zhì)為7種,其中丁酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯和乙酸己酯對葡萄酒香氣貢獻(xiàn)較大,可能是產(chǎn)香酵母在發(fā)酵過程中,產(chǎn)生β-葡萄糖苷酶使果實(shí)中糖苷結(jié)合態(tài)香氣成分釋放,增加了葡萄酒的果香味,提升了香氣復(fù)雜度。
4結(jié)論
產(chǎn)香酵母菌株CL1具有良好的增香能力,與釀酒酵母混菌接種發(fā)酵對小芒森葡萄酒品質(zhì)提升有明顯作用,具有應(yīng)用于釀造地域特色葡萄酒的潛力。
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(責(zé)任編輯劉可丹)